Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing

Pratima Bajpai

Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing Pratima Bajpai Thapar Research and Development Center Colony Patiala, India [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4614-1408-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1409-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1409-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941212

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identifi ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

The pulp and paper (P&P) industry is traditionally known to be a large contributor to environmental pollution due to its large consumption of energy and chemicals. Biotechnological methods, however, offer potential opportunities for changing the industry toward more environmentally friendly and effi cient operations compared to the conventional methods. The importance of biotechnology lies in its potential for more specifi c reactions, less environmentally deleterious processes, energy savings, and capacity to be used in place of nonbiological processes. Increased pulp yield, improved fi ber properties, enhanced paper recycling, reduced processing and envi- ronmental problems, and energy effi ciency are all consequences of biotechnological processes in the pulp and paper industry. The number of possible applications of biotechnology in pulp and paper manufacture has grown steadily during the past 3 decades. Many applications have approached or are approaching commercial real- ity. Applications that have been successfully transferred to commercial use include xylanases for bleach boosting; cellulases for improved drainage; lipases for pitch removal; cellulase–hemicellulase mixture for deinking and fi ber modifi cation; esterases for stickies control; and levan hydrolase, proteases, cellulases, amylases, etc. for slime removal. “Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing” gives updated information on various biotechnological processes useful in the pulp and paper industry; these processes could help in reducing environmental pollution problems, in addition to other benefi ts. Various chapters deal with latest developments in the areas like Tree improvement, Raw material preparation, Pulping, Bleaching, Deinking, Fiber modifi cation, Slime control, Stickies control, Production of dis- solving grade pulp, Shive removal, Vessel picking, Degradation of pollutants, Retting of fl ax, Treatment of exhaust gasses for removal of odorous emissions, and Biosolids management. Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing also includes a chapter on Forest Products Biorefi nery. Biorefi neries actually can help pulp mills use by-products and residual products of the papermaking process to create addi- tional high-value revenue streams. The major benefi ts, limitations, and future pros- pects of these processes have also been discussed.

Patiala, India Pratima Bajpai

v

Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 References ...... 4 2 Brief Description of the Pulp and Paper Making Process ...... 7 2.1 Introduction ...... 7 2.2 Pulp and Paper Making Process ...... 8 2.2.1 Pulp Making Process ...... 8 2.2.2 Stock Preparation and Paper Making Process...... 10 References ...... 13 3 Tree Improvement ...... 15 3.1 Introduction ...... 15 3.1.1 Forest Trees in the Age of Modern Genetics ...... 16 References ...... 21 4 Biodebarking ...... 23 4.1 Introduction ...... 23 4.2 Enzymes Used for Debarking ...... 26 4.3 Application of Enzymes for Debarking ...... 26 4.4 Advantages of Biodebarking ...... 29 4.5 Limitations and Future Prospects ...... 29 References ...... 30 5 Biodepitching ...... 33 5.1 Introduction ...... 33 5.2 Environmental Impact of Lipophilic Extractives ...... 34 5.3 Methods for Pitch control ...... 36 5.3.1 Conventional Treatment ...... 36 5.3.2 Biological Treatment ...... 36 5.4 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects ...... 49 References ...... 50

