DOCSLIB.ORG

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD January 2016 CONTENTS General Toxicology 8 Metals 38 Management 20 Pesticides 40 Drugs 22 Chemical Warfare 42 Chemical Incidents & 33 Plants 43 Pollution Chemicals 34 Animals 44 CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH Sea-dumped chemical weapons: environmental risk, occupational hazard Greenberg MI, Sexton KJ, Vearrier D. Clin Toxicol 2015; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1121272: Introduction Chemical weapons dumped into the ocean for disposal in the twentieth century pose a continuing environmental and human health risk. Objective In this review we discuss locations, quantity, and types of sea-dumped chemical weapons, related environmental concerns, and human encounters with sea-dumped chemical weapons. Methods We utilized the Ovid (http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com) and PubMed (http://www.pubmed.org) search engines to perform MEDLINE searches for the terms 'sea-dumped chemical weapons', 'chemical warfare agents', and 'chemical munitions'. The searches returned 5863 articles. Irrelevant and non-English articles were excluded. A review of the references for these articles yielded additional relevant sources, with a total of 64 peer-reviewed articles cited in this paper. History and geography of chemical weapons dumping at sea Hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical munitions were disposed off at sea following Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units. The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England 2 World War II. European, Russian, Japanese, and United States coasts are the areas most affected worldwide. Several areas in the Baltic and North Seas suffered concentrated large levels of dumping, and these appear to be the world's most studied chemical warfare agent marine dumping areas. Chemical warfare agents Sulfur mustard, Lewisite, and the nerve agents appear to be the chemical warfare agents most frequently disposed off at sea. Multiple other type of agents including organoarsenicals, blood agents, choking agents, and lacrimators were dumped at sea, although in lesser volumes. Environmental concerns Numerous geohydrologic variables contribute to the rate of release of chemical agents from their original casings, leading to difficult and inexact modeling of risk of release into seawater. Sulfur mustard and the organoarsenicals are the most environmentally persistent dumped chemical agents. Sulfur mustard in particular has a propensity to form a solid or semi-solid lump with a polymer coating of breakdown products, and can persist in this state on the ocean floor for decades. Rates of solubility and hydrolysis and levels of innate toxicity of a chemical agent are used to predict the risk to the marine environments. The organoarsenicals eventually breakdown into arsenic, and thus present an indefinite timeline for contamination. Generally, studies assaying sediment and water levels of parent chemical agents and breakdown products at dumpsites have found minimal amounts of relevant chemicals, although arsenic levels are typically higher in dumpsites than reference areas. Studies of marine organisms have not shown concerning amounts of chemical agents or breakdown products in tissue, but have shown evidence of chronic toxicity. There is believed to be minimal risk posed by seafood consumption. Microbiota assays of dumpsites are significantly altered in species composition compared to reference sites, which may imply unseen but significant changes to ecosystems of dumpsites. Human health concerns The major human health risk at this time appears to arise from acute exposure to an agent by either accidental recovery of a chemical weapon on a fishing vessel, or by munitions washed ashore onto beaches. Conclusions Improving technology continues to make the deep sea more accessible, thus increasing the risk of disturbing munitions lying on or buried in the seabed. Pipe laying, cable burying, drilling, scuba diving, trawling, and undersea scientific research are the activities posing the most risk. The long-term threat to the benthic habitat via increased arsenic concentrations, shifts in microbiota speciation, and chronic toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates is not currently understood. The risk to the environment of massive release via disturbance remains a distinct possibility. Terrorist recovery and re-weaponization of chemical agents is a remote possibility. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1115056 New regimens for intravenous acetylcysteine, where are we now? Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thomas SHL. Clin Toxicol 2015; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1121545: Acetylcysteine has been used as a treatment for paracetamol overdose as a 20.25- or 21-h infusion for nearly 40 years. These regimens give 50% of the dose in the first 15 min or 1 h, and are associated with high rates of adverse reactions. A randomised controlled trial has demonstrated that a shorter (12 h) and simpler (two infusions) acetylcysteine regimen using 3 a slower initial infusion rate produces lower rates of adverse events than the original 20.25- h regimen. However, this study was not sufficiently large to show therapeutic equivalence as a hepatoprotective therapy in paracetamol overdose. Two further studies are now reported, which also suggest lower rates of adverse reactions with lower initial rates of acetylcysteine administration. These modified regimens can now be accepted as better tolerated, but it is unlikely that a randomised study of sufficient size to demonstrate non-inferiority of any novel regimen would ever be funded. Against this background we suggest what can be done to establish the efficacy of these less toxic and potentially shorter alternative acetylcysteine regimens and to establish them into routine clinical use. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1121545 A prospective observational study of a novel 2-phase infusion protocol for the administration of acetylcysteine in paracetamol poisoning Isbister GK, Downes MA, Mcnamara K, Berling I, Whyte IM, Page CB. Clin Toxicol 2015; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1115057: Context The current 3-phase acetylcysteine infusion for paracetamol poisoning delivers half the dose over 15-60 min and frequently results in adverse reactions. Objective We aimed to determine adverse reaction frequency with a modified 2-phase infusion protocol with a longer initial infusion. Materials and methods A prospective observational study of a modified 2-phase acetylcysteine protocol was undertaken at two hospitals. Acetylcysteine was commenced on admission and ceased if paracetamol concentrations were low-risk (below the nomogram line). The first infusion was 200 mg/kg over 4–9 h based on ingestion time or 4 h for staggered/chronic ingestions. The second infusion was 100 mg/kg over 16 h. Pre-defined outcomes were frequency of adverse reactions (systemic hypersensitivity reactions or gastrointestinal); proportion with alanine transaminase (ALT) > 1000 U/L or abnormal ALT. Results 654 paracetamol poisonings were treated with the new protocol; median age 29 y (15–98 y); 453 females; 576 acute and 78 staggered/chronic ingestions. In 420 (64%) acetylcysteine was stopped for low-risk paracetamol concentrations. An adverse reaction occurred in 229/654 admissions (35%; 95% CI: 31–39%): 173 (26.5%; 95% CI: 23–30%) only gastrointestinal, 50 (8%; 95% CI: 6–10%) skin only systemic hypersensitivity reactions; and three severe anaphylaxis (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.1–1.5%; all hypotension). Adverse reactions occurred in 111/231 (48%) receiving full treatment compared to 116/420 (28%) in whom the infusion was stopped early (absolute difference 20%; 95% CI: 13–28%; p < 0.0001). In 200 overdoses < 10 g, one had toxic paracetamol concentrations, but 53 developed reactions. Sixteen patients had an ALT > 1000 U/L and 24 an abnormal ALT attributable to paracetamol; all but one had treatment commenced >12 h post-ingestion. Conclusion A 2-phase acetylcysteine infusion protocol results in a fewer reactions in patients with toxic paracetamol concentrations, but is not justified in patients with low-risk paracetamol concentrations. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1115057 4 Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictive biomarker for the detection of acute kidney injury in adult poisoning Ahn JY, Lee MJ, Seo JS, Choi D, Park JB. Clin Toxicol 2015; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1118487: Context Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in intoxicated patients. Recently, a new biomarker - neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) - was used to predict AKI in patients who were critically ill or had sepsis. Objective To evaluate the utility of plasma NGAL as an early predictor of AKI in adults with acute poisoning. Materials and methods This retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted between December 2013 and November 2014. A total of 157 consecutive adult patients who presented to the emergency department (Level 1 regional center) of Kyungpook National University Hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital in Daegu, Korea, within 24 h of poisoning were included. Initial plasma NGAL levels and laboratory parameters were concurrently measured upon hospital arrival. AKI was defined according to Acute
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Moves to Amend HF No. 2711 As Follows
