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Identification and Mapping of Barramundi Nursery Swamp Habitat in the Chambers Bay/Finke Bay Area

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Identification and Mapping of Barramundi Nursery Swamp Habitat in the Chambers Bay/Finke Bay Area Identification and Mapping of Barramundi Nursery Swamp Habitat in the Chambers Bay/Finke Bay Area. RK. Griffin DEPARTMENT O,� PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES FIS HERIES RESE ARCH & �- DEVELO PMENT CORPORATIO N Project T94/144 1 NON-TECHNICALSUMMARY A number of previous studies have demonstrated that verysmall barramundi (around 8 mm and larger) occupy tidal swamp habitats in coastal areas during their first few months of life, from September. There has been substantial sampling of this type of habitat but generally only in specific areas and the general characteristics, such as vegetation types, soil types etc., of barramundi nursery swamps have not been systematically examined. Fishing industry representatives in the NT have recently been involved in debate over the impacts on barramundi nursery habitat of works to control saline intrusion in the study area. Concerns have also been expressed about possible impacts of the practice of ponded pasture being developed by the pastoral industry.Massive saline intrusion in the area has resulted in extensive degradation and loss of important freshwaterhabitat and throughout the study area there have been earthworks conducted to prevent further intrusion.In some instances those earthworks could deny small barramundi access to vital nursery habitats. There is also concern that barramundiwhich gain access to nursery swamps during the wet season floods then become trapped in the waters remaining behind the saline intrusion controlbunds and die when the ponded area dries out. The fact that the barramundinursery habitats are located at the interface between freshwater 11 and saline tidal swamps presents a substantial riskthat they will be mistakenly "rescued from saline intrusion. The aim of the project was to determine the precise location and characteristics of barramundi nursery swamps in areas between the Wildman and Adelaide Rivers in order that they might be protected. The original scope of this project was extended to include investigation of the physical changes in nursery swamp habitat and usage by barramundi during and after the wet season. The extension was a direct response to local industry concernsthat salineintrusion control works and ponded pasture development were having negative impacts on barramundipopulations in the study area. Thirteen coastal swamp areas between Cape Hotham and the Wildman River were sampled monthly from September to Januaryusing hide traps to assess the presence or absence of barramundi(Figure 1). Figure 1 Map of barramundinursery swamp sampling sites - Cape Hotham to Wildman River 131'15'E 1J2"E 12·s t N Chambers Bay Finke Bay ( Wildman River Tommycut CrMk SCALE 15 km 0 Trap Sample Station + Pond SamplingStation The hide trap, designed to exploit the fright response of small barramundi, consists of a 60 cm diameter ring of steel wire covered with fine mesh and a 30 cm length of teased out 2 rope. The ring of mesh is placed on the bottom of the tidal swamp area and the weighted rope material placed in the centre. When the trap is approached small fish take refuge in the rope material. The trap is then lifted and the contents washed into a cup set into the centre of the trap.Access to the swamp areas was gained by helicopter. To set and retrieve trapsat all 13 stations took around 10 hrs flying time each month. At each station salinity, temperature and water depth were measured each month. Vegetation types at each site were also recorded. At eight sites waters ponded behind bunds built for saline intrusion control were examined during April and May to determine the presence, absence or relative abundance of juvenile barramundi of 20 to 30 cm. Sampling at those sites was limited because of constraints on access, time and sampling methods. Crocodiles were a significant danger at all sites. Access was either by airboat, where sampling was conducted by electrofishing, or by helicopter which meant that castnetting was the only method used. Small barramundi were found at three locations, two on small tidal creeks off Chambers Bay (Stations 7 and 8) and one offFinke Bay, just east of Point Stuart (Stations 12). All three were within 3 km of the coast at the top of small tidal creeks, where those creeks enter freshwater floodplain swamps and significantly all were blocked by saline intrusion control bunds. At those sites where barramundi were taken, small seats (Selenotoca multifasciata ) and tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides ) were also common. Studies in Leanyer Swamp near Darwin and in Papua New Guinea also found a close association of seats and tarpon with barramundi. At two stations (Station 1 at Cape Hotham and Station 13 on Love Creek) both of those species were found but barramundi were not. Given the close association between these species it is quite possible that those two sites are used by barramundi although none were captured. In the case