vii viii Contents

6 Bioretting ...... 57 6.1 Introduction ...... 57 6.2 Methods for Retting ...... 58 6.3 Enzymes Used in Flax-Retting ...... 59 6.4 Application of Enzymes in Flax-Retting ...... 59 6.5 Effect of Enzyme-Retting on Fiber Yield and Properties ...... 64 6.6 Effect of Enzyme-Retting on Effl uent Properties ...... 64 References ...... 65 7 Biopulping ...... 67 7.1 Introduction ...... 67 7.2 Pulping Processes ...... 68 7.2.1 Mechanical Pulping ...... 68 7.2.2 Semichemical Pulping ...... 69 7.2.3 Chemical Pulping ...... 70 7.3 Biomechanical Pulping ...... 71 7.4 Biochemical Pulping ...... 79 7.5 Biopulping with Laccase Mediator System ...... 84 7.6 Mechanism of Biopulping ...... 84 7.7 Advantages of Biopulping ...... 86 7.8 Limitations and Future Prospects ...... 87 References ...... 87 8 Biobleaching ...... 93 8.1 Introduction ...... 93 8.2 Xylanase Enzymes ...... 93 8.2.1 Production and Properties of Xylanases ...... 94 8.2.2 Performance of Xylanases in Bleaching ...... 98 8.2.3 Effect of Xylanases on Pulp and Effl uent Quality ...... 104 8.2.4 Mechanism of Bleaching ...... 104 8.2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects ...... 105 8.3 Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes ...... 106 8.3.1 Performance of Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes in Bleaching ...... 106 8.3.2 Effect of Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes on Pulp and Effl uent Quality ...... 116 8.3.3 Mechanism of Bleaching ...... 117 8.3.4 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects ...... 121 8.4 White-Rot Fungi ...... 122 8.4.1 Performance of White-Rot Fungi in Bleaching ...... 122 8.4.2 Effect of White-Rot Fungi on Pulp and Effl uent Quality ...... 128 8.4.3 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects ...... 128 References ...... 129 Contents ix

9 Biodeinking ...... 139 9.1 Introduction ...... 139 9.2 Enzymes Used in Deinking ...... 140 9.3 Mechanisms of Enzyme Deinking ...... 140 9.4 Application of Enzymes in Deinking ...... 141 9.5 Effect of Enzyme on Fiber and Paper Quality ...... 152 9.6 Effect of Enzyme on Pulp Yield ...... 152 9.7 Effect of Enzyme on Effl uent Characteristics ...... 153 9.8 Benefi ts and Limitations ...... 154 9.9 Conclusions ...... 155 References ...... 156 10 Fiber Modifi cation ...... 159 10.1 Introduction ...... 159 10.2 Enzymes Promoting Beatability/Refi nability ...... 160 10.2.1 Enzyme Actions ...... 166 10.2.2 Effects of Enzyme ...... 167 10.2.3 Potential Benefi ts of Enzymatic Treatment Before Refi ning ...... 168 10.3 Enzymes Improving Drainage ...... 168 10.3.1 Enzyme Action ...... 175 10.3.2 Benefi ts of Improving Drainage ...... 176 10.4 Enzymes for Vessel-Picking Problems ...... 176 10.5 Conclusions ...... 180 References ...... 181 11 Removal of Shives ...... 185 11.1 Introduction ...... 185 11.2 Application of Enzymes for Shive Removal ...... 187 11.3 Mechanism of Shive Removal with Xylanase Enzymes ...... 189 11.4 Benefi ts with Enzymes ...... 190 11.5 Conclusions ...... 191 References ...... 191 12 Production of Dissolving-Grade Pulp ...... 193 12.1 Introduction ...... 193 12.2 Enzymes Used in the Production of Dissolving Pulp ...... 195 12.3 Application of Enzymes in Production of Dissolving Pulp ...... 196 12.4 Conclusions ...... 206 References ...... 207 13 Biological Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effl uents ...... 211 13.1 Introduction ...... 211 13.2 Bleaching and Environmental Impact ...... 212 13.3 Biotechnological Methods for Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effl uents ...... 216 13.3.1 Enzymatic Treatment ...... 216 13.3.2 Bacterial Treatment ...... 219 x Contents

