213793Orig1s000

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

213793Orig1s000 CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 213793Orig1s000 CLINICAL REVIEW(S) Clinical Review Ovidiu Galescu NDA213793 IMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection CLINICAL REVIEW Application Type NDA Application Number(s) 213793 Priority or Standard Priority Submit Date(s) 2020-03-27 Received Date(s) 2020-03-27 PDUFA Goal Date 2020-11-24 Division/Office DDLO/OCHEN Reviewer Name(s) Ovidiu Galescu Review Completion Date 2020-11-23 Established Name Setmelanotide (RM-493) (Proposed) Trade Name IMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection Applicant Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Formulation(s) 10mg/mL solution Dosing Regimen 1mg to 3mg once daily subcutaneous injection Applicant Proposed Indicated for the treatment of obesity (b) (4) Indication(s)/Population(s) associated with pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), including PCSK1, deficiency obesity or leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency obesity Recommendation on approval Regulatory Action Recommended adults and children 6 years of age and older with obesity due to Indication(s)/Population(s) POMC, PCSK1 deficiency or LEPR deficiency (if applicable) CDER Clinical Review Template 2015 Edition 1 Version date: November 5, 2015 for initial rollout (NME/original BLA reviews) Reference ID: 4706637 Clinical Review Ovidiu Galescu NDA213793 IMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection Table of Contents Glossary ........................................................................................................................................15 1 Executive Summary...............................................................................................................17 1.1. Product Introduction......................................................................................................17 1.2. Conclusions on the Substantial Evidence of Effectiveness.............................................18 1.3. Benefit-Risk Assessment ................................................................................................18 2 Therapeutic Context..............................................................................................................27 2.1. Analysis of Condition......................................................................................................27 2.2. Analysis of Current Treatment Options .........................................................................30 3 Regulatory Background .........................................................................................................32 3.1. U.S. Regulatory Actions and Marketing History.............................................................32 3.2. Summary of Presubmission/Submission Regulatory Activity ........................................32 3.3. Foreign Regulatory Actions and Marketing History .......................................................36 4 Significant Issues from Other Review Disciplines Pertinent to Clinical Conclusions on Efficacy and Safety ................................................................................................................36 4.1. Office of Scientific Investigations (OSI) ..........................................................................37 4.2. Product Quality ..............................................................................................................37 4.3. Clinical Microbiology......................................................................................................39 4.4. Nonclinical Pharmacology/Toxicology ...........................................................................40 4.5. Clinical Pharmacology ....................................................................................................40 4.5.1. Mechanism of Action..............................................................................................40 4.5.2. Pharmacodynamics.................................................................................................41 4.5.3. Pharmacokinetics....................................................................................................41 4.6. Devices and Companion Diagnostic Issues ....................................................................41 4.7. Consumer Study Reviews...............................................................................................42 5 Sources of Clinical Data and Review Strategy .......................................................................42 5.1. Table of Clinical Studies .................................................................................................42 5.2. Review Strategy .............................................................................................................46 6 Review of Relevant Individual Trials Used to Support Efficacy .............................................46 CDER Clinical Review Template 2015 Edition 2 Version date: November 5, 2015 for initial rollout (NME/original BLA reviews) Reference ID: 4706637 Clinical Review Ovidiu Galescu NDA213793 IMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection 6.1. RM-493-012 ...................................................................................................................48 6.1.1. Study Design ...........................................................................................................48 6.1.2. Study Results ..........................................................................................................61 6.2. [Insert Study Name] .......................................................................................................77 6.2.1. Study Design ...........................................................................................................77 6.2.2. Study Results ..........................................................................................................77 6.3.............................................................................................................................................78 6.4.............................................................................................................................................78 7 Integrated Review of Effectiveness.......................................................................................78 7.1. Assessment of Efficacy Across Trials..............................................................................79 7.1.1. Primary Endpoints ..................................................................................................79 7.1.2. Secondary and Other Endpoints.............................................................................80 7.1.3. Subpopulations.......................................................................................................80 7.1.4. Dose and Dose-Response .......................................................................................81 7.1.5. Onset, Duration, and Durability of Efficacy Effects.................................................82 7.2. Additional Efficacy Considerations.................................................................................82 7.2.1. Considerations on Benefit in the Postmarket Setting.............................................82 7.2.2. Other Relevant Benefits..........................................................................................83 7.3. Integrated Assessment of Effectiveness ........................................................................83 8 Review of Safety....................................................................................................................86 8.1. Safety Review