    05/05/20 ​ REVISOR KLL/JK A20-0767​ 1.1 .................... moves to amend H.F. No. 2711 as follows:​ 1.2 Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert:​ 1.3 "ARTICLE 1​ 1.4 APPROPRIATIONS​ 1.5 Section 1. APPROPRIATIONS.​ 1.6 The sums shown in the column under "APPROPRIATIONS" are added to or reduce the​ 1.7 appropriations in Laws 2019, First Special Session chapter 5, to the agencies and for the​ 1.8 purposes specified in this article. The appropriations are from the general fund, or another​ 1.9 named fund, and are available for the fiscal year indicated for each purpose.​ 1.10 APPROPRIATIONS​ 1.11 Available for the Year​ 1.12 Ending June 30​ 1.13 2020​ 2021​ 1.14 Sec. 2. CORRECTIONS​ 1.15 Subdivision 1. Total Appropriation​ $​ 205,000​ $​ 5,545,000​ 1.16 The amounts that may be spent for each​ 1.17 purpose are specified in the following​ 1.18 subdivisions.​ 1.19 Subd. 2. Correctional Institutions​ -0-​ (2,545,000)​ 1.20 To account for overall bed impact savings of​ 1.21 reductions in the penalties for controlled​ 1.22 substances offenses involving the possession​ 1.23 of marijuana, investments in community​ 1.24 supervision, and increased penalties for sex​ 1.25 trafficking offenses, the fiscal year 2021​ Article 1 Sec. 2.​ 1​ 05/05/20 ​ REVISOR KLL/JK A20-0767​ 2.1 appropriation from Laws 2019, First Special​ 2.2 Session chapter 5, article 1, section 15,​ 2.3 subdivision 2, is reduced by $2,545,000.​ 2.4 Subd.
    [Show full text]
  • Model Scheduling New/Novel Psychoactive Substances Act (Third Edition)
    Model Scheduling New/Novel Psychoactive Substances Act (Third Edition) July 1, 2019. This project was supported by Grant No. G1799ONDCP03A, awarded by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Office of National Drug Control Policy or the United States Government. © 2019 NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS. This document may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with full attribution to the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Please contact NAMSDL at [email protected] or (703) 229-4954 with any questions about the Model Language. This document is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or opinion. Headquarters Office: NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG 1 LAWS, 1335 North Front Street, First Floor, Harrisburg, PA, 17102-2629. Model Scheduling New/Novel Psychoactive Substances Act (Third Edition)1 Table of Contents 3 Policy Statement and Background 5 Highlights 6 Section I – Short Title 6 Section II – Purpose 6 Section III – Synthetic Cannabinoids 13 Section IV – Substituted Cathinones 19 Section V – Substituted Phenethylamines 23 Section VI – N-benzyl Phenethylamine Compounds 25 Section VII – Substituted Tryptamines 28 Section VIII – Substituted Phenylcyclohexylamines 30 Section IX – Fentanyl Derivatives 39 Section X – Unclassified NPS 43 Appendix 1 Second edition published in September 2018; first edition published in 2014. Content in red bold first added in third edition. © 2019 NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS. This document may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with full attribution to the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix-2Final.Pdf 663.7 KB
    North West ‘Through the Gate Substance Misuse Services’ Drug Testing Project Appendix 2 – Analytical methodologies Overview Urine samples were analysed using three methodologies. The first methodology (General Screen) was designed to cover a wide range of analytes (drugs) and was used for all analytes other than the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). The analyte coverage included a broad range of commonly prescribed drugs including over the counter medications, commonly misused drugs and metabolites of many of the compounds too. This approach provided a very powerful drug screening tool to investigate drug use/misuse before and whilst in prison. The second methodology (SCRA Screen) was specifically designed for SCRAs and targets only those compounds. This was a very sensitive methodology with a method capability of sub 100pg/ml for over 600 SCRAs and their metabolites. Both methodologies utilised full scan high resolution accurate mass LCMS technologies that allowed a non-targeted approach to data acquisition and the ability to retrospectively review data. The non-targeted approach to data acquisition effectively means that the analyte coverage of the data acquisition was unlimited. The only limiting factors were related to the chemical nature of the analyte being looked for. The analyte must extract in the sample preparation process; it must chromatograph and it must ionise under the conditions used by the mass spectrometer interface. The final limiting factor was presence in the data processing database. The subsequent study of negative MDT samples across the North West and London and the South East used a GCMS methodology for anabolic steroids in addition to the General and SCRA screens.
