Module 5 Session 1 National Health Insurance Program (PDF/990KB)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Baguio Mineral District
BAGUIO MINERAL DISTRICT THE BAGUIO MINERAL DISTRICT, A GIANT MULTI‐EPISODIC Baguio Gold Itogon Acupan Antamok Danglay Padcal CLUSTERED COPPER‐GOLD SYSTEM Keystone Ampucao Atok, Kelly Chico Nugget Hill Baguio Tom Malihan Manila (Exploration Manager, Benguet Corporation) Nonoy Ruelo (Consultant, Indophil Itogon Mineral Resources Inc.) Looking south, from Mines View Park Benguet province Telescoped porphyry copper system – diverse genetically related deposit styles Baguio Mineral District AA Lithocap IS Epithermal gold Porphyry copper Skarn gold/base metal Sillitoe 2010 Epithermal IS Porphyry copper Geologic Resource /Potential = +40 Moz Au and +5 Mt Cu Skarn GOLD million ounces (Moz) hosts 3 giant deposits Geologic Resource /Potential = +40 Moz Au and +5 Mt Cu Sto. Tomas II porphyry copper = +20 Moz Au eq Rank Deposit Name Deposit Type Moz Au Eq 1 Grasberg Porphyry copper-gold 186.0 COPPER million tonnes (Mt) ranked 14th 2 Bingham Canyon Porphyry copper-moly-gold 131.0 3 Escondida Porphyry copper-gold 133.2 largest in the 4 Oyu Tolgoi Porphyry copper-gold-moly 115.4 5 Kalmakyr Porphyry copper-gold 64.5 world 6 Panguna Porphyry copper-gold 61.5 7 Atlas Porphyry copper-gold 53.5 8 Far Southeast Porphyry copper-gold 50.4 9 Collahuasi Porphyry copper 43.1 10 Batu Hijau Porphyry copper-gold 40.9 11 Sipalay Porphyry copper-gold 33.3 12 Bajo de la Alumbrera Porphyry copper-gold 36. 2 13 Ok Tedi Porphyry / Skarn copper-gold 29.1 14 Sto. Tomas II (Philex) Porphyry copper-gold 20.3 Acupan-Itogon epithermal vein/breccia = +17 Moz Au Antamok epithermal -
Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY LUBAS
Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY LUBAS PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE I. PHYSICAL PROFILE Geographic Location Barangay Lubas is located on the southern part of the municipality of La Trinidad. It is bounded on the north by Barangay Tawang and Shilan, to the south by Barangay Ambiong and Balili, to the east by Barangay Shilan, Beckel and Ambiong and to the west by Barangay Tawang and Balili. With the rest of the municipality of La Trinidad, it lies at 16°46’ north latitude and 120° 59 east longitudes. Cordillera Administrative Region MANKAYAN Apayao BAKUN BUGUIAS KIBUNGAN LA TRINIDAD Abra Kalinga KAPANGAN KABAYAN ATOK TUBLAY Mt. Province BOKOD Ifugao BAGUIO CITY Benguet ITOGON TUBA Philippines Benguet Province 1 Sally Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY LUBAS POLITICAL MAP OF BARANGAY LUBAS Not to Scale 2 Sally Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY LUBAS Barangay Tawang Barangay Shilan Barangay Beckel Barangay Balili Barangay Ambiong Prepared by: MPDO La Trinidad under CBMS project, 2013 Land Area The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Cadastral survey reveals that the land area of Lubas is 240.5940 hectares. It is the 5th to the smallest barangays in the municipality occupying three percent (3%) of the total land area of La Trinidad. Political Subdivisions The barangay is composed of six sitios namely Rocky Side 1, Rocky Side 2, Inselbeg, Lubas Proper, Pipingew and Guitley. Guitley is the farthest and the highest part of Lubas, connected with the boundaries of Beckel and Ambiong. -
Sigma Theta Tau International's 29Th International Nursing Research Congress Rainier Castillo Moreno-Lacalle, MSN, RN Mary Grace
