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The Geraldton Strain of Subterranean Clover

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The Geraldton Strain of Subterranean Clover Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 1 Number 2 February, 1960 Article 9 1-1-1960 The Geraldton strain of subterranean clover A J. Millington Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Millington, A J. (1960) "The Geraldton strain of subterranean clover," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 1 : No. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol1/iss2/9 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Geraldton strain of subterranean clover Cover Page Footnote The author would like to express his appreciation of the help and assistance given over the years by the Director of the Institute, Professor E. J. Underwood. This article is available in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol1/iss2/9 OL GERALDTON Si** of ^ Subterranean Clover By A. J. MILLINGTON, D.SC. (Agric), Reader in Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia HE cereal-growing areas of Western Australia form a narrow triangle extending T about 700 miles from north to south, gradually increasing in width towards the south to about 150 miles. Their intensive development for agricul- texture best suited to wheat production, ture followed the decline of the gold indus- Subsequent development has been of try about 60 years ago with much clearing necessity restricted to the intervening of land after the 1914-18 and 1939-45 wars, lateritic soils. The expansion during the decade 1920-30 Much fairly acid soil occurs in regions to the present limits of the wheatbelt was of low rainfall and few surface soils are directed principally to the soils of heavier above pH 6.5. This pattern of soil pH has Fig. 1.—Each of the whltetopped markers indicates a Geraldton sub-clover seedling on a portion of a plot at Southern Cross at the beginning of the 1958 season. This followed two seasons with an effective rainfall of only five inches 137 Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 MAP I-AREA IN SOWN PASTURE 1948 0% to 5% $$ 21% to 30% 6% to 10% 31% to 50% I.BEVERLEY to 70% 2.BROOKTON 3 BRUCE ROCK 4.CARNAMAH WEST AUSTRALIAN WHEAT BELT 5.CHAPMAN 6CORRIGIN ROAD BOARDS 7CUNDERDIN 8 DOWERIN 9GERALDTON IQGOOMALLING IIGNOWANGERUP I2KELLERBERRIN I3.KOORDA I4.KONDININ I5KULIN I6.KUNUNOPPIN I7LAKE GRACE I8.MERREDIN 19. DALWALLINU 2QMOORA 2I.MOROWA 22MINGENEW 2 3. MT MARSHALL 24.MULLEWA 25.MUKINBUDIN 26. NAREMBEEM 27NORTHAM 28 NORTHAMPTON 29NUNGARIN 3QNYABING-RNGRUP 31PERENJORI 32PINGELLY 33QUAIRADING 34.THREE SPRINGS 3SVCTORIA PLAINS 3 6.WCKEPIN 37WESTONIA 3awONGAN-BALLIOU V39.WYALKATCHEM YORK 4I.TAMMIN 42. DUMBLEYUNG 15* 138 Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 MAP II-AREA IN SOWN PASTURE 1958 fj:y 21% to 30% 31% to 50% I BEVERLEY ^P 51% to 70% 2. BROOKTON 3 BRUCE ROCK 4. CAR NAM AH 5.CHAPMAN 6 COR RIG IN 7CUNDERDIN 8DOWERIN 9GERALDTON IQGOOMALLING IIGNOWANGERUP I2.KELLERBERRIN I3.KOORDA I4.KON0ININ I5KULIN I6.KUNUNOPPM I7.LAKE GRACE I8.MERREDIN 19. DALWALUNU 2QMOORA 2I.MOROWA 22MINGENEW 23MT MARSHALL 24.MULLEWA 25.MUKINBUOIN 26. NAREMBEEM 27 NORTH AM 28. NORTHAMPTON 29NUNGARIN 3QNYABING-PINGRUP 31PERENJORI 32PINGELLY 33QUAJRADING 34.THREE SPRINGS 3SVICTORIA PLAINS 36.WCKEP1N 37WESTONIA 3&WONGAN-BALLIDU V39WYALKATCHEM .40. YORK 4I.TAMMIN 4ZDUMBLEYUNG 139 Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 markedly influenced the establishment of they recommended Dwalganup sub-clover pasture legumes in the region since until as the renovating legume for five years in two years ago the techniques necessary each rotation cycle. to ensure nodulation had not been Over the years 1948-9 to 1958-9 the area established. of arable land in the wheatbelt increased by 48 per cent, from twelve million to 17.8 PASTURE RESEARCH million acres. The area planted to cereals The effect of farm maturity on rotation increased by 1.6 million acres but remained practice has been reviewed by Dunne and relatively constant as a percentage, 29 per Shier (1934) who pointed out that the cent, as against 30 per cent. The area in wheatbelt had passed, through the phases leguminous pasture as a percentage of the "continuous wheat," "bare fallow-wheat" total arable land rose by eleven per cent, and "bare fallow-wheat-pasture." They from 0.88_million acres to 3.2 million acres. stressed that the so-called "pasture year" Most of the increase occurred on the wetter is "undoubtedly the weak portion of the margin of the wheatbelt where the annual rotation," for provided the destruction of rainfall is above 15 inches and it is evident weeds prior to