13.3.3 Fungal Treatment ...... 234 13.3.4 Ligninolytic Enzymes and Their Role in Decolorization of Bleaching Effl uents ...... 250 13.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ...... 251 References ...... 252 14 Slime Control ...... 263 14.1 Introduction ...... 263 14.2 Slime Problems in the Mills ...... 264 14.3 Microorganisms Within the Slime and Contamination Sources ...... 268 14.4 Sites Chosen by the Microorganisms in the Paper Mill ...... 272 14.4.1 Formation of Slime ...... 273 14.4.2 Blocking of the Felts ...... 273 14.4.3 Degradation of the Felt ...... 273 14.4.4 Fermentation of Rosins ...... 274 14.4.5 Stains in the Pulp ...... 274 14.4.6 Cellulolytic Action ...... 274 14.4.7 Mold ...... 275 14.4.8 Musty Odors ...... 275 14.5 Methods for Detection of Slime ...... 275 14.5.1 Slime Collection Boards ...... 275 14.5.2 Identifi cation of the Contaminated Points ...... 276 14.5.3 Standard Plate Count Method ...... 276 14.5.4 Dip Sticks ...... 276 14.5.5 Luminescence ...... 276 14.5.6 Bio-Lert Method ...... 277 14.5.7 Slime Monitor ...... 278 14.6 Biofi lm Formation in Paper Systems ...... 278 14.7 Control of Slime ...... 281 14.7.1 Traditional Methods ...... 281 14.7.2 Use of Enzymes for Control of Slime ...... 288 14.7.3 Biological Equilibrium...... 291 14.7.4 Biodispersants ...... 292 14.7.5 Use of Competing Microorganisms ...... 295 14.7.6 Biofi lm Inhibitors ...... 296 14.7.7 Use of Bacteriophages ...... 296 References ...... 298 15 Stickies Control ...... 307 15.1 Introduction ...... 307 15.2 Problems Caused by Stickies ...... 308 15.3 Control of Stickies ...... 309 15.3.1 Enzyme Approach ...... 309 15.4 Conclusion ...... 314 References ...... 314 Contents xi

16 Enzymatic Modifi cation of Starch for Surface Sizing ...... 317 16.1 Introduction ...... 317 16.2 Enzymes Used for Starch Conversion ...... 318 16.3 Starches Used for Surface Sizing ...... 319 16.4 Process for Enzymatic Modifi cation of Starch ...... 321 16.5 Benefi ts and Limitations of Enzymatically Modifi ed Starches ...... 324 References ...... 325 17 Biofi ltration of Odorous Gases ...... 327 17.1 Introduction ...... 327 17.2 Emissions from Pulping ...... 328 17.2.1 Kraft Pulping ...... 328 17.2.2 Emissions from Neutral Sulfi te Semichemical (NSSC) Pulping ...... 330 17.2.3 Emissions from Sulfi te Pulping ...... 330 17.3 Methods for the Elimination of Odorous Compounds ...... 331 17.3.1 Biofi ltration Technology ...... 331 17.3.2 Microorganisms in Biofi lter ...... 333 17.3.3 Packing Materials for Biofi lters ...... 335 17.3.4 Mechanisms in Biofi lter Operation ...... 336 17.3.5 Development of Biofi ltration Technology ...... 337 17.3.6 Present Status ...... 341 17.3.7 Parameters Affecting the Performance of Biofi lter ...... 342 17.3.8 Advantages, Limitations and Future Prospects ...... 344 References ...... 346 18 Management/Utilization of Wastewater Treatment Sludges...... 349 18.1 Introduction ...... 349 18.2 Dewatering of Sludge ...... 350 18.3 Methods of Disposal ...... 355 18.3.1 Landfi ll Application ...... 355 18.3.2 Incineration ...... 358 18.3.3 Land Application (Composting) ...... 360 18.3.4 Recovery of Raw Materials ...... 363 18.3.5 Production of Ethanol and Animal Feed ...... 364 18.3.6 Pelletization of Sludge ...... 365 18.3.7 Manufacture of Building and Ceramic Materials and Lightweight Aggregate ...... 366 18.3.8 Landfi ll Cover Barrier ...... 367 18.3.9 Other Uses ...... 368 References ...... 370 xii Contents

19 Integrated Forest Biorefi nery ...... 375 19.1 Introduction ...... 375 19.2 Forest Biorefi nery Options ...... 377 19.2.1 Hemicellulose Extraction Prior to Pulping ...... 379 19.2.2 Black Liquor Gasifi cation ...... 384 19.2.3 Removal of Lignin from Black Liquor ...... 392 19.2.4 Other Products (Tall Oil, Methanol, etc.) ...... 396 19.3 Environmental Impacts of Forest Biorefi neries ...... 397 References ...... 397

