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Sewerage and Sewage Treatment

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Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Fig. 1. —Construction of Peck's Run Sewer, Baltimore, Maryland. Frontispiece. SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT BY HAROLD E. BABBITT, M.S. Assistant Professor, Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, University of Illinois; Associate Member American Society of Civil Engineers NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1922 ^SolH-M Copyright, 1922, by HAROLD E. BABBITT, M.S PRESO OF BRAUNWOHTM t CO. eOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLVN, N. V. PREFACE This book is a development of class-room and lecture notes prepared by the author for use in his classes at the University of Illinois. He has found such notes necessary, since among the many books deahng with sewerage and sewage treatment he has found none suitable as a text-book designed to cover the entire subject. The need for a single book of the character described has been expressed by engineers in practice, and by students and teachers for use in the class-room. This book has been prepared to meet both these needs. It is hoped that the searching questions propounded by students in using the original notes, and the suggestions and criticisms of engineers and teachers who have read the manuscript, have resulted in a text which can be readily understood. The ground covered includes an exposition of the princ'ples and methods for the designing, construction and maintenance of sew^age works, and also of the treatment of sewage. In covering so wide a field the author has deemed it necessary to include some chapters which might equally weU appear in works on other branches of engineering, such as the chapter on Pumps and Pumping Stations. Special stress has been laid on che funda- mentals of the subject rather than the details of practice, although illustrations have been drawn freely from practical work. The quotation of expert opinions which may be in controversy, or the citation of examples of different methods of accomplishing the same thing, has been avoided when possible in order to simpUfy explanations and to avoid confusing the beginner. The work is to some extent a compilation of notes and quota- tions which have been collected by the author during years of study and teaching the subject. Credit has been given wherever due, and at the same time references have pointed out the original sources whenever possible. These references, which VI PREFACE have been supplemented by brief bibliographies at the end of certain chapters, will be useful to the student and engineer inter- ested in further study. Occasionally the original reference has been lost or the phraseology of a quotation has been so altered by class-room use, as to make it impossible to trace the original source, so that in some few instances full credit may. be lacking. The author is indebted to many of his friends for their criti- cisms and suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript; but he desires particularly to acknowledge the assistance of Professor A. N. Talbot, Professor of Municipal and Sanitary Engineering at the University of Illinois, and of Professor M. L. Enger, Professor of Mechanics and Hydraulics at the University of Illinois, in the entire work; also that of Mr. T. D. Pitts, Prin- cipal Assistant Engineer of the Baltimore Sewerage Commis- sion during the construction of the Baltimore sewers, for his suggestions on the first half of the book; and to Mr. Paul Hansen, consulting engineer, of Chicago, and to Mr. Langdon Pearse, Sanitary Engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago, for their help on the section covering the treatment of sewage; and to Professor Edward Bartow, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Iowa, for his review of the chapter on Activated Sludge; in general his thanks are due to all others who have furnished suggestions, illustrations, or quotations, acknowledg- ments of which have been included in the text. H. E. B. Ubbana, Illinois, 1922. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction PAGES 1. Sewerage and the Sanitary Engineer. 2. Historical. 3. Methods of Collection. 4. Methods of Disposal. 5. Methods of Treat- ment, 6. Definitions 1-8 CHAPTER II WoEK Preliminaby to Design 7. Division of Work. 8. Preliminary. 9. Estimate of cost. Meth- ods OF Financing. 10. Bond Issues. 11. Special Assessment. 12. General Taxation. 13. Private Capital. Preliminary Work. 14. Preparing for Design. 15. Underground Surveys. 16, Borings 9-23 CHAPTER III Quantity op Sewage 17. Dry Weather Flow. 18. Methods for Predicting Population. 19. Extent of Prediction. 20. Sources of Information on Population. 21. Density of Population. 22. Changes in Area. 23. Relation between Population and Sewage Flow. 24. Char- acter of District. 25. Fluctuations in Rate of Sewage Flow. 26. Effect of Ground Water. 27. R^sum6 of Method for Determination of Quantity of Dry-weather Sewage. Quantity OP Storm Water. 28. The Rational Method. 29. Rate of Rainfall. 30. Time of Concentration. 