Sigma Theta Tau International's 29th International Nursing Research Congress Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Depression: Concepts and Management Rainier Castillo Moreno-Lacalle, MSN, RN Mary Grace Lacanaria, PhD Myra Bangsal, BSN Mae Rose Bay-ya, BSN Kristine Ann Erese, BSN Lourrie Ann Gabol, BSN Meriam Geronimo, BSN Saintly Blaise Legiralde, BSN Marfil Mae Lomandas, BSN Ma. Mae Menzi, BSN Cici Donna Real, BSN Keanu Ufina, BSN John Michael Brico Solis, SN School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, Baguio, Philippines Aim: To describe the cultural perspectives in terms of causes, responses, and signs and symptoms of depression by the: Kankana-eys, Ilocanos, and Maranaos in the Philippines and to determine the culturally-based management for depression across the cultures. Background: The intricate complexity surrounding depression might be grounded from cultural subtlety. The protracted base of depression has ignited interest on deeper understanding and finding the relevant management that might be deeply embedded in cultures. Therefore, to bring light to this might counteract the burgeoning prevalence and impact of depression across different culture. Methods: Ethnographic design was employed with interviewing a total of 41 participants. The participants are traditional healers, local cultural experts, writers of books, local religious leaders, and with the age ranging 46-85 years old and all have personally witnessed and/or performed cultural practices on depression. To enhance the richness of the study, crystallization of data gathering were done that is including structured interview, field notes (immersion), focus group discussions, documentary analysis, and observational analysis. The study focused on describing the cultural perspectives on meanings, causes, and attitudes, and culturally-based management on depression from Baguio City, Municipalities of Kapangan, Buguias, and Kibungan, Province of Benguet, and Vigan City, Philippines. -
Physical and Socio-Economic Profile
Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY BECKEL PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE I. PHYSICAL PROFILE Geographic Location Barangay Beckel is located on the southwestern part of the Municipality of La Trinidad. It is bounded to the north by barangay Shilan, to the south by the City of Baguio, to the east by the Municipality of Itogon and to the west by barangay Ambiong. Cordillera Administrative Region MANKAYAN Apayao BAKUN BUGUIAS KIBUNGAN LA TRINIDAD Abra Kalinga KAPANGAN KABAYAN ATOK TUBLAY Mt. Province BOKOD Ifugao BAGUIO CITY Benguet ITOGON TUBA Philippines Benguet Province Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Barangay Beckel 2001-2011 1 Sally Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY BECKEL POLITICAL MAP OF BARANGAY BECKEL Not to Scale Barangay Shilan Barangay Municipality Ambiong of Itogon City of Baguio Prepared By: MPDO La Trinidad under the CBMS Project, 2013 2 Sally Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY BECKEL 3 Sally Republic of the Philippines Province of Benguet Municipality of La Trinidad BARANGAY BECKEL Political Subdivision and Land Area Beckel is one of the sixteen barangays of the Municipality of La Trinidad. It comprises 13 sitios namely: Cawat, Busi, Central Beckel, Peril, Marlboro, Lamut, Linusod, Balangbang, Gongel, Obulan, Pagal, Sapsing, and Bakong. The barangay has an estimated land area of 951.30 hectares representing 11.77% of the municipality’s total land area. Accessibility The barangay is accessible via Baguio City. It has a distance of 15 kilometers from Poblacion, 4 kilometers from the Baguio-Nueva Viscaya National Road, 1 kilometer from the Beckel-Balangbang Provincial Road and 7 kilometers from Baguio City. -
LIST of ACCREDITED MIDWIVES As of April 30, 2021 LAST NAME