Index ...... 403 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Cross-sectional line drawing of wood ...... 24 Fig. 5.1 Hydrolysis of pitch by lipase ...... 43 Fig. 5.2 Effect of Laccase treatment on removal of extractives from mechanical pulp, based on Paice (2005) ...... 47 Fig. 7.1 Biopulping process can be fi tted into an existing mill’s wood handling system ...... 75 Fig. 8.1 Typical xylanase and acidifi cation sites (based on Bajpai 2004) ...... 101 Fig. 8.2 Possible mechanism of laccase and mediator action on lignin (based on Call and Mücke 1995a, b, 1997) ...... 110 Fig. 8.3 Oxidative pathway for catalytic action of laccase on lignin (based on Bajpai 1997b) ...... 119 Fig. 8.4 Oxidative pathway for catalytic action of manganese peroxidase on lignin (based on Bajpai 1997b) ...... 120 Fig. 8.5 Model of a cross-section of a small portion of secondary wall of wood fi ber (based on Jurasek et al. 1994) ...... 120 Fig. 8.6 Model of a cross-section area of kraft fi ber shown in comparison with some enzyme molecules (based on Jurasek et al. 1994; Paice 2005) ...... 121 Fig. 9.1 Schematic diagram showing mechanism of Cellulase action on fi ber. Mohammed (2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 141 Fig. 9.2 Schematic diagram showing mechanism of Amylase action on fi ber. Mohammed (2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 141 Fig. 9.3 Effect of enzyme on brightness. Mohammed (2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 144

xiii xiv List of Figures

Fig. 9.4 Effect of enzyme on residual ink count. Mohammed (2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 145 Fig. 9.5 Effect of enzyme on chemical consumption. Mohammed (2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 145 Fig. 9.6 Enzymatic deinking (a) furnish composition of tissue with ISO brightness 61 (b) furnish composition of tissue with ISO brightness 77 (c) net cost change in total raw materials (furnish plus all chemistry) by using enzymatic deinking. Tausche (2005a, b); Reproduced with permission ...... 149 Fig. 9.7 Enzymatic deinking: Tappi dirt reductions. Tausche (2005a, b); Reproduced with permission ...... 150 Fig. 9.8 Enzymatic deinking: Brightness gains. Tausche (2005a, b); Reproduced with permission ...... 150 Fig. 9.9 Enzymatic deinking: (a) mill fi ber yield (b) indexed sludge generation. Tausche (2005a, b); Reproduced with permission ...... 150 Fig. 9.10 SEM of toner particle detachment (a) conventional deinking (b) enzymatic deinking. Tausche (2005a, b); Reproduced with permission ...... 151 Fig. 10.1 Biorefi ning of hardwood fi bers. Michalopoulos et al. (2005); Reproduced with permission ...... 166 Fig. 10.2 Biorefi ning of softwood fi bers. Michalopoulos et al. (2005); Reproduced with permission ...... 167 Fig. 10.3 Effect of enzyme dose on machine speed using OCC and MW pulps to produce 200-gsm liners at a North American mill. Based on Shaikh and Luo (2009) ...... 174 Fig. 10.4 Untreated vessel pick. Covarrubias (2009, 2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 177 Fig. 10.5 Treated vessel pick. Covarrubias (2009, 2010); Reproduced with permission ...... 178 Fig. 10.6 Effect of enzyme on IGT. Gill (2008); Reproduced with permission ...... 179 Fig. 10.7 Effect of enzyme on internal bond. Gill (2008); Reproduced with permission ...... 179 Fig. 10.8 Effect of enzyme on long fi ber and internal bond. Gill (2008); Reproduced with permission ...... 180 Fig. 10.9 Effect of enzyme on porosity. Gill (2008); Reproduced with permission ...... 180 Fig. 12.1 Types of cellulases: (a) Endoglucanases without cellulose-binding domain (b) endoglucanases with cellulose-binding domain; (c, d) cellobiohydrolases (e) glucosidases. Based on Köpcke (2010b) ...... 204 List of Figures xv