    [Show full text]
  • Schifano, F., Napoletano, F., Chiappini, S., Orsolini, L., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Hertfordshire Research Archive Citation for the published version: Schifano, F., Napoletano, F., Chiappini, S., Orsolini, L., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J. M., ... vento, A. (2019). New psychoactive substances (NPS), psychedelic experiences, and dissociation: clinical and clinical pharmacological issues. Current Addiction Reports, 6(2), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z Document Version: Accepted Version The final publication is available at Springer Nature via https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00249-z © 2019 Springer Nature Publishing AG General rights Copyright© and Moral Rights for the publications made accessible on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, any such items will be temporarily removed from the repository pending investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Drug Abuse Subchapter 9
    Chapter 8 – Alcohol and Drug Abuse Subchapter 9 Regulated Drug Rule 1.0 Authority This rule is established under the authority of 18 V.S.A. §§ 4201 and 4202 which authorizes the Vermont Board of Health to designate regulated drugs for the protection of public health and safety. 2.0 Purpose This rule designates drugs and other chemical substances that are illegal or judged to be potentially fatal or harmful for human consumption unless prescribed and dispensed by a professional licensed to prescribe or dispense them and used in accordance with the prescription. The rule restricts the possession of certain drugs above a specified quantity. The rule also establishes benchmark unlawful dosages for certain drugs to provide a baseline for use by prosecutors to seek enhanced penalties for possession of higher quantities of the drug in accordance with multipliers found at 18 V.S.A. § 4234. 3.0 Definitions 3.1 “Analog” means one of a group of chemical components similar in structure but different with respect to elemental composition. It can differ in one or more atoms, functional groups or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups or substructures. 3.2 “Benchmark Unlawful Dosage” means the quantity of a drug commonly consumed over a twenty-four-hour period for any therapeutic purpose, as established by the manufacturer of the drug. Benchmark Unlawful dosage is not a medical or pharmacologic concept with any implication for medical practice. Instead, it is a legal concept established only for the purpose of calculating penalties for improper sale, possession, or dispensing of drugs pursuant to 18 V.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • G.S. 90-89 Page 1 § 90-89. Schedule I Controlled Substances. This
    § 90-89. Schedule I controlled substances. This schedule includes the controlled substances listed or to be listed by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or trade name designated. In determining that a substance comes within this schedule, the Commission shall find: a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the United States, or a lack of accepted safety for use in treatment under medical supervision. The following controlled substances are included in this schedule: (1) Opiates. – Any of the following opiates or opioids, including the isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, unless specifically excepted, or listed in another schedule, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation: a. Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl (N[1-(1-methyl-2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylacet amide). b. Acetylmethadol. c. Repealed by Session Laws 1987, c. 412, s. 2. d. Alpha-methylthiofentanyl (N-[1-methyl-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl/-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpro panamide). e. Allylprodine. f. Alphacetylmethadol (except levo-alphacetylmethadol, also known as levomethadyl acetate and LAAM). g. Alphameprodine. h. Alphamethadol. i. Alpha-methylfentanyl (N-(1-(alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl) ethyl-4-piperidyl) propionalilide; 1(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-4-(N-propanilido) piperidine). j. Benzethidine. k. Betacetylmethadol. l. Beta-hydroxfentanyl (N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide ). m. Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)-3-methyl-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpro panamide). n. Betameprodine. o. Betamethadol. p. Betaprodine. q. Clonitazene. r. Dextromoramide. s. Diampromide. t. Diethylthiambutene. u.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Psychoactive Substances and Analogues: 2017 Legislative Session Bill Status Update