Approach ................................................................................................87 8.2. Review of the Safety Database ......................................................................................88 8.2.1. Overall Exposure.....................................................................................................89 8.2.2. Relevant characteristics of the safety population: .................................................90 8.2.3. Adequacy of the safety database: ..........................................................................91 8.3. Adequacy of Applicant’s Clinical Safety Assessments....................................................91 8.3.1. Issues Regarding Data Integrity and Submission Quality........................................91 8.3.2. Categorization of Adverse Events...........................................................................92 8.3.3. Routine Clinical Tests..............................................................................................94 8.4. Safety Results.................................................................................................................95 8.4.1. Deaths.....................................................................................................................97 CDER Clinical Review Template 2015 Edition 3 Version date: November 5, 2015 for initial rollout (NME/original BLA reviews) Reference ID: 4706637 Clinical Review Ovidiu Galescu NDA213793 IMCIVREE (setmelanotide) injection 8.4.2. Serious Adverse Events...........................................................................................98 8.4.3. Dropouts and/or Discontinuations Due to Adverse Effects....................................98 8.4.4. Significant Adverse Events......................................................................................98 8.4.5. Treatment Emergent Adverse Events and Adverse Reactions ...............................99 8.4.6. Laboratory Findings ..............................................................................................100
Recommended publications
  • Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in POMC
    Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in POMC Deficiency Obesity: A Phase 3 Trial TT-P-LB-3712 Presenting Author: Karine Clément,1,2 Jesús Argente,3 Allison Bahm,4 Hillori Connors,5 Kathleen De Waele,6 Sadaf Farooqi,7 Gregory Gordon,5 James Swain,8 Guojun Yuan,5 Peter Kühnen9 Peter Kühnen 1Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities Research Unit, Paris, France; 2Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France; 3Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain; 4Peel Memorial Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 5Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA; [email protected] 6Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; 7Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 8HonorHealth Bariatric Center, Scottsdale, AZ; 9Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Summary ¡ In this phase 3 trial, setmelanotide was associated with clinically meaningful weight loss and reduction in hunger scores in individuals with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) deficiency obesity ¡ No new safety concerns emerged, and setmelanotide was generally well tolerated in individuals with POMC or PCSK1 deficiency obesity ¡ Further evaluation of setmelanotide is warranted in other disorders resulting from variants in the central melanocortin pathway that cause impaired melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) activation ¡ Participants were instructed to not change their regular diet or exercise regimen Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics ¡ During the placebo withdrawal period, participants gained an average of 5.52 kg (n=8), and Introduction participants’ mean “most hunger” score (n=6) increased from 4.87 during the first open-label active Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in POMC Deficiency Obesity: a Phase 3 Trial
    Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in POMC Deficiency Obesity: A Phase 3 Trial Karine Clément,1,2 Jesús Argente,3 Allison Bahm,4 Hillori Connors,5 Kathleen De Waele,6 Sadaf Farooqi,7 Greg Gordon,5 James Swain,8 Guojun Yuan,5 Peter Kühnen9 1Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities Research Unit, Paris, France; 2Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France; 3Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology Universidad Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain; 4Peel Memorial Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 5Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA; 6Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; 7Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 8HonorHealth Bariatric Center, Scottsdale, AZ; 9Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Melanocortin Signaling Is Crucial for Regulation of Body Weight1,2 • Body weight is regulated by the hypothalamic central melanocortin pathway • In response to leptin signaling, POMC is produced in POMC neurons and is cleaved by protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 into α-MSH and β-MSH • α-MSH and β-MSH bind to the MC4R, which decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure, thereby promoting a reduction in body weight Hypothalamus AgRP/NPY Neuron LEPR Hunger AgRP Food Intake ADIPOSE Weight TISSUE MC4R- Energy Expressing Expenditure MC4R Neuron LEPTIN PCSK1 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER POMC α-MSH LEPR POMC Neuron AgRP, agouti-related protein; LEPR, leptin receptor; MC4R, melanocortin 4 receptor; MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; PCSK1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1; POMC, proopiomelanocortin. 2 1. Yazdi et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Options and Applications in Clinical Practice
    Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Options and Applications in Clinical Practice Scott Kahan, MD, MPH Obesity Pharmacotherapy • Few providers prescribe pharmacotherapy. • Few patients use pharmacotherapy. • Pharmacotherapy can be extremely effective but also misused, overused, or underused. • Patients respond differently to each medication. • Combining therapeutic options significantly improves weight loss and other outcomes. • Pharmacotherapy can be effective for weight maintenance, not just weight loss. Few Eligible Patients Use Obesity Pharmacotherapy 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 12 months after the index date, % 0.2 0.2 Use of pharmacotherapy for weight loss within 0 >27‐<30 >30‐<35 >35‐<40 >40 Overall Body mass index at index (kg m2) Zhang S, et al. Obesity Science & Practice.2016;2:104-114. FDA-approved Pharmacotherapy Options for the Treatment of Obesity • Phentermine and other noradrenergic agents • Orlistat • Phentermine/topiramate ER • Lorcaserin • Naltrexone SR/bupropion SR • Liraglutide 3.0mg ER = extended release; SR = sustained release. Phentermine • Sympathomimetic amine, NE release • Blunts appetite • Approved in 1959 for short-term use, schedule IV • Dosing: 8 to 37.5 mg qAM; use lowest effective dose • Contraindications: pregnancy, nursing, MAOIs, glaucoma, drug abuse history, hyperthyroidism • Relative contraindications: uncontrolled hypertension, tachycardia, history of CAD, CHF, stroke, arrhythmia • Warnings: primary pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease, tolerance, risk of abuse, concomitant use with alcohol CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; HTN = hypertension; MAOIs = monoamine oxidase inhibitors; NE = norepinephrine. Phentermine [package insert]. Cranford, NJ: Alpex Pharma SA; 2011; Munro JF, et al. Br Med J.