Fig. 12.2 Mode of action of various components of cellulose. Based on Wood and McCrae (1979) ...... 204 Fig. 13.1 The character of AOX in the effl uent from conventionally pulped and bleached kraft pulp. Based on Bajpai and Bajpai (1996) and Gergov et al. (1988) ...... 213 Fig. 13.2 Specifi c compounds discharged from bleached pulp mills. Based on Gavrilescu (2006); Liebergott et al. (1990) ...... 215 Fig. 13.3 Most toxic isomers of polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Based on Gavrilescu (2006) and Rappe and Wagman (1995) ...... 216 Fig. 13.4 The principle of combined fungal and enzyme treatment system. Based on Zhang (2001) ...... 246 Fig. 14.1 Composition of EPS (extracellular polysaccharides) from paper machines (Grant 1998; reproduced with permission) ...... 265 Fig. 15.1 Results of enzyme treatment on stickies (no treatment on the left and after Optimyze treatment on the right) (Reproduced with permission from Patrick (2004)) ...... 311 Fig. 15.2 Electron photomicrograph of the surfaces of a stickies particle before enzyme treatment (left) and after treatment (right) Patrick (2004); Reproduced with permission ...... 311 Fig. 16.1 Batch starch conversion system (Based on Tolan (2002)) ...... 323 Fig. 16.2 Continuous starch conversion system (Based on Tolan (2002)) ...... 323 Fig. 19.1 Current pulp mill; reproduced from Thorp et al. (2008) with permission ...... 376 Fig. 19.2 Future mill; reproduced from Thorp et al. (2008) with permission ...... 377 Fig. 19.3 Possible products from a pulp mill biorefi nery; reproduced from Axegård (2005) with permission ...... 377 Fig. 19.4 Biorefi nery concept; reproduced from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Biomass Research website: http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefi nery.html with permission. Accessed April 20, 2011 ...... 378 Fig. 19.5 Integrated gasifi cation and combined cycle (IGCC); based on Sricharoenchaikul (2001) ...... 384 Fig. 19.6 MTCI steam reformer; based on Whitty and Baxter (2001) ...... 388 Fig. 19.7 The CHEMREC DP-1 plant. Source: www.chemrec.se/admin/UploadFile.aspx? path=/UserUploadFiles/2005%20DP-1%20brochure.pdf (reproduced with permission) ...... 389 xvi List of Figures

Fig. 19.8 The two-stage washing/dewatering process, LignoBoost, for washing lignin precipitated from black liquor; reproduced from Axegård (2007b) with permission ...... 393 Fig. 19.9 Integration opportunities between LignoBoost and gasifi cation of forestry residues proposed by STFI-Packforsk and VTT; reproduced from Axegård (2007b) with permission ...... 395 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Biotechnology for the pulp and paper industry in different stages of development ...... 3 Table 4.1 Effect of pretreatment with polygalacturonase enzyme on energy consumption during debarking of spruce ...... 26 Table 4.2 Effect of enzyme treatment on energy consumption during debarking of spruce ...... 27 Table 4.3 Effect of enzyme treatment time on energy consumption during debarking of spruce ...... 28 Table 4.4 Stability of enzyme in the debarking water ...... 28 Table 4.5 Effects of various pectinases on hydrolysis of isolated cambium...... 29 Table 5.1 Extractive degradation by sap-stain fungi on nonsterile southern yellow pine ...... 37 Table 5.2 Extractive content of sterile lodgepole pine and aspen treated with sap-stain fungi...... 38 Table 5.3 Use of a depitching organism in a TMP mill ...... 39 Table 5.4 Resin content (% of dry wood) of loblolly pine chips treated with C. subvemispora or O. piliferum after 1Ð4 weeks incubation ...... 40 Table 5.5 Resin content of spruce chips treated with various fungi after 2 weeks incubation and kappa numbers after sulfi te cooking ...... 40 Table 5.6 Extractive content of sterile southern yellow pine treated with various basidiomycetes ...... 41 Table 5.7 DCM extractive content of nonsterile southern yellow pine treated with various molds ...... 42 Table 5.8 Effect of lipase treatment on pitch deposition ...... 44 Table 5.9 Effect of lipase concentration on hydrolysis of trigycerides ...... 44

