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Bashir Final. NOVEMBER UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY “Home” Near Home: Somali migrants to Kenya, 1991-2013 BY Ali Bashir Issa Registration No. CHS/73083/2012 MA RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER DEGREE IN ARMED CONFLICT AND PEACE STUDIES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OCTOBER 2013 i DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for the award of degree in any other University. _______________________________________ _________________ ALI BASHIIR ISSA DATE This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisors. ________________________________ ____________ Dr MARY MWIANDI DATE ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the peoples of the Horn of Africa which, despite the adversities, are striving to rebuild a better future for their region through friendly relations, cooperation and socio-economic development. iii LIST OF ACRONYMS CLARION: Centre for Law and Research ID: Identity Card UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees USC : United Somali Congress SSDF: Somali Salvation Democratic Front UN: United Nations SNM: Somali National movement SPM: Somali Patriotic Movement OAU: Organization of African Union (African Union) NFD : Northern Frontier District iv DEFINITION OF TERMS Illegal Migrant Illegal immigrant refers to person living in a country without government permission or going to settle in another country without the permission of the government of that country. The Alien Restriction Act This is An Act of Parliament to enable restrictions to be imposed on aliens, and to make such provisions as are necessary or expedient to carry such restrictions into effect. This Act may be cited as the Aliens Restriction Act. 1 Encampment Policy A policy by government through which refugees who have gone through the status determination procedures, they are obliged to reside in a camp while awaiting a durable solution. 2 Somalia The Republic of Somalia originated from the union of the Italian Somaliland and the British Somaliland on the First of July 1960 Somali A person belonging to the Somali ethnic group that can be found in Somalia, Djibouti,, Ethiopian Somali 5 th Federal State and the Northeastern province of Kenya 1 National Council of Law Reviewing, The Aliens Restriction Act, Revised Edition 2010 (1985) Published by the National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney General 2 The Refugee Consortium of Kenya, Refugee management in Kenya , Nairobi: Refugee Consortium of Kenya, 2011 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my family members for their patience and support during the entire period of this study. I would also like to express my deep gratitude and thanks to the lecturers in the History Department of University of Nairobi for their dedication, professionalism and commitment during the study program. Their efforts were highly commendable. Special thanks to Prof. Vincent Simiyu, Dr. Mary Mwiandi and Dr. George Gona for their constant support and guidance during the course of this research. I would also like to convey my thanks and appreciation to all those interviewees who frankly and willingly shared their ideas and experiences with me during the field research. Last but not the least I will forever be grateful to my son Samatar for his unwavering support and encouragement and for his assistance in editing this report. vi ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the issues associated with the increased Somali migrations to Nairobi. Since the 1990s, following the fall of Siyad Barre, Somalia has never known peace. Consequently, the country became a source of refugees to many countries of the world. Kenya became a home to many of the fleeing Somalis. Many Somali refugees in Europe and America and elsewhere in the world go to Kenya even after they have become residents or naturalized citizens of the host countries. While one would expect them to stay in abroad where life is seemingly easier, they are often pulled to what they refer to “home” near home - Kenya. The study is set to investigate the factors that attract many Somalis to Kenya as well as their impact on the Kenyan society. To unearth the factors that pulled the Somali migrants to Kenya and Nairobi in particular, the study utilized both primary and secondary sources. In addition, the study was based on pull and push theoretical frame work to underscore the push and pull factors that contributed to the Somalis to come to Kenya even after they had established themselves in other more developed countries in the world. In order to understand why the Somalis chose Kenya as their residence of choice this study also used the integration theory to explain the social connections that helped in the bringing together the Somalis in Kenya and those flocking the country from abroad. The study established that the protracted Somali civil war, the rise of Islamic extremism, terrorism and socio-economic hardship in Somalia are among the key push factors that forced the Somalis out of their h to find refuge in the neighboring countries as well as abroad. While in diaspora, Somalis have been pulled to Kenya, which they refer as “home” near home by several factors. Among them is the kinship connection, religious connection, availability of good institutions such as schools, mosques and hospitals, welfare facilities, considerable security and safety and geographical closeness to Somalia. Somalis’ influx into Kenya, despite causing strain on Kenyan resources and amenities, and obviously causing security concerns to Kenya, has also contributed to the social- economic development of the country. The resource transfers through remittances from immigrants and refugees have changed the map of Nairobi in significant ways. Trade and other economic activities in Nairobi have greatly been influenced by the Somali presence. Kenya has provided environments to cultural exchange, and the Somalis have no doubt contributed to the multicultural diversity of Kenya. Due to social, economic and political considerations, Kenya has become a “Home” near Home for many Somalis living out of Somalia. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ........................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ iv Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vi Abstract .............................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Background to the Somali emigration .................................................................... 2 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................... 6 1.5 Scope and limitations of the Study ................................................................................ 7 1.6 Literature Review........................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 16 1.8 Hypotheses of the Study .............................................................................................. 18 1.9 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER TWO:HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SOMALI PEOPLE .. 21 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21 2.2 The Somali people and their land. ............................................................................... 21 2.3 Life in the Somali Society............................................................................................ 24 2.4 The Somali Expansion before the Colonial Rule. ........................................................ 27 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER THREE:CIVIL WAR IN SOMALIA AND ITS IMPACT ..................... 38 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 38 3.2 The Somali Civil War .................................................................................................. 38 3.3 The Rise of Islamic Extremism.................................................................................... 50 3.4 Terrorism in Kenya and
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