the sowing of the wheat that after a decade of favourable seasons crop is satisfactory, the term "pasture" and buoyant economic conditions, legumes for the growth in the following year is, in have no significant role in farming 13 of most cases, a misnomer. the 18 million acres of available land. In effect, a greater acreage is now being subjected to farming without legumes than in 1948-9. Data from trials at the Wongan Hills Research Station, show that the introduc­ tion of sub-clover gives a 50 per cent, in­ crease in sheep carrying capacity and grain yield. CURRENT RESEARCH Following a suggestion to the Merchants' Agricultural Research Trust by the Director, Professor E. J. Underwood, in­ vestigations were commenced at the W.A. University Institute of Agriculture in 1949, which had, as their objective, the exten­ sion of pasture legumes further into the wheatbelt. » --- - The accumulation and development of new strains has been attempted by cross­ breeding, by selection from strains already acclimatised and established in this coun­ try, and by the use of plants introduced from outside Australia. Geraldton Sub-Clover. Fig. 2.—The Geraldton strain develops Its seed much more rapidly than Dwalganup clover. These photo­ While cross-breeding, because it permits graphs show the relative amounts of burr development, 16 days after flowering, of Geraldton (top) and of purposeful breeding, is the favoured Dwalganup (bottom) means of obtaining superior strains, there is considerable potential in plants which In the three year rotation the "pasture" have withstood "natural selection." At the year fails to provide sufficient bulk for outset of the investigation collections were the maintenance of either adequate soil made of sub-clover plants which had organic matter or of any large number of established themselves in the wheatbelt sheep. and among these was a strain collected For the wetter section of the wheatbelt at Moonyoonooka on the Geraldton- receiving more than 16 inches of rainfall Mullewa road in August, 1950. This was 140 Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 K^ •F 1 cup margarine i cup honey 4 cup brown sugar 4 cup milk METHOD: HONEY, 2 cups flour Cream butter, add honey and 1 teaspoon baking brown sugar, then add remainder PEANUT, powder of ingredients in order given. 1 teaspoon soda Roll a teaspoon of dough in the RAISIN 2 cups quick cook oats hands, place on an ungreased bak­ COOKIES 1 cup chopped ing sheet, flattened a little. Bake raisins in a medium oven for 15-20 minutes. 1 cup chopped This recipe makes about 50-60 peanuts cookies. Please mention the 'Journal of Agriculture of W.A.," when writing to adversers Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 THERE ARE NO WATER PROBLEMS with a /AETTERS WINDMILL The Metters M windmill is the only mill on the market that is line bored to give true precision operation without excessive wear on bearings. Before buying check these prices .... Head, wheels and tails with 3 or 4 post stub towers: 6 ft £37 8 ft. £52 10 FT. M TYPE NOW ALSO AVAILABLE Please mention the "Journal of Agriculture of W.A.." when writing to advertisers Journal of Agriculture Vol 1 No 2 1960 grown in observation rows and included in the more favourable 1958 season the in very small plots at Merredin Research difference was 32 per cent. Station and elsewhere. When the plots Planted at Southern Cross in 1955, at Merredin were visited on October 16 Geraldton has come through as a sward 1954, it was noted that although the despite three successive seasons in which Geraldton strain flowered nine or so days the growing period rainfall was 668, 478 after Dwalganup, it matured a week and 509 points respectively, there was a earlier. Much of the burr was formed dense sward in the fourth year (Fig. 1). above ground and it appeared from glass­ Trials were established in association house tests to mature seed much more with the Department of Agriculture in 1958 at six wheatbelt centres. While rapidly than Dwalganup. Geraldton gave a significantly greater Geraldton has been compared with yield in three of the trials in the favour­ Dwalganup in over thirty trials through­ able establishment year, it out-yielded out the wheatbelt. In the 1957 series of Dwalganup at four centres in 1959, which trials it gave on the average of eight trials was notable for the very dry spring con­ twice as much seed as Dwalganup while ditions. Appendix 1 WJL WHEATBELT Acrcaget under Cereah and Sotrn Pastures at Percentage* oj the Total Arable Area Area under Cereals Area under Sown Pastures Total Arable Acreage '000 acres 1943-4! 1958-6! 1948-49 1958-5 Road Board Acreage Percent.
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