of Love Creek this suggestion is reinforced by the similarity of the salinity regime and vegetation types as well. Three plant species, Schoenoplectus littoralis, Cyperus scariosus and Sporobolus virginicus were common to the three sites at which barramundi were found and are considered to be likely indicators of a habitat suitable for small barramundi. None of the sites in the Adelaide River catchment yielded any barramundi nor were the seats and tarponcommonly found with barramundi recorded. Many of the bunded coastal areas which were to be sampled were not tidally inundated until November and some not at all, despite quite high spring tides. It is possible that bunding has resulted in infillingof the tidal channels feedingthese areas. The sites on Cape Hotham, remote fromthe Mary River channels did not yield any barramundi and during September and October and November at least were hypersaline. Salinity was very high (up to 120 ppt) in most areas prior to onset of the wet season in December. At two of the sites where barramundi were found salinity dropped dramatically in December but remained high at most others. At three of the ponded areas studied (Station 8 offChambers Bay, Station 12 offFinke Bay east of Point Stuart, and at Love Creek) significantnumbers of barramundi were found.At Station 8 two were caught and up to 20 more were seen. These fishwere trapped with no access to the sea but it is not likely that large numbers of barramundi would die at that site. At Love Creek substantial numbers of barramundi were captured but in that situation the bund was breached and fish had access to the sea. At Station 12, there is a spillway built into the bund at about the level of high tide. Very large numbers of barramundi were present above that bund in April when there was 30 - 40 cm of water flowing through the spillway. By mid-May flow out of the spillway had virtually ceased and very few barramundi remained in the ponded wa.(er. Apparently the large numbers present in April had left via the spillway. This is a very significant finding, suggesting that a simple spillway in saline a intrusion controlbund could allow access by barramundi in and out of the swamp while virtually eliminating the negative impacts of saltwater intrusion, whether natural or man-induced. Further study of this situation during the next wet season would be very useful. 3 BACKGROUND Previous published studies of barramundi nursery habitats (Moore 1982; Russell and Garrett 1983, 1985; Davis 1985; Griffin 1985, 1987) have demonstrated that very small barramundi (around 8 mm and larger) occupy supralittoral swamp habitats in coastal areas. There has been substantial sampling of this type of habitat but generally only in specific areas. The general characteristics, such as vegetation types, soil types etc., of barramundi nursery swamps have not been systematically examined. Local fishing industry representatives have recently been involved in debate over the possible impacts on barramundi nursery habitat of works to control saline intrusion in the study area. Concerns have also been expressed about possible impacts of the practice of ponded pasture being developed by the pastoral industry in the area. Saline intrusion in the area has resulted in extensive degradation and loss of important freshwater habitat (Woodroffe and Mulrennan 1993) and throughout the study area there have been earthworks conducted to prevent further intrusion of saltwater. In some instances those earthworks could deny small barramundi access to vital nursery habitats. There is also concern that barramundi may gain access to nursery swamps during the wet season floods and then become trapped in the waters remaining behind saline intrusion control bunds to die when the ponded area dries out later in the year. The fact that the barramundi nursery habitats are located at the interface between fresh water and saline tidal swamps presents a substantial risk that they will be mistakenly "rescued" fromsaline intrusion. The aim of the project was to determine the precise location and characteristics of barramundi nursery swamps in areas between the Wildman and Adelaide Rivers. The original scope of this project was extended to include investigation of the physical changes in nursery swamp habitat and usage by barramundi during and after the wet season. The extension was a direct response to local industry concernsthat saline intrusion control works and ponded pasture development were having negative impacts on barramundi populations in the study area. This report will document results in two phases. OBJECTIVES To assess the precise location and characteristics of barramundi nursery swamps in areas between the Wildman and Adelaide Rivers. In consultation with local industry representatives the scope of the project was extended to include study of some ponded areas above saline intrusion control bunds to determine whether or not barramundi were gaining access to those areas and then becoming trapped as floodsreceded. METHODS Nursery Swamp Identification. Study area. The study area selected (Figure 1) extends from Cape Hotham in the west almost to the Wildman River in the east.
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