31. Character of Sur- face. 32. Empirical Formulas. 33. Extent and Intensity of Storms ; 24-50 viu CONTENTS CHAPTER IV Htdeatjlics of Sewers PAGES 34. Principles. 35. Formulas. 36. Solution of Formulas. 37. Use of Diagrams. 38. Flow in Circular Pipes Partly Full. 39. Sec- tions Other than Circular. 40. Non-Uniform Flow 61-77 CHAPTER V Design of Seweeaqe Systems 41. The Plan. 42. Preliminary Map. 43. Layout of the Separate System. 44. Location and Numbering of Manholes. 45. Drairiage Areas. 46. Quantity of Sewage. 47. Surface Profile. 48. Slope and Diameter of Sewers. 49. The Sewer Profile. Design of a Storm-water Sewer System. 50. Planniag the System. 51. Location of Street Inlets. 52. Drainage Areas. 53. Computation of Flood Flow by McMath Formula. 54. Computation of Flood Flow by Rational Method 78-98 CHAPTER VI Appurtenances 55. General. 56. Manholes. 57. Lampholes. 58. Street Inlets. 59. Catch-basins. 60. Grease Traps. 61. Flush-tanks. 62. Siphons. 63. Regulators. 64. Junctions. 65. Outlets. 66. Foundations. 67. Underdrains 99-126 CHAPTER VII Pumps and Pumping Stations 68. Need. 69. ReUability. 70. Equipment. 71. The Building. 72. Capacity of Pumps. 73 Capacity of Receiving Well. 74. Types of Pumping Machinery. 75. Sizes ^nd Descriptions of Pumps. 76. Definitions of Duties and Efiiciency. 77. Details of Centrifugal Pumps. 78. Centrifugal Pump Characteristics. 79. Setting of Centrifugal Pumps. 80. Steam Pumps and Pumping Engines. 81. Steam Turbines. 82. Steam Boilers. 83. Air Ejectors. 84. Electric Motors. 85. Internal Com- CONTENTS ix PAGES bustion Engines. 86. Selection of Pumping Machinery. 87. Costs of Pumping Machinery. 88. Cost Comparisons of Dif- ferent Designs. 89. Number and Capacity of Pumping Units. 127-163 CHAPTER VIII Materials for Sewers 90. Materials. 91. Vitrified Clay Pipe. 92. Cement and Concrete Pipe. 93. Proportioning of Concrete. 94. Waterproofing of Concrete. 95. Mixing and Placing Concrete. 96. Sewer Brick. 97. Vitrified Clay Sewer Block. 98. Cast Iron, Steel, and Wood. 164-193 CHAPTER IX Design op the Sewer Ring 99. Stresses in Buried Pipe. 100. Design of Steel Pipe. 101. Design of Wood Stave Pipe. 102. External loads on Buried Pipe. 103. Stresses in Circular Ring. 104. Analysis of Sewer Arches. 105. Reinforced Concrete Sewer Design 194-210 CHAPTER X Contracts and Specifications 106. Importance of the Subject. 107. Scope of the Subject. 108. Types of Contracts. 109. The Agreement. 110. The Advertise- ment. 111. Information and Instructions for Bidders. 112. Proposal. 113. General Specifications. 114. Technical Specifi- cations. 115. Special Specifications. 116. The Contract. 117. The Bond 211-232 CHAPTER XI Construction 118. Elements. Work op the Engineer. 119. Duties. 120. Inspection. 121. Interpretation of Contract. 122. Unex- pected Situations. 123. Cost Data and Estimates. 124. Progress Reports. 125. Records. Excavation. 126. Speci- fications. 127. Hand Excavation. 128. Machine Excavation. X CONTENTS PAGES 129. Types of Machines. 130. Continuous Bucket Exca- vators. 131. Cableway and Trestle Excavators. 132. Tower Cableways. 133. Steam Shovels. 134. Drag Line and Bucket Excavators. 135. Excavation in Quicksand. 136. Pumping and Drainage. 137. Trench Pump. 138. Diaphragm Pump. 139. Jet Pump. 140. Steam Vacuum Pumps. 141. Centrif- ugal and Reciprocating Pumps. 142. Well Points. 143. Rock Excavation. 144. Power Drilling. 145. Steam or Air for Power. 146. Depth of Drill Hole. 147. Diameter of Drill Hole. 148. Spacing of DriU Holes. Sheeting and Bracing. 149. Purposes and Types. 150. Stay Bracing. 151. Skeleton Sheeting. 152. Poling Boards. 153. Box Sheeting. 154. Vertical Sheeting. 155. Pulling Wood Sheeting. 156. Earth Pressures. 157. Design of Sheeting and Bracing. 158. Steel Sheet Piling. Line and Grade. 159. Locating the Trench. 160. Final Line and Grade. 161. Transferring Grade and Line to the Pipe. 162. Line and Grade in Tunnel. Tun- nelling. 163. Depth. 164. Shafts. 165. Timbering. 166. Shields, 167. Tunnel Machines. 168. Rock Tunnels. 169. Ventilation. 170. Compressed Air. Explosives and Blasting. 171. Requirements. 172. Types of Explosives. 173. Per- missible Explosives. 174. Strength. 175. Fuses and Deto- nators. 176. Care in Handling. 177. Priming. Loading, and Firing. 178. Quantity of Explosive. Pipe Sewers. 179. The Trench Bottom. 180. Laying Pipe. 181. Joints. 182. Labor and Progress. Brick and Block Sewers. 183. The Invert. 184. The Arch. 185. Block Sewers. 186. Organization. 187. Rate of Progress. Concrete Sewers. 188. Construction in Open Cut. 189. Construction in Tunnels. 190. Materials for Forms. 191. Design of Forms. 192. Wooden Forms. 193. Steel-lined Wooden Forms. 194. Steel Forms. 195. Rein- forcement. 196. Cost of Concrete Sewers. Backfilling. 197. Method 233-331 CHAPTER XII Maintenance of Sewers 198. Work Involved. 199. Causes of Troubles. 200. Inspection. 201. Repairs. 202. Cleanmg of Sewers. 203. Flushing Sewers. 204. Cleaning Catch-basins. 205. Protection of Sewers. 206. Explosions in Sewers, 207. Valuation of Sewers 332-351 CHAPTER XIII Composition and Properties op Sewage 208. Physical Characteristics. 209. Chemical Composition.
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