    Novel Psychoactive Substances and Analogues: 2017 Legislative Session Bill Status Update Research current through July 5, 2017. This project was supported by Grant No. G15599ONDCP03A, awarded by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Office of National Drug Control Policy or the United States Government. © 2017 Research is current as of July 5, 2017. In order to ensure that the information contained herein is as current as possible, research is conducted using nationwide legal database software and individual state legislative websites. Please contact Jon Woodruff at (703) 836-6100, ext. 100 or [email protected] with any additional updates or information that may be relevant 1 to this document. This document is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or opinion. Headquarters Office: THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS, 100 ½ East Main Street, Suite C, Manchester IA 52057. Enacted Legislation and Adopted Regulations State and Bill Status and Date of Number Description Last Action U.S. Expresses the sense of the Senate that: 3/15/2017 – the use of illicit fentanyl in the United States and the resolution agreed to 2017 SRES 83 resulting overdose deaths are a public health crisis; in Senate without the trafficking of illicit fentanyl into the United States, amendment. especially by transnational criminal organizations, is a problem that requires close cooperation between the U.S. government and the governments of Mexico and China; and all three such countries have a shared interest in, and responsibility for, stopping the production of illicit fentanyl and its trafficking into the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Syntheses and Analytical Characterizations of N-Alkyl-Arylcyclohexylamines
    LJMU Research Online Wallach, J, Colestock, T, Cicali, B, Elliott, SP, Kavanagh, PV, Adejare, A, Dempster, NM and Brandt, SD Syntheses and analytical characterizations of N-alkyl-arylcyclohexylamines. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/3240/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Wallach, J, Colestock, T, Cicali, B, Elliott, SP, Kavanagh, PV, Adejare, A, Dempster, NM and Brandt, SD (2015) Syntheses and analytical characterizations of N-alkyl-arylcyclohexylamines. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7611 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ Drug Testing and Analysis Syntheses and analyti cal characterizations of N -alkyl - arylcyclohexylamines Journal:For Drug Peer Testing and Analysis Review Manuscript ID: DTA-15-0185.R1 Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Wallach, Jason; University of the Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Colestock, Tristan; University of the Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cicali, Brian; University of the Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Elliott, Simon; ROAR Rorensics, Kavanagh, Pierce; School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Ketamine on Traffic Safety
    The influence of 2-6-2021 ketamine on traffic safety A review paper Author: Cor van der Heide Student number: 3527182 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Daan J. Touw Source picture used: https://cutt.ly/uvswQCQ Abstract Traffic accidents are a problem that almost every country in the world has to deal with. In The Netherlands alone 661 people have died and about 21,400 were severely injured as a result of these accidents in 2019. Psychoactive substances like ketamine are very likely to increase these risks of traffic accidents. About 0.6% of Dutch people in general in 2016 and 12.3% of Dutch people visiting bars in 2019 have used ketamine. Other countries like China (Hongkong), England and Wales also report people driving under the influence of ketamine which can result in traffic accidents. To study the influence of ketamine on driving multiple research questions have been formulated, namely: • Is there a causal relationship between the amount of drug in blood/plasma of (recreationally used) ketamine in the driver and the ability to drive? • Are there examples of legally bound limits for ketamine in plasma/blood in European countries and countries outside Europe regarding traffic safety? And on which research are these limits based? • What maximum plasma/blood concentrations should be the legally bound limit for ketamine use by drivers? To answer these research questions a literature review has been done. All relevant literature regarding ketamine is found via Pubmed and consists only of scholarly sources with the primary focus on recent sources which are less than 5 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, Absolute Configuration and in Vitro Cytotoxicity of Deschloroketamine Enantiomers: Rediscovered and Abused Dissociative Anaesthetic NJC
