World Petroleum Resources Project Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Southern Siberian Craton (Baykit High, Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara−Lena Terrace, and Cis−Patom Foredeep Provinces), Russia, 2011

Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated volumes of undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional petroleum resources for the southern Siberian craton provinces of Russia. The mean volumes were estimated at 3.0 billion barrels of crude oil, 63.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 1.2 billion barrels of natural gas liquids.

Introduction for priority basins around the world, specifically for total petroleum systems (TPS) and assessment units (AU) that are The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated volumes defined on the basis of their geologic attributes that are favorable of undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional oil and for the generation and accumulation of petroleum. The Baykit gas resources of the Baykit High, Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara– High Province, encompassing about 202,661 square kilometers Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces in Russia. The (km2) (fig. 1), contains a TPS that had undergone a tectonic, and, assessment is part of a program to estimate petroleum resources presumably, a petroleum-generation history that was different

95º 100º 105º 110º 115º 120º 70º

ANABAR-OLENEK HIGH

ARCTIC CIRCLE

Lena-Vilyuy 65º Basin ! RUSSIA ! ! ! KEMPENDIAY Tunguska REGION ! ! Basin !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! BAYKIT ARCH NEPA-BOTUOBA ARCH ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 60º ! ! ! ! A' ! !! ! YENISEY KATANGA ! RIDGE ! SADDLE ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! CIS-PATOM FOREDEEP ALDAN SHIELD Cis-Sayan Basin ! ! BAIKAL-PATOM ! ! ! FOLDED REGION

! ! 55º ! ! EXPLANATION !! ! ! ! ! Province boundary !!! !! ! Country boundary ALTAY-SAYAN Location of cross section FOLDED REGION ANGARA-LENA Irkutsk LAKE BAIKAL ! Oil field TERRACE ! Gas field City

Chatanga 50º 0 100 200 300 400 500 KILOMETERS MONGOL-OKHOTSK MONGOLIA CHINA FOLDED REGION !! ! !! 0 100 200 300 MILES Ulan Bator ! !! ! ! !

Figure 1. Generalized map showing the boundaries of the Baykit High, Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces, Russia; major geologic features; centerpoints of oil and gas fields; and the location of geologic cross section A−A′ shown in figure 2. Field data from IHS Energy (2009); geologic province boundaries from Persits and others (1998) and Ulmishek (2001a, b).

U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2011–3155 U.S. Geological Survey Printed on recycled paper February 2012 from the other geologic provinces and therefore the province orogeny) by collision of continental blocks with the Siberian was assessed separately. The Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena craton and again during the late Paleozoic (Hercynian orogeny) Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces, however, were by collision of the Kazakh, Siberian, and Eurasian continents assessed collectively as one TPS and AU because of a paucity of (Ulmishek, 2001a, b). data, and that the same TPS most likely spans all of the prov- Two TPSs were defined and called Proterozoic−Paleozoic inces. These three geologic provinces encompass a total area of Composite TPSs (table 1), one for the Baykit High Province and 669,137 km2 (fig. 1). This assessment was based on published another for the Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and geologic information and on commercial data from oil and gas Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces. They both include upper Pro- wells and fields, and from field production records. terozoic petroleum source rocks and upper Proterozoic through Cambrian reservoir rocks. One AU containing conventional Total Petroleum Systems and Assessment Units undiscovered oil and gas resources was defined geologically and called Proterozoic–Paleozoic AUs, one for the Baykit High The Baykit High Province and the combined area of the Province and another for the Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces (figs. 1 and 2). Foredeep Provinces are interpreted to have originated as rifted Major source rocks are upper Proterozoic marine shales passive margin basins, which controlled the distribution of (Ulmishek, 2001a, b). Source rocks for the Baykit High Prov- upper Proterozoic source rocks, as well as the oil and gas ince were located in areas to the present-day west and southwest resources. The rifted-passive margin basins underwent com- of the province and in depressions within the province. Source pression and deformation during the late Proterozoic (Baikalian rocks outside the present-day province boundary were subjected

A A'

WEST BAYKIT HIGH KATANGA SADDLE NEPA-BOTUOBA HIGH CIS-PATOM EAST FOREDEEP

KILOMETERS 1 Vanavar Taygin V.-Tokhom Verkhnechon Omorin Oskobin Preobrazhen Talakan

Upper 0

LowerLower 1 CAMBRIAN

2 Basement

VENDIAN 3 EXPLANATION Basement Primarily carbonate rocks Primarily clastic rocks RIPHEAN 4 Salt Volcanics Deformed rocks of Baikal-Patom foldbelt 5 Fault Unconformity + + + Crystalline basement Well

Figure 2. Geologic cross section across the Baykit High, Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces,