    [Show full text]
  • MC4R) Agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R Deficiency
    Brief Communication Evaluation of a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R deficiency Tinh-Hai Collet 1,2,12, Béatrice Dubern 3,4,12, Jacek Mokrosinski 1,12, Hillori Connors 5,12, Julia M. Keogh 1, Edson Mendes de Oliveira 1, Elana Henning 1, Christine Poitou-Bernert 3,4, Jean-Michel Oppert 3,4, Patrick Tounian 3,4, Florence Marchelli 3, Rohia Alili 3,4, Johanne Le Beyec 6,7,8, Dominique Pépin 6, Jean-Marc Lacorte 3,4,6, Andrew Gottesdiener 5, Rebecca Bounds 1, Shubh Sharma 5, Cathy Folster 5, Bart Henderson 5, Stephen O’Rahilly 1, Elizabeth Stoner 5, Keith Gottesdiener 5, Brandon L. Panaro 9,10, Roger D. Cone 10,11, Karine Clément 3,4,***,12, I. Sadaf Farooqi 1,*,12, Lex H.T. Van der Ploeg 5,**,12 ABSTRACT Objective: Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides act on neurons expressing the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) to reduce body weight. Setmelanotide is a highly potent MC4R agonist that leads to weight loss in diet-induced obese animals and in obese individuals with complete POMC deficiency. While POMC deficiency is very rare, 1e5% of severely obese individuals harbor heterozygous mutations in MC4R.We sought to assess the efficacy of Setmelanotide in human MC4R deficiency. Methods: We studied the effects of Setmelanotide on mutant MC4Rs in cells and the weight loss response to Setmelanotide administration in rodent studies and a human clinical trial. We annotated the functional status of 369 published MC4R variants. Results: In cells, we showed that Setmelanotide is significantly more potent at MC4R than the endogenous ligand alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and can disproportionally rescue signaling by a subset of severely impaired MC4R mutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists
    1521-0081/70/4/712–746$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.014803 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 70:712–746, October 2018 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY Attribution 4.0 International license. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: BIRGITTE HOLST Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists T. D. Müller, C. Clemmensen, B. Finan, R. D. DiMarchi, and M. H. Tschöp Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.) Abstract ....................................................................................713 I. Introduction . ..............................................................................713 II. Bariatric Surgery: A Benchmark for Efficacy ................................................714 III. The Chronology of Modern Weight-Loss Pharmacology . .....................................715 A. Thyroid Hormones ......................................................................716 B. 2,4-Dinitrophenol .......................................................................716 C. Amphetamines. ........................................................................717 Downloaded from 1. Methamphetamine
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Interventions for Obesity Issues Document Updated: April 21, 2021
    EMERGINGTHERAPEUTICS Pharmacological Interventions for Obesity Issues Document Updated: April 21, 2021 Summary Obesity is a chronic health condition that should be managed long-term. Over the past few decades, obesity has steadily increased in the U.S. and it continues to be a health concern for children, adolescents and adults. Increased weight is a risk factor for many conditions including diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Studies have shown that even a moderate weight loss (5% to 10% from baseline) can decrease the severity of these obesity-associated conditions when it is sustained. Historically, weight-management drugs and supplements have been plagued by low effectiveness, rebounding weight gain, undesirable side effects and/or safety concerns. However, some recent FDA approved and near-term pipeline agents will challenge this narrative and require a closer look. This document provides an overview of currently available obesity drugs and highlights therapies under development that could enter this market over the next several years. Take-Aways The obesity epidemic continues to grow in the U.S. Current estimates are that 42.5% of U.S. adults age 20 years and older were obese in 2018 and 31.1% more were overweight, with no significant difference seen between genders. Also, for children and adolescents between two years and 19 years of age, approximately 19.3% were obese and another 16.1% were overweight. Obesity is a chronic disease, which commonly, incorrectly and insensitively is stigmatized. Actually, underlying causes can include genetic, social, economic and environmental circumstances. Obesity is a risk factor for many conditions, including diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Rxoutlook® 1St Quarter 2019
