International Forestry Review 5(2), 2003 161 COMMENT What isn’t an NTFP? B.M. BELCHER Senior Scientist, Forests and livelihoods Program, Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB Jakarta, 10065 Indonesia Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION users, based on my experience in the field. Two recent activities have heightened my awareness of the need for What is a Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP)? This debate clarification. Some of the conceptual ambiguities were has raged since the term was coined by de Beer and revealed in a recent survey of donor and development McDermott (1989)1. At every meeting where NTFPs are agencies working on NTFP issues (Profound and CIFOR discussed there will be some discussion about the unpublished). And, as the coordinator of a large project terminology and about what should be included and what doing a comparative analysis of cases of commercial NTFP should not be included in the definition. There are many production and use, I have been challenged on the alternate terms that are used more or less as synonyms, appropriateness of including certain products in our set each with its proponents. Terms such as ‘wild products’, of cases. In the process I have refined my own ideas about ‘natural products’, ‘non-timber forest and grassland what an NTFP is. products’, ‘veld products’ and ‘sustainably produced wood This discussion begins with a brief history of the term products’ (ostensibly distinct from industrial timber) and ‘NTFP’ and the evolution of the definition. It is readily many others have entered the vernacular. apparent that the definition used depends on the interests While in some ways this interminable debate can appear and the objectives of the user. There is a highly eclectic trivial, the fact is that it reflects ambiguity and confusion group of stakeholders interested in NTFPs as subjects of that inhibits understanding and progress in research and research, as tools for conservation and for development, development. There are major differences in the and as commercial products. Each brings different understanding of what an NTFP is and, more importantly, assumptions and interests, both implicit and explicit. I in the expectations of how and why NTFPs are important. analyse the elements of the definition of the term against Different individuals/organisations use the same term, but these different ideas and conclude that there is no perfect have modified the definition in different ways to suit their term to encapsulate all of these ideas. needs. The term and the underlying concepts have different meanings to different people, so both agreements and What do you mean by ‘NTFP’? disagreements can be false. On the positive side, this ambiguity has made it possible to bring together ideas The problems begin with the term itself. ‘Non-timber forest about rural development and conservation that might products’ is a negative term. It includes, literally, all products otherwise have seemed incompatible. However, similarities other than timber that come from forests. In their in the terms often disguise real differences in understanding groundbreaking publication on the economic value of and in assumptions, values and beliefs. There is a risk that NTFPs in South East Asia, de beer and Mcdermott (1989) the ‘NTFP concept’ will be seen to have failed if it does used the term Non-Timber Forest Products as an not meet the unattainable expectations that have been raised alternative to the ‘dismissive epithet ‘minor forest products” because of improper or inconsistent interpretation. and proposed the following definition: In this paper I analyse the elements of the terminology by looking at the underlying assumptions and beliefs of The term ‘Non-Timber Forest Products’ (NTFPs) encompasses all biological materials other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use. 1 This is the first reference to the term ‘non-timber forest product’ in the English-language literature recorded in TREECD. The authors clearly recognised problems with the definition. References to the term ‘non wood forest products’ date back They addressed them by setting out what they saw as the to 1980. key point of distinction between timber and non-timber June2003.p65 161 18/06/2003, 12:04 162 B.M. Belcher forest products: that timber is managed on an industrial In some early discussions resources such as gravel and rocks scale for interests located outside the forest, while NTFPs were included, and many currently working in this field ‘are extracted using simple technologies by people living in would include services (e.g. watershed functions, carbon or near forest.’ They dismissed the alternative term ‘non- sequestration, ecotourism). Peters (1997) considered both wood forest products’ as being too exclusive. And they also ‘natural or managed forests’. Wickens (1991) exluded offered a definition of forest: ‘industrial roundwood and derived sawn timber, wood chips, wood-based panels and pulp’ and left the possible By ‘forest’ we refer to a natural ecosystem in which sources wide open (‘…extracted from natural ecosystems, trees are a significant component. However, forest managed plantations, etc.’). In addition, many more products are derived not only from trees, but from all authors leave the term undefined. As a literature on NTFP plants, fungi and animals (including fish) for which has built up the variations on what is included (or, more the forest ecosystem provides habitat. correctly, excluded), in combination with the inconsistent use of the tem ‘forest’, has left enormous scope for This kind of clarity is helpful, and many authors offer ambiguity. This is particularly worrisome as governments definitions and examples to clarify their own use of the and development agencies undertake projects and policy term NTFP in a given publication (e.g. Wickens 1991; Peters changes in the ‘NTFP’ sector, possibly based on false 1997). However, the various definitions are inconsistent. understanding of the actual and potential role of NTFPs. What are ‘Non-Wood Forest Products’ for FAO? P. VANTOMME Non-Wood Forest Products Officer, Wood and Non-Wood Utilisation Branch, FOPW, Forest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Via Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy Email: [email protected] In previous decades a large number of governmental and non- vast, but so far hidden or poorly known aspect of forest use governmental organisations, individuals and private into the open and to facilitate a shift of focus towards the companies have become involved in the promotion and economies of forest-dependent peoples and to more utilisation of ‘Non-Wood Forest Products’ (NWFP). A great ‘environmentally-friendly’ use of the forest. It was hoped to deal of new information has been compiled on the resources, encourage a more balanced management and utilisation of and better insight has been achieved on the socio-economic forest resources in order to shift away from the prevalent contribution of NWFPs to livelihoods and on the impact of industrial timber production focused approach. In this sense their use on the environment. However, little progress has each of the terms mentioned above highlights the way the been made in the meantime to clarify and/or harmonise terms products are obtained rather than specifying what kind of and definitions in relation to NWFPs. On the contrary a products they are. proliferation of new terms is being introduced (such as: ‘non- Although there is nothing wrong in having many terms wood goods and benefits’, ‘non-wood goods and services’, used in different countries or by different language groups, ‘other forest products’, ‘secondary forest products’, ‘special the scope and coverage of all these terms are frequently forest products’, ‘wild crafted products’, ‘biodiversity different and sometimes vague. All these terms cover different products’, ‘natural products’, ‘minor forest products’, ‘non- aspects, species and products according to the focus of work timber forest products’, ‘non-wood forest products’, ‘forest of the respective author or organisation and few propose clear products other than wood/timber’ and ‘tree-crops’). In definitions of the terms used. In some cases, their coverage English, the most common term presently used is ‘Non- varies depending on the situation (covering only those Timber Forest Products’ (NTFP), while other languages may gathered from forests or those from any vegetated land if have terms that differentiate between ‘wood’ and ‘timber’ gathered from wild sources, while others include domesticated (French and Spanish for example), or refer to different species). The lack of clear terminology, and the fact that in concepts which are not easily translated into other languages spite of their differences, these terms are often used inter- or understood in different cultural contexts. The term changeably within and among languages, causes serious ‘NWFP’ will be used throughout this paper for reasons of problems for the NWFP sector in general, i.e.: consistency and clarity and not because not because any value • Communications and reporting among countries/languages judgement has been attached to the term. is problematic and ambiguous: people are using the same All these terms emerged to encompass the vast array of terms with different definitions, or without providing any both animal and plant products harvested in forests in a ‘non- definition at all. Translation of terms from one language industrial’ or ‘informal’ way. They were introduced to get this to another often changes the concept. June2003.p65 162 18/06/2003, 12:04 What isn’t an NWFP 163 As part of an effort to better understand current were also substantial reservations and disagreements. In activities in the NTFP area, CIFOR and Profound addition, the list of products and services that respondents conducted a worldwide survey of 84 organisations that are working with includes many that do not fit the proposed support or carry out NTFP-related activities. These definition. They would need a more inclusive definition. included conservation organisations, multilateral and Some respondents prefer a more restrictive definition.