xvii xviii List of Tables

Table 6.1 Effect of enzymes on fl ax-retting ...... 60 Table 6.2 Effects of enzyme-, chemical-, and water-retting on fi ber yield and fi ber properties ...... 60 Table 6.3 Properties of fi bers from fl ax retted with different enzymes ...... 63 Table 6.4 Effect of enzyme-retting on effl uent properties ...... 64 Table 7.1 Energy requirement in the production of mechanical pulps ...... 68 Table 7.2 Energy requirement for chemimechanical pulp (CMP) and biochemimechanical pulp (BCMP) from bagasse ...... 72 Table 7.3 Energy savings from biomechanical pulping of loblolly pine chips with different white-rot fungi (4-week incubation) ...... 73 Table 7.4 Tensile indexes of biomechanical pulps ...... 76 Table 7.5 Properties of mill-refi ned pulps prepared from Eucalyptus wood chips treated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium ...... 76 Table 7.6 Characteristics of bleached CTMP wastewater ...... 77 Table 7.7 Composition of resin acids in bleached CTMP wastewater ...... 77 Table 7.8 BOD, COD, and toxicity of nonsterile aspen chips after treatment with C. subvermispora ...... 78 Table 7.9 Effect of fungal treatment on resin content (% of dry wood) of loblolly pine and spruce chips ...... 79 Table 7.10 Biokraft pulping of eucalyptus with C. subvermispora at reduced active alkali charge ...... 80 Table 7.11 Soda pulping of wheat straw with C. subvermispora strains 1 and 2 at reduced alkali charges ...... 81 Table 7.12 Effect of cooking time on soda pulping of C. subvermispora-treated wheat straw ...... 82 Table 7.13 Properties of kraft pulps prepared from Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus globulus ...... 83 Table 8.1 Plant-scale trial results with xylanase ...... 99 Table 8.2 Summary of results from the pilot plant trial with laccase-mediator system (LMS) ...... 110 Table 8.3 Conceptual difference between the xylanase and laccase/mediator treatment ...... 111 Table 8.4 Bleaching conditions and optical properties of conventionally bleached and fungal bleached hardwood kraft pulp ...... 124 Table 8.5 Bleaching conditions and optical properties of conventionally bleached and fungal bleached softwood kraft pulp ...... 124 List of Tables xix

Table 8.6 Optical properties of conventionally bleached and fungal bleached pulps ...... 125 Table 9.1 Quality of water entering dissolved air fl otation clarifi er ...... 153 Table 9.2 Quality of water exiting dissolved air fl otation clarifi er ...... 153 Table 9.3 Quality of reject stream ...... 153 Table 10.1 Effect of enzyme treatment on beatability and strength properties of mixed pulp (60% waste corrugated kraft cuttings and 40% softwood) ...... 161 Table 10.2 PFI refi ning of OCC pulps ...... 161 Table 10.3 Effect of enzyme treatment on power consumption during manufacturing of ESKP high strength Ð Process-scale trial results ...... 163 Table 10.4 Effect of enzyme treatment on power consumption during manufacturing of ESKP Normal Ð Process-scale trial results ...... 164 Table 10.5 Effect of enzyme treatment on power and steam consumption during coating base manufacture Ð Process-scale trial results ...... 164 Table 10.6 Effect of enzyme treatment on power consumption during manufacturing of high gsm base papers (super coated art board 122 gsm and art paper 102 gsm) ...... 164 Table 10.7 Effect of enzyme treatment on the drainability of OCC ...... 169 Table 10.8 Effect of enzyme treatment on CSF of different types of pulp ...... 173 Table 10.9 Effect of enzyme dose on CSF and strength properties of OCC ...... 173 Table 10.10 Effect of enzyme treatment on the requirement for cationic polyacrylamide for drainage control of OCC ...... 173 Table 10.11 Effect of cellulase and pectinase enzymes on drainage of deinked pulp ...... 174 Table 10.12 Benefi ts of improving drainage ...... 176 Table 10.13 Effect of enzymes on vessel pick reduction ...... 178 Table 10.14 Reduction in vessel element picking by fi ber modifi cation enzymes in mill trial ...... 178 Table 11.1 Methods used for improving pulp cleanliness ...... 186 Table 11.2 Effect of different xylanase enzymes on shive removal factor and bleach boosting ...... 187 Table 11.3 Effect of Shivex on shive counts and shive factor in different bleaching stages at varying kappa factor ...... 188 Table 11.4 Effect of Shivex on shive removal factors (Sf) ...... 189 Table 11.5 Shive removal in different bleaching sequences ...... 190 xx List of Tables