    Volume 42 Number 24 21 December 2018 Pages 19309–20250 NJC New Journal of Chemistry A journal for new directions in chemistry rsc.li/njc ISSN 1144-0546 PAPER Martin Kuchař, Michal Kohout et al. Synthesis, absolute configuration and in vitro cytotoxicity of deschloroketamine enantiomers: rediscovered and abused dissociative anaesthetic NJC View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Synthesis, absolute configuration and in vitro cytotoxicity of deschloroketamine enantiomers: Cite this: New J. Chem., 2018, 42,19360 rediscovered and abused dissociative anaesthetic† ab c d e Bronislav Jura´sek, ‡ Frantisˇek Kra´lı´k,‡ Silvie Rimpelova´, Jan Cˇejka, c d ab f Vladimı´r Setnicˇka, Toma´ˇs Ruml, Martin Kucharˇ* and Michal Kohout * In this study, we aim to determine differences in cytotoxicity of racemic deschloroketamine and its enantiomers. The synthesized racemate of this recently rediscovered and abused dissociative anaesthetic was resolved by chiral HPLC and the absolute configuration of the enantiomers was assigned using a combination of circular dichroism methods and single-crystal X-ray. Not only the absolute configuration, but also the most preferred conformers present in the crystal were successfully determined by electron and vibrational circular dichroism supported by ab initio calculations, and confirmed by X-ray. The in vitro cytotoxicity of racemic deschloroketamine and its enantiomers was determined for nine different types of cell lines. Generally, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. (S)-deschloroketamine exhibited higher cytotoxicity in the majority of cases. For human embryonic Received 22nd June 2018, kidney cells (HEK 293T), the (S)-enantiomer reached the IC50 below 1 mM concentration and, in Accepted 26th October 2018 consequence, proved to be twice as potent as the (R)-enantiomer.
    [Show full text]
  • Model Scheduling New Novel Psychoactive Substances
    Model Scheduling New/Novel Psychoactive Substances Act September 2018 (original version published in 2014). This project was supported by Grant No. G1799ONDCP03A, awarded by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Office of National Drug Control Policy or the United States Government. © 2018. NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS. This document may be reproduced for non- commercial purposes with full attribution to the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Please contact Jon Woodruff at [email protected] or (703) 836-7496 with any questions about the Model Language. This document is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or opinion. Headquarters Office: THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE 1 FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS, 1335 North Front Street, First Floor, Harrisburg, PA, 17102-2629. Model Scheduling New/Novel Psychoactive Substances Act Table of Contents 3 Policy Statement and Background 5 Highlights 6 Section I – Short Title 6 Section II – Purpose 6 Section III – Synthetic Cannabinoids 12 Section IV – Substituted Cathinones 18 Section V – Substituted Phenethylamines 22 Section VI – N-benzyl Phenethylamine Compounds 24 Section VII – Substituted Tryptamines 27 Section VIII – Substituted Phenylcyclohexylamines 28 Section IX – Fentanyl Derivatives 37 Section X – Unclassified NPS © 2018. NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR MODEL STATE DRUG LAWS. This document may be reproduced for non- commercial purposes with full attribution to the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. Please contact Jon Woodruff at [email protected] or (703) 836-7496 with any questions about the Model Language.
    [Show full text]
  • An Approach to the New Psychoactive Drugs Phenomenon
    REVIEW ARTICLE An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon Helen Dolengevich-Segal,1,2 Beatriz Rodríguez-Salgado,3 Jorge Gómez-Arnau,1 Daniel Sánchez-Mateos4 1 Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital ABSTRACT Universitario del Henares. Cosla- da, Madrid. Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are 2 Fundación Psiformación. Madrid. not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new 3 Centro de Salud Mental de San Blas. Hospital Universitario routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the exist- 4 Hospital Universitario La Fe. Va- ing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical lencia. complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD Correspondence: obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), Helen Dolengevich-Segal as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. As- Universitario del Henares. pects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological Avenida de Marie Curie s/n 28822 Coslada, Madrid, España. data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic Phone: (0034) 91191 - 2852. cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic E-mail: [email protected] opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics.
    [Show full text]