LIST OF ACCREDITED MIDWIVES As of April 30, 2021 LAST NAME FIRST NAME MIDDLE NAME MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE START DATE EXPIRE DATE 1 ABAD NEZEL MANABA PANGLAO BOHOL 02/19/2020 07/30/2022 2 ABAGA RITCHELL ALMAZAN MACO COMPOSTELA VALLEY 10/30/2019 05/06/2022 3 ABAGON ZOSIMA SUSAS GUIHULNGAN NEGROS ORIENTAL 05/02/2019 10/27/2021 4 ABALOS ELIZABETH NASOL TAGUM DAVAO DEL NORTE 06/03/2019 06/02/2022 5 ABALOS NENITA QUITLONG CALASIAO PANGASINAN 02/14/2020 07/11/2022 6 ABANCO FE HERNANDEZ BATANGAS CITY BATANGAS 08/01/2019 07/31/2022 7 ABANES ALICIA DELA CRUZ CAINTA RIZAL 04/03/2019 04/02/2022 8 ABANILLA SHEILA PREGUNTA PRESIDENT ROXAS NORTH COTABATO 12/03/2018 05/08/2021 9 ABANTE IRENE ARPIA CANDELARIA QUEZON 04/05/2021 04/04/2024 10 ABAO LEONORA GOLORAN TALACOGON AGUSAN DEL SUR 08/20/2018 08/19/2021 11 ABAO JULIE ANN GONZAGA MALAYBALAY BUKIDNON 09/20/2020 09/19/2023 12 ABAPO GAZELLE ALBA CEBU CITY CEBU 09/17/2018 09/16/2021 13 ABAPO ELMA AVILLON HAGONOY DAVAO DEL SUR 05/29/2019 02/18/2022 14 ABAS MAROCHELLE SALAZAR TAYABAS QUEZON 07/23/2019 04/30/2022 15 ABAS SAADA SANGABAN PAGALUNGAN MAGUINDANAO 07/13/2020 03/14/2023 16 ABASTAS NATIVIDAD GURREA TALIBON BOHOL 02/24/2021 02/23/2024 17 ABASTILLAS GRACE MARIE NIDOY AGOO LA UNION 06/06/2018 05/21/2021 18 ABDULATIP TERESITA TUBLE PRES. MANUEL A. ROXAS ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE 08/13/2018 07/09/2021 19 ABECIA MARICEL LAHOYLAHOY VALENCIA BUKIDNON 12/22/2018 12/21/2021 20 ABELLA ROWENA SAGADRATA VALENCIA BUKIDNON 11/11/2019 06/11/2022 21 ABELLANEDA CARMELITA CRUZ MALABON METRO MANILA 04/12/2019 04/05/2022 22 ABELLO LIGAYA MAASIN MAYORGA LEYTE 10/16/2018 05/10/2021 23 ABENOJA JOANNE BAMBAO BAUANG LA UNION 01/31/2019 10/07/2021 24 ABILA LEONA VILLEGAS STO. -
Suitability Assessment of Relocation Sites For
SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF RELOCATION SITES FOR DISPLACED FAMILIES IN BAGUIO CITY, LA TRINIDAD, ITOGON AND TUBLAY, BENGUET PROVINCE Typhoon Pepeng that hit Northern Luzon in October 2009 has caused several landslides in Baguio City and Benguet Province resulting to heavy casualties (Baguio City,61; Benguet,193) and displacement of families. In Baguio City, 97 houses were totally damaged and 204 were partially damaged resulting to displacement of 683 families. For Benguet, 599 and 1,285 houses were totally and partially damaged, respectively, resulting to 34,236 families displaced. Proposed Relocation Sites by LGU’s and Other Gov’t Agencies/ Institutions: 1. NHA Housing Project, Tadiangan, Tuba 2. Lots 9 & 10, BSU Reservation, Lubas, La Trinidad 3. Kalye Real Benguet Corp. Patentable Mining Claim, Tuding, Itogon 4. Sito Upper Coroz, Brgy. Ambassador, Tublay 5. Benguet Realty Lot, Brgy. Puguis, La Trinidad NHA Housing Project, Tadiangan, Tuba, Benguet Geological Assessment Result: 1. characterized by mountainous terrain dissected by a number of creeks and gullies 2. Underlain by highly weathered conglomerates of the Klondyke formation 3. Presence of several old and active landslides 4. Many portions of the site underlain by landslide deposits Conclusions and Recommendations: 1. Phases II and III not recommended for residential purposes 2. Phase I could be utilized for housing purposes but engineering measures must be implemented to stabilize the slopes 3. Lots affected by landslides to be excluded and utilized as open space N Not drawn to scale Legend: - Active Escarpment - Ancient Escarpment NHA Tuba Housing Project A slide along the Phase 3 main road of the NHA housing site at Brgy.Tadiangan in Tuba. -
Cordillera Administrative Region (Car)