    ® RxOutlook 1st Quarter 2020 optum.com/optumrx a RxOutlook 1st Quarter 2020 Orphan drugs continue to feature prominently in the drug development pipeline In 1983 the Orphan Drug Act was signed into law. Thirty seven years later, what was initially envisioned as a minor category of drugs has become a major part of the drug development pipeline. The Orphan Drug Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1983 in order to spur drug development for rare conditions with high unmet need. The legislation provided financial incentives to manufacturers if they could demonstrate that the target population for their drug consisted of fewer than 200,000 persons in the United States, or that there was no reasonable expectation that commercial sales would be sufficient to recoup the developmental costs associated with the drug. These “Orphan Drug” approvals have become increasingly common over the last two decades. In 2000, two of the 27 (7%) new drugs approved by the FDA had Orphan Designation, whereas in 2019, 20 of the 48 new drugs (42%) approved by the FDA had Orphan Designation. Since the passage of the Orphan Drug Act, 37 years ago, additional regulations and FDA designations have been implemented in an attempt to further expedite drug development for certain serious and life threatening conditions. Drugs with a Fast Track designation can use Phase 2 clinical trials to support FDA approval. Drugs with Breakthrough Therapy designation can use alternative clinical trial designs instead of the traditional randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Additionally, drugs may be approved via the Accelerated Approval pathway using surrogate endpoints in clinical trials rather than clinical outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting Energy Expenditure—Drugs for Obesity Treatment
    pharmaceuticals Review Targeting Energy Expenditure—Drugs for Obesity Treatment Carlos M. Jimenez-Munoz 1 , Marta López 1 , Fernando Albericio 2,3,4,* and Kamil Makowski 2,3,* 1 School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador; [email protected] (C.M.J.-M.); [email protected] (M.L.) 2 Department of Surfactants and Biotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain 3 CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 4 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.A.); [email protected] or [email protected] (K.M.) Abstract: Obesity and overweight are associated with lethal diseases. In this context, obese and overweight individuals infected by COVID-19 are at greater risk of dying. Obesity is treated by three main pharmaceutical approaches, namely suppressing appetite, reducing energy intake by impairing absorption, and increasing energy expenditure. Most compounds used for the latter were first envisaged for other medical uses. However, several candidates are now being developed explicitly for targeting obesity by increasing energy expenditure. This review analyzes the compounds that show anti-obesity activity exerted through the energy expenditure pathway. They are classified on the basis of their development status: FDA-approved, Withdrawn, Clinical Trials, and Under Citation: Jimenez-Munoz, C.M.; Development. The chemical nature, target, mechanisms of action, and description of the current López, M.; Albericio, F.; Makowski, K.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Medicines in Development for Rare Diseases a LIST of ORPHAN DRUGS in the PIPELINE
    2016 Medicines in Development for Rare Diseases A LIST OF ORPHAN DRUGS IN THE PIPELINE Autoimmune Diseases Product Name Sponsor Official FDA Designation* Development Status Actemra® Genentech treatment of systemic sclerosis Phase III tocilizumab South San Francisco, CA www.gene.com Adempas® Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals treatment of systemic sclerosis Phase II riociguat Whippany, NJ www.pharma.bayer.com ARA 290 Araim Pharmaceuticals treatment of neuropathic pain in patients Phase II Tarrytown, NY with sarcoidosis www.ariampharma.com ARG201 arGentis Pharmaceuticals treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis Phase II (type 1 native bovine skin Collierville, TN www.argentisrx.com collagen) BYM338 Novartis Pharmaceuticals treatment of inclusion body myositis Phase III (bimagrumab) East Hanover, NJ www.novartis.com CCX168 ChemoCentryx treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic Phase II (5a receptor antagonist) Mountain View, CA auto-antibodies associated vasculitides www.chemocentryx.com (granulomatosis with polyangitis or Wegener's granulomatosis), microscopic polyangitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome * This designation is issued by the FDA's Office of Orphan Products Development while the drug is still in development. The designation makes the sponsor of the drug eligible for entitlements under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983. The entitlements include seven years of marketing exclusivity following FDA approval of the drug for the designated use. Medicines in Development: Rare Diseases | 2016 1 Autoimmune Diseases Product Name Sponsor Official FDA
    [Show full text]
  • Setmelanotide for Pro-Opiomelanocortin Deficiency Obesity NIHRIO (HSRIC) ID: 8496 NICE ID: 9505
