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Informe Anual 2013

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Informe Anual 2013 Racismo social e institucional / Doble discriminación En 2012 ha continuado la inflexión en el balance de entradas y salidas de población inmigrante, iniciada ya el año anterior, afectando incluso al cómputo total de población del país, que desciende Centros de internamiento / Menores / Fronteras por primera vez. Este cambio de paradigma debería ser visto como una oportunidad para afrontar S.O.S. RACISMO de manera sosegada una política pública de integración, más necesaria si cabe en el actual contexto Pueblo gitano / Asistencia sanitaria de crisis social y económica que padecemos. Y no solo eso; el proceso emigratorio que empieza a ser una realidad en España debería actuar a modo de espejo en el que se reflejara la política migratoria del gobierno. Y sin embargo, los hechos demuestran que nada de esto se ha hecho a lo largo del pasado año. Por un lado, la profunda reforma sanitaria llevada a cabo ha afectado de lleno al colectivo de inmigrantes en situación irregular, al privarles del acceso a un derecho básico y fundamental como es el de la salud. No obstante, la respuesta desde colectivos médicos y demás personal sanitario ha sido todo un ejemplo de solidaridad. Y es que el desmantelamiento del estado social que estamos sufriendo día a día nos lleva a padecer una precariedad que relacionábamos con otras situaciones o grupos, por ejemplo inmigrantes, sin que ello evite que este colectivo padezca en mayor grado la crisis: la tasa de desempleo entre la población inmigrante duplica a la de la 2013 población autóctona. 2012 ha sido un año en el que el control de fronteras por mar ha sido triste protagonista de dos trágicos sucesos: uno ocurrido en 2011, sobre el que un informe del Consejo de Europa revela que una fragata española bajo el mando de la OTAN no auxilió a 72 náufragos que huían de Libia en una patera. El otro suceso se produce a finales de 2012, en Canarias, cuando una patrullera de la Guardia Civil arrolló una patera con el resultado de un muerto y seis desaparecidos. El año 2012 tiene también dos nombres propios. Ibrahim Sissé, que muere en la noche del 6 de enero en el CIE de Barcelona de un infarto, sin intérprete ni servicio médico. Samba ANUAL Martine, que murió el 19 de diciembre en el CIE de Madrid tras visitar el servicio médico del centro en doce ocasiones aquejada de diferentes síntomas y no recibir el tratamiento adecuado. Desde 1995, SOS Racismo viene analizando la situación del racismo y la xenofobia en España y en Europa mostrando las diferentes tipologías y espacios donde se manifiesta: políticas de extranjería y asilo, ascenso de la ultraderecha, discriminación en el trabajo, acceso a la vivienda, a la educación, abusos de cuerpos policiales o agresiones racistas. Éstas y otras cuestiones se analizan en la decimoctava edición del Informe Anual, elaborado por la Federación de Asociaciones de SOS Racismo del estado español y analiza la situación del racismo y la xenofobia en España y en Europa mostrando las diferentes tipologías y espacios donde se manifiesta: políticas de extranjería y asilo, ascenso de la ultraderecha, discriminación en el trabajo, acceso a la vivienda, a la educación, abusos de cuerpos policiales o agresiones racistas. INFORME 13 SOBRE EL RACISMO EN EL ESTADO ESPAÑOL S.O.S. RACISMO S.O.S. RACISMO INFORME ANUAL 2013 Sobre el racismo en el estado español 1 Esta publicación cuenta con la cofinanciación de Dirección General de Migraciones. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social. Fondo Europeo para la Integración. Unión Europea. Dirección: Federación de Asociaciones de SOS Racismo del estado español Coordinación de la edición: Mikel Mazkiaran, Peio M. Aierbe. Redacción: Peio M. Aierbe, Dilara Aksoy, Lide Auzmendi, Magda Bobowik, Marta del Campo, Enaut Hernandez, Mikel Mazkiaran, Monika Mazur, Sheila Olivan, Natalia Puerto, Lili Zuang. Traducciones: Chusé Aragüés, Carme Prado, Alba Cuevas, Antton Elosegi, Patricia Ares Díaz. Enmaquetación: TERCERA PRENSA S.L. © SOS Racismo, 2013 © de esta edición: TERCERA PRENSA-HIRUGARREN PRENTSA S.L. Peña y Goñi, 13, 1º - 20002 Donostia/San Sebastián [email protected] www.gakoa.com ISBN: 978-84-96993-40-2 Depósito Legal: SS-1173-2013 Impresión y Encuadernación: Michelena artes gráficas s.l. 2 Astigarraga (Gipuzkoa) Índice Presentación (castellano) .............................................................. 7 Presentazión (aragonés) ................................................................ 9 Presentación (asturianu) ............................................................... 11 Presentació (català) ....................................................................... 13 Aurkezpena (euskera) ................................................................... 