1 MINES AND GEOSCIENCES BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO.: CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR) Directory of Mines and Quarries Municipality/ Region Mineral Province Commodity Permit Holder Operator City CAR Metallic ABRA Baay-Licuan Gold, Silver Jabel Corporation Jabel Corporation CAR Metallic ABRA Baay-Licuan Gold, Copper, etc Jabel Corporation Jabel Corporation Tuffaceous, Limestone, CAR Non-Metallic ABRA Bucay Abra Mining and Industrial Corporation Abra Mining and Industrial Corporation Silica Sand Gian Raphiel Agonoy Commercial Sand CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Pudtol Sand and Gravel Gian Raphiel Agonoy Commercial Sand and Gravel and Gravel Lorenzo S. Magpale, Jr. Commercial Sand CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Flora Sand and Gravel Lorenzo S. Magpale, Jr. Commercial Sand and Gravel and Gravel Teofilo Aguda, Jr. Commercial Sand and CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Flora Sand and Gravel Teofilo Aguda, Jr. Commercial Sand and Gravel Gravel Sorian Patayan Commercial Sand and CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Flora Sand and Gravel Sorian Patayan Commercial Sand and Gravel Gravel CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Flora Sand and Gravel LIER Sand and Gravel LIER Sand and Gravel CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Luna Sand and Gravel Armando Menor Armando Menor Marciano Yadao Commercial Sand and CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Sta Marcela Sand and Gravel Marciano Yadao Commercial Sand and Gravel Gravel Barangay Emiliana, Sta Marcela Commercial Sand and Barangay Emiliana, Sta Marcela CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Sta Marcela Sand and Gravel Gravel Commercial Sand and Gravel John Val Sagisi Commercial Sand and CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Pudtol Sand and Gravel John Val Sagisi Commercial Sand and Gravel Gravel Joaquin D. Pascua Commercial Sand and CAR Non-Metallic APAYAO Pudtol Sand and Gravel Joaquin D. -
Republic of the Philippines
I. GENERAL INFORMATION A. PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 1. Location and Territorial Jurisdiction Benguet is one of the six provinces comprising the Cordillera Administrative Region or CAR. It was by the Republic Act No. 4695 enacted on June 18, 1966 which divided the former Mountain Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao. At 5,000 feet above sea level, Benguet, the gateway to the highland provinces of CAR lies in the southern end of the Cordillera Mountain Range, 256 kms north of Manila and is bounded on the North by Mt. Province, on the East by Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya, on the South by Pangasinan, and on the west by La Union and Ilocos Sur and it is accessible by land and air transport. Rugged and sloping terrain and deep valleys characterize the province. Amidst these mountain peaks is a wide plateau wherein the capital town, La Trinidad, is located. A total of 13 municipalities and 140 barangays make up the province. Location Map of Benguet 1 PENRO Benguet.docx….ma.ann L. 2. Land Area Benguet Province covers 13 municipalities namely: Atok, Bakun, Buguias and Mankayan covered by CENRO Buguias, Kapangan, Kibungan, La Trinidad, Sablan, Tuba and Tublay (CENRO La Trinidad); Bokod, Itogon, Kabayan and the chartered City of Baguio (CENRO Baguio City). 2.1 Based on Office Record/data Municipal Land Areas Towns/ Areas (Hectares) No. of Barangays Municipalities Based on Political Based on Thematic Boundary survey maps Atok 15,642.86 13,700 8 Bakun 28,911.7 23,740 7 Bokod 23,356.51 43,530 10 Buguias 17,560.14 19,310 14 Itogon 44,972.95 42,370 9 Kabayan 23,614.97 17,750 13 Kapangan 16,968.62 13,640 15 Kibungan 15,871.44 19,210 7 La Trinidad 6,823.6 6,140 16 Mankayan 13,070.93 13,170 12 Sablan 10,454.73 9,160 8 Tuba 27,214.43 31,438 13 Tublay 8,943.41 8,490 8 Baguio City 5,749.6670 5,748 129 Total 259,159.16 267, 396 269 2.2. -