Russia. See figure 1 for location. From Ulmishek (2001a, modified from Gabrielyants, 1991). Cm1, Cm2, Cm3, Lower, Middle, and Upper Cambrian,

respectively; R, Riphean; V, Vendian; Pz3, upper Paleozoic; TR, Lower Triassic. Approximate length of cross section 1,000 kilometers. to deformation and metamorphism during the Late Proterozoic Assessment Results Baikalian orogeny (850−820 Ma). The Proterozoic source rocks outside the province matured during the late Proterozoic, but Estimates of volumes of undiscovered technically recov- the accumulations were destroyed by Baikalian deformation. erable, conventional oil and gas resources are shown in table Source rocks within the province attained maximum maturity 1. No attempt was made to estimate economically recover- during the early Paleozoic, after Early Cambrian evaporite able resources because it is beyond the scope of this study. deposition. Source rocks for the Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara– In summary, the estimated mean volumes of undiscovered, Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces are hypoth- technically recoverable, conventional oil and gas resources esized to have been located in areas to the present-day south and for the Baykit High Province are approximately 426 million southeast of the provinces, in the Baikal−Patom Folded Region barrels (MMB) of crude oil, 2,071 billion cubic feet (BCF) of (fig. 1) (Ulmishek, 2001a). Age of maturation of these Protero- natural gas (721 BCF of associated and dissolved natural gas zoic source rocks is unknown, but most likely occurred before and 1,350 BCF of nonassociated natural gas), and 38 MMB of Silurian or Devonian deformation. In all of the provinces, most natural gas liquids (9 MMB of natural gas liquids in oil accu- known recoverable crude oil and natural gas accumulations mulations and 29 MMB of total liquids in nonassociated gas have been discovered in upper Proterozoic carbonate and clastic accumulations). rocks and Cambrian carbonate rocks (Ulmishek, 2001a, b). The estimated mean volumes of undiscovered, technically Lower Cambrian evaporates provide a regional seal, whereas recoverable, conventional oil and gas resources for the Nepa– other seal rocks include intraformational shales. Identified traps Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep include combination structural and stratigraphic, such as pinch- Provinces are approximately 2,599 MMB of crude oil, 61,259 outs on crests of uplifts with updip seals, faulted anticlines, BCF of natural gas (12,845 BCF of associated and dissolved local uplifts, and reef- and carbonate-platform-associated facies. natural gas and 48,414 BCF of nonassociated natural gas), and Although a few large fields have been discovered — 1,148 MMB of natural gas liquids (60 MMB of natural gas Yurubchen−Tokhom (oil), Soba (gas), and Kovyktinskoye liquids in oil accumulations and 1,088 MMB of total liquids in (gas) — much of the Baykit High, Nepa–Botuoba High, nonassociated gas accumulations). Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces is The total estimated mean volumes of undiscovered, techni- unexplored. Future potential for discoveries exists in smaller cally recoverable, conventional oil and gas resources for all of the structural and stratigraphic traps. Poor reservoir quality and the South Siberian Basin Provinces are approximately 3,025 MMB absence of source rocks pose challenges for the discovery of of crude oil, 63,330 BCF of natural gas (13,566 BCF of associ- additional accumulations. ated and dissolved natural gas and 49,764 BCF of nonassociated natural gas), and 1,186 MMB of natural gas liquids (69 MMB of natural gas liquids in oil accumulations and 1,117 MMB of total liquids in nonassociated gas accumulations).

Table 1. Southern Siberian craton assessment results (undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional resources).

[MMB, million barrels; BCF, billion cubic feet. Results shown are fully risked estimates. For gas fields, all liquids are included under the natural gas liquids (NGL) category. F95 denotes a 95-percent chance of at least the amount tabulated. Other fractiles are defined similarly. Fractiles are additive under the assumption of perfect positive correlation. TPS, total petroleum system; AU, assessment unit. Gray shading indicates not applicable]

Total undiscovered resources Total petroleum systems Mean (expected) Field largest (TPS) Oil (MMB) Gas (BCF) NGL (MMB) type field size and assessment units (AU) (MMB or BCF) F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean Baykit High Province, Proterozoic–Paleozoic Composite TPS Oil 127 116 365 943 426 184 601 1,678 721 2 7 21 9 Proterozoic–Paleozoic AU Gas 151 538 1,221 2,616 1,350 12 27 57 29 Nepa-Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces, Proterozoic–Paleozoic Composite TPS Oil 531 1,004 2,388 4,944 2,599 4,785 11,627 25,112 12,845 22 54 121 60 Proterozoic–Paleozoic AU Gas 11,213 17,154 44,205 94,321 48,414 361 961 2,264 1,088 Total undiscovered petroleum resources 3,025 63,330 1,186 References Cited

Gabrielyants, G.A., ed., 1991, Regional geology of petroleum provinces of the USSR (Regionalnaya Geologiya neftegazo- nosnykh territoriy SSSR): Moscow, Nedra, 284 p. IHS Energy, 2009 [includes data current through October 2009], International exploration and production database: Engle- wood, Colo., IHS Energy. Persits, F.M., Ulmishek, G.F., and Steinshouer, D.W., 1998, Map showing geology, oil and gas fields, and geologic prov- inces of the former Soviet Union: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97–470E, CD–ROM. Ulmishek, G.F., 2001a, Petroleum geology and resources of the Nepa−Botuoba High, Angara−Lena Terrace, and Cis−Patom Foredeep, southeastern Siberian craton, Russia: U.S. Geo- logical Survey Bulletin 2201−C, 16 p. Ulmishek, G.F., 2001b, Petroleum geology and resources of the Baykit High Province, East Siberia, Russia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2201−F, 18 p.

For Further Information Supporting geologic studies of total petroleum systems and assessment units, reports on the methodology used in the assess- ment of the Baykit High Province and Nepa–Botuoba High, Angara–Lena Terrace, and Cis–Patom Foredeep Provinces, and assessment results are available at the USGS Central Energy Resources Science Center website: http://energy.usgs.gov.

South Siberian Basin Provinces Assessment Team

T.R. Klett ([email protected]), Christopher J. Schenk, Craig J. Wandrey, Ronald R. Charpentier, Michael E. Brownfield, Janet K. Pitman, Richard M. Pollastro, Troy A. Cook, and Marilyn E. Tennyson.