Table 12.1 Derivatives and end-use products from dissolving pulp ...... 194 Table 12.2 Effect of xylanase enzyme from Schizophyllum commune on removal of hemicellulose from delignifi ed mechanical aspen pulp ...... 196 Table 12.3 Effect of xylanase enzyme from S. commune on pentosan content and viscosity of chemical pulp ...... 196 Table 12.4 Effect of xylanase enzyme from Escherichia coli on pentosan removal from dissolving pulp ...... 197 Table 12.5 Effect of successive xylanase treatments from Saccharomonospora virdis for selective removal of xylan from bleached birchwood kraft pulp ...... 197 Table 12.6 Effect of xylanase from Trichoderma harzianum on xylan content of unbleached and bleached kraft pulps ...... 198 Table 12.7 Effect of xylanase enzyme from Aureobasidium pullulans on pentosans from bleached sulfi te dissolving-grade pulp ...... 199 Table 12.8 Effect of xylanase enzyme from A. pullulans on properties of unbleached sulfi te pulps ...... 200 Table 12.9 Effect of xylanase enzyme from A. pullulans on properties of sulfi te pulp ...... 201 Table 12.10 Bleaching of sulfi te pulp with A. pullulans xylanase and reduced amount of active chlorine in OD1EOD2H sequence...... 201 Table 12.11 Properties of pulp before and after treatment with A. pullulans hemicellulases and alkali...... 202 Table 13.1 The effect of various technologies on effl uent parameters ...... 212 Table 13.2 Chlorinated organic compounds in bleach plant effl uents ...... 214 Table 13.3 Reported activated sludge removal effi ciencies for chlorophenols ...... 221 Table 13.4 Reported activated sludge removal effi ciencies for chlorophenols ...... 224 Table 13.5 Reduction of COD and AOX in the continuous reactor by anaerobic treatment...... 230 Table 13.6 Removal of pollutants by anaerobicÐaerobic treatment of bleaching effl uent ...... 231 Table 13.7 Removal of pollutants with ultrafi ltration plus anaerobic/aerobic system and the aerated lagoon technique ...... 233 Table 13.8 Effect of treatment with C. subvermispora CZ-3 on chlorophenols and chloroaldehydes in the effl uent from extraction stage ...... 242 List of Tables xxi

Table 13.9 Effect of treatment with R. oryzae on chlorophenols and chloroaldehydes in the effl uent from extraction stage ...... 243 Table 13.10 Comparison of systems used for the treatment of bleaching effl uents with different fungi in batch process ...... 248 Table 13.11 Comparison of systems used for the treatment of bleaching effl uents with different fungi in continuous process...... 249 Table 14.1 Primary characteristics of biofi lms and general paper machine deposition ...... 264 Table 14.2 Levanase-producing bacteria ...... 266 Table 14.3 Microorganisms commonly found in mill environment ...... 269 Table 14.4 Comparison of biological activity test methods ...... 278 Table 14.5 Effect of tetrakishydroxymethylphosphonium sulfate (THPS) against Enterobacter aerogenes and SRB ...... 287 Table 14.6 Effect of THPS on Activated sludge in the biological effl uent treatment (BET) plant ...... 287 Table 14.7 Effect of Bimogard on EPS after introduction to a mill previously using biocides ...... 292 Table 14.8 Modes of action of microbicides, biodispersants, enzymes, and biofi lm inhibitors...... 296 Table 14.9 Colony count of slime-forming bacteria (S-1) following application of a synthetic biocide MBT and combined application of MBT and the corresponding bacteriophage (PS-1) ...... 297 Table 15.1 Savings realized by switching to enzymatic stickies control at a 400 tpd coated paperboard mill (Based on Patrick (2004)) ...... 312 Table 17.1 Typical off-gas characteristics of kraft pulp mill ...... 328 Table 17.2 Odor threshold concentration of TRS pollutants ...... 329 Table 17.3 Typical emissions of Sox and NOx from kraft pulp mill combustion sources ...... 329 Table 17.4 Microbial cultures used for degradation of pollutants ...... 334 Table 19.1 Emerging biorefi ning technologies ...... 378 Table 19.2 Benefi ts of hemicellulose preextraction ...... 380 Table 19.3 Possible products from syngas ...... 390 Table 19.4 Relative emissions rates of different emissions ...... 392