Pdf | 326.23 Kb
Presently still searching for the missing person Landslide 05 June 2009, Johnston • Two (2) houses were partially damaged 12:00 MN Extension, Brgy with 18 families / 104 persons affected and Bajac-bajac, estimated cost of damage of PhP50,000 as Olongapo City a result of the landslide due to continuous (Reg III) rains • Affected residents are staying with their relatives • Olangapo CDCC member line agencies conducted rapid damage assessment/ inspection of the area • Olongapo CDCC advised families residing in the area to evacuate B. Affected Population Affected Evacuated Evacuation Region/Province/City/Mun/Brgy Families Persons Families Persons Center/Remarks CAR 19 88 19 88 BENGUET 6 35 6 35 Alapang, La Trinidad 1 5 1 5 Alapang Warehouse Gadang, Kapangan 3 20 3 20 House of relatives Lubo, Kibungan 2 10 2 10 House of neighbors BAGUIO CITY 8 27 8 27 Lower Fairview 8 27 2 27 IFUGAO 4 20 4 20 Impugong, Tinoc 4 20 4 20 Families evacuated to nearby relatives MT. PROVINCE 1 6 1 6 Napua, Sabangan 1 6 1 6 House of relatives C. Casualty Name Age Address Region Cause/ Remarks Dead – 1 Edna Sapalat 46 y/o Brgy Gadang, Kapangan. CAR Landslide Benguet Missing- 1 Michael Bryan Sason Y Sinqui 18 y/o Brgy Magsaysay, Region III Dinalupihan, Bataan D. Damaged Houses Damaged House Region/Province/City/Mun/Brgy Caused/Remarks Totally Partially CAR 3 4 BENGUET 3 3 Alapang, La Trinidad 1 Landslide Gadang, Kapangan 3 Landslide Lubo, Kibungan 2 Soil erosion MT. PROVINCE 1 Napua, Sabangan 1 Landslide E. Status of Roads and Bridges Region Name of Road/Bridge Status -
BUGUIAS ACHIEVING Sustainable Development Goals What Is SDG?
BUGUIAS ACHIEVING Sustainable Development Goals What is SDG? Municipality of Buguias Demography: Barangay No. of HH HH Pop. Land Area (ha.) Pop Density (2015 PSA) Abatan 877 3,375 344.43 10 Amgaleyguey 760 3,480 1,973.54 2 Amlimay 481 2,206 2,930.50 1 Baculongan Norte 745 2,778 2,336.83 1 Baculongan Sur 964 3,556 2,211.23 2 Bangao 1,191 4,730 2,214.90 2 Buyacaoan 818 3,326 737.93 5 Calamagan 221 816 361.38 2 Catlubong 768 3,125 1,952.86 2 Lengaoan 543 2,049 1,166.96 2 Loo 1,229 5,262 1,103.88 5 Natubleng 709 2,670 1,843.08 2 Poblacion 858 3,507 805.67 4 Sebang 710 2,747 1,247.78 2 Buguias 10,874 43,627 21,230.97 2 Population per Barangay as of 2015 Barangays No. of Population Loo 5,262 Bangao 4,730 Poblacion 3,507 Baculongan Sur 3,556 Amgaleyguey 3,480 Abatan 3,375 Buyacaoan 3,326 Catlubong 3,125 Baculongan 2,778 Norte Sebang 2,747 Natubleng 2,670 Amlimay 2,206 Lengaoan 2,049 Calamagan 816 Total 43,627 Source: PSA, 2015 Number of Households per Barangay, 2015 Barangay No. of HH Loo 1229 Bangao 1191 Baculongan Sur 964 Poblacion 858 Abatan 877 Buyacaoan 818 Amgaleyguey 760 Catlubong 768 Baculongan Norte 745 Sebang 710 Natubleng 709 Lengaoan 543 Amlimay 481 Calamagan 221 Total 10874 Source: PSA, 2015 Household with income below the poverty threshold Barangay Household with income below the poverty threshold Natubleng 472 Loo 423 Amlimay 378 Baculongan Norte 321 Amgaleyguey 253 Poblacion 241 Lengaoan 221 Bangao 203 Baculongan Sur 121 Catlubong 129 Buyacaoan 111 Sebang 91 Calamagan 61 Abatan 42 Source: CBMS, 2015 Number of 4Ps Beneficiary per Barangay, 2017 BARANGAY No. -
Soil Properties of Agricultural Farms in Two Agro-Ecological Zones of Three Municipalities Of