15 Apresentaçom (gallego) ................................................................ 17 1. Oficinas de Información y Denuncia. Estudio de casos ....... 19 2. Política migratoria de la Unión Europea 1. Control de fronteras ............................................................. 29 a) FRONTEX ¿de quién es el riesgo? ................................ 29 b) El desmantelamiento de Schengen ................................. 32 2. El asilo en la Unión Europea ............................................... 34 3. Integración ........................................................................... 36 4. Acuerdos de readmisión y política de visados ..................... 39 5. Políticas de extranjería y asilo de algunos países de la UE . 42 3. Política migratoria del estado español 1. Al talento se le llama fuga y al fracaso retorno ................... 53 2. Recortes en extranjería ........................................................ 59 3. Movilidad hacia el Norte y vallas en el Sur ........................ 66 4. Del internamiento a la estancia controlada ... entre rejas .... 71 4. La cara visible del racismo 1. Lo que dicen las encuestas: cautela ..................................... 91 2. La discriminación y el racismo en el espacio público ......... 96 3. Conflictos entre particulares ................................................ 109 3 5. Racismo social 1. El racismo escondido ........................................................... 119 2. Educación ............................................................................ 120 3. Vivienda............................................................................... 123 4. Discriminación laboral ........................................................ 126 5. Discriminación en el acceso a servicios y locales públicos. 132 6. Discriminación en el acceso a prestaciones sociales ........... 139 6. Asistencia sanitaria 1. Balance de un año de recortes ............................................. 151 2. Situación actual ................................................................... 158 3. Estudio de casos .................................................................. 168 7. La doble discriminación 1. Mujeres ................................................................................ 193 2. Menores ............................................................................... 205 8. El discurso del odio 1. Extrema derecha .................................................................. 219 2. Pueblo gitano ....................................................................... 236 3. Islamofobia .......................................................................... 246 4. Antisemitismo ...................................................................... 252 9. Actuaciones policiales y abuso de poder 1. Actuaciones policiales ......................................................... 263 2. El sutil abuso de autoridad .................................................... 277 4 Indice de artículos El caso «Mohammed Merah». Un loco solitario en mitad de la tormenta Gabriela Morales ................................................................. 115 Normativa y prácticas contra la discriminación por etnia y origen nacional en el ámbito laboral Lluc Sánchez ........................................................................... 143 El acceso a la sanidad de la población inmigrante tras la aprobación del Real decreto Ley 16/2012 de 20 de abril Stefan Meyer ......................................................................... 187 La extrema derecha y la lucha por las identidades Miguel Urban Crespo ........................................................... 255 Cuando la policía miente y la justicia no quiere ver ¿Dónde queda la ciudadanía? Josep Granados ............................................................................ 281 5 6 Presentación Desde 1995, la Federación de Asociaciones de SOS Racismo del estado español viene analizando la situación del racismo y la xenofobia en España y en Europa mostrando las diferentes tipologías y espacios donde se manifiesta: políticas de extranjería y asilo, ascenso de la ultraderecha, discriminación en el trabajo, ac- ceso a la vivienda, a la educación, abusos de cuerpos policiales o agresiones racistas. Éstas y otras cuestiones se analizan en la decimoctava edición del In- forme Anual. Si en el Informe Anual anterior se hablaba de punto de inflexión observado en 2011 respecto al balance final de entradas y salidas de población inmigrante, 2012 ha continuado en esa tendencia afectando incluso al cómputo total de po- blación del país, que desciende por primera vez desde que se tienen estadísticas al respecto. Las llegadas de inmigrantes ocurridas en años anteriores suponían una difi- cultad añadida al ya de por sí complicado tema de la gestión
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