    NIHR Innovation Observatory Evidence Briefing: September 2017 Setmelanotide for pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency obesity NIHRIO (HSRIC) ID: 8496 NICE ID: 9505 LAY SUMMARY Body fat and food intake are regulated by signals from the brain to the gut. One of the important hormones that is responsible for this is pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). In a very small group of people there is a lack of this hormone (due to a genetic mutation), referred to as POMC deficiency. This causes severe overeating which leads to obesity and high blood sugar in children. Very few adults have been observed with this condition, which may be due to high death rates in adolescence. Pale skin that does not tan and red hair are common signs of POMC deficiency obesity. Currently there are no licensed treatment options for POMC deficiency obesity, however weight loss medicines orlistat and methylcellulose are the only treatment options offered. Setmelanotide is being developed to treat pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency obesity. If marketed setmelanotide could be the first effective treatment option aimed specifically at this patient group as it replaces one of the key hormones that is lacking in POMC deficiency patients (melanocyte- stimulating hormone). It has been shown to reduce hunger and has resulted in substantial weight loss in previous patients. This briefing is based on information available at the time of research and a limited literature search. It is not intended to be a definitive statement on the safety, efficacy or effectiveness of the health technology covered and should not be used for commerc ial purposes or commissioning without additional information.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in LEPR Deficiency Obesity: a Phase 3 Trial
    Efficacy and Safety of the MC4R Agonist Setmelanotide in LEPR Deficiency Obesity: A Phase 3 Trial Erica van den Akker,1 Karine Clément,2,3 Wendy K. Chung,4,5 Sadaf Farooqi,6 Julie Gonneau-Lejeune,7 Greg Gordon,8 Jim Murray,8 Guojun Yuan,8 Martin Wabitsch9 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital and Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 2Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities Research Unit, Paris, France; 3Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France; 4Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY; 5Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; 6Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 7Université de la Réunion, Unité Transversale de Nutrition Clinique, CHU de la Réunion, Réunion, France; 8Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA; 9Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, German y The Regulation of Body Weight Is Complex Body weight is determined by the balance between food intake and energy Satiety expenditure1 Feeding The hypothalamus regulates both aspects in response to cues from peripheral hormones that reflect nutritional state1,2 Energy output Circulating hormones BMI, body mass index. 1. van der Klaauw and Farooqi. Cell. 2015;161:119-132. 2. Cummings et al. Diabetes.
    [Show full text]
  • Update on Treatments for Patients with Genetic Obesity
    5 183 C Poitou and others Treatments in genetic obesity 183:5 R149–R166 Review MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY Update on treatments for patients with genetic obesity C Poitou1,2, H Mosbah1 and K Clément1,2 1Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Diseases (PRADORT, Prader-Willi Syndrome and Correspondence Other Rare Forms of Obesity with Eating Behavior Disorders), Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, should be addressed France and 2Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesity: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, to K Clément Paris, France Email [email protected] Abstract Obesity, defined by an excess of body fat impacting on health, is a complex disease resulting from the interaction between many genetic/epigenetic factors and environmental triggers. For some clinical situations with severe obesity, it has been possible to classify these obesity forms according to the molecular alterations. These include: (i) syndromic obesity, which associates severe early-onset obesity with neurodevelopmental disorders and/or polymalformative syndrome and (ii) non-syndromic monogenic obesity, due to gene variants most often located in the leptin- melanocortin pathway. In addition to severe obesity, patients affected by these diseases display complex somatic conditions, eventually including obesity comorbidities, neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders. These conditions render the clinical management of these patients particularly challenging. Patients’ early diagnosis is critical to allow specialized and multidisciplinary care, with a necessary interaction between the health and social sectors. Up to now, the management of genetic obesity was only based, above all, on controlling the patient's environment, which involves limiting access to food, ensuring a reassuring daily eating environment that limits impulsiveness, and the practice of adapted, supported, and supervised physical activity.
    [Show full text]