Benguet State University Research Journal (BRJ) January-March 2016, 75: 16- 29 Copyright 2016, Benguet State University SOIL PROPERTIES OF AGRICULTURAL FARMS IN TWO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF THREE MUNICIPALITIES OF BENGUET Carlito P. Laurean, Craig P. Lucas and Dexter D. Kisim College of Agriculture, Benguet State University ABSTRACT The study was conducted in two agro-ecological zones of La Trinidad, Buguias and Atok, Benguet. The objectives of the study were to determine the physical and chemical properties of soils of agricultural farms; to determine the pesticide residues in soils and plants; and to determine toxic heavy metals in soils of agricultural farms. The two agro-ecological zones comprised of mid-mountain zone with elevation ranging from 1,100 to 1,500 meters above sea level represented by La Trinidad and Buguias, Benguet and high mountain zone with 1,600 to 2,000 meters above sea level elevation represented by Atok, Benguet. For mid-mountain zone represented by La Trinidad, Benguet for wet season sampling and Buguias, Benguet for dry season sampling, most of the soil samples collected showed favorable values of bulk density, porosity, pH, organic matter, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium for crop production. On the other hand, pesticide residue analysis on soil samples showed that only Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos have values higher than the maximum allowable concentrations. Toxic heavy metals like Mercury and Lead have values lower than maximum residual limit. Likewise, only Chlorpyrifos was detected in plants but its value is below the maximum allowable concentration. For the high-mountain zone represented by Atok for wet and dry season sampling, the results of the analysis showed that values of bulk density, porosity, pH, organic matter, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium are also found favorable for crop production. -
389 Families 3,266 Individuals 972 Families
Super Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut): WASH Cluster Update No. 1 October 2, 2018 On 15 September 2018, Typhoon Mangkhut locally known as Ompong, made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan at around 1:40 AM with maximum sustained winds of 205 kph near the center and gustiness of up to 285 kph with movement of 35 kph West Northwest (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration). Based on official reports by government and non-government agencies, Typhoon Mangkhut affected around 1.4 million people across Regions I (Ilocos), II (Cagayan Valley), III (Central Luzon), and the Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR). Key Assessment Findings: The WASH Cluster partners have conducted assessments from Day 1 and have since been responding to the emergency needs of the affected population through the leadership of the Department of Health (DOH). Some of the key assessment findings are: • Most of the affected population are using Level I and II water systems (handpumps and deep well). These systems were either heavily damaged, destroyed, or have temporarily become non-functional. Some water sources have not undergone bacteriological testing even before the typhoon. • Level III or piped water systems in some municipalities like Gattaran in Cagayan are dependent on electricity. Because there is no electricity in some areas, people are looking for other sources of water or buying bottled water (additional expense). • Out of the assessed areas, 12 municipalities have reported that houses were partially/totally damaged, along with their toilet facilities. People expressed their need for support in repairing toilet bowls, walls and roofing. • In Barangay Siniking in Rizal and some areas of Sto.Nino both in Cagayan, open defecation were observed.