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Emperor Conrad, Charter for Donauwörth, 10301 written with our own hand, we have ordered it to be inscribed with the Conrad was the over what is now . A impression of our seal. Seal of Conrad, most invincible and august charter is a legal document intended to record a legal transaction (other Emperor of the Romans. Udalric, chancellor, revised this in the place of charters record the sale of land, etc.). Archbishop Aribo. Given on the Kalends of February in the year of the In the name of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Conrad by the grace Incarnation of our Lord 1030, and also in the year of Lord Conrad, the of God, Emperor Augustus of the Romans. Be it known to all those sixth of his kingdom but the third of his empire. Given most happily at faithful to God and to us . . . we confirm and corroborate to the said . faithful Manigold the power and freedom of holding a market with money rights, thelony2, and with all public business in the said place King Louis VII, Charter of Lorris, , 11553 Donauworth, situated in the of Ries belonging to Count Frederick, 1. Every one who has a house in the parish of Lorris shall pay as cens but especially of doing business every Saturday just as it was granted to sixpence only for his house, and for each acre of land that he possesses in his father by our ancestor. Moreover, mindful of the faithful and devoted the parish. of the said Manigold, we have also granted to him (Manigold) an 2. No inhabitant of the parish of Lorris shall be required to pay a toll annual fair for three continuous days, i.e., to be held on the Kalends of or any other tax on his provisions; and let him not be made to pay May and on the next two days in the said place, commanding firmly by measurage fee on the grain which he has raised by his own labor. imperial power that all men seeking that fair, going and coming for 3. No burgher shall go on an expedition, on foot or on horseback, business, shall always have peace. But if any one trouble any of these from which he cannot return the same day to his home if he desires. men, or, causing trouble, disturb the fair itself, let it be known he will pay 4. No burgher shall pay toll on the road to Etampes, to Orleans, to such ban as he would have paid if he had molested the fair of Ratisbon or Milly (which is in the Gatinais), or to Melun. . And that this may be more readily believed and diligently 5. No one who has property in the parish of Lorris shall forfeit it for observed through the future course of years, corroborating this charter any offense whatsoever, unless the offense shall have been committed against us or any of our hotes. 1 Roy C. Cave & Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1936), pp. 118-119. http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/1030Donworth-market.asp Original language text in H. Gengler, Codex Juris Municipalis Germaniae, (: F. Enke, 1867), p. 806. 2 thelony is an archaic term for a toll or fee on trade goods. Modern “tolls” 3 From Frederic Austin Ogg, ed., A Source Book of Medieval History, (New refer to a fee based on transportation, but medieval tolls could be based on : 1907), 328-330. Internet Medieval Sourcebook, transportation, sale, or other parameters. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorris.html 1 6. No person while on his way to the fairs and markets of Lorris, or Shearers Guild Charter, Arras, 12364 returning, shall be arrested or disturbed, unless he shall have committed Here is the Shearers' Charter, on which they were first founded. This an offense on the same day. is the first ordinance of the shearers, who were founded in the name of the 9. No one, neither we nor any other, shall exact from the burghers of Fraternity of God and St. Julien, with the agreement and consent of those Lorris any tallage, tax, or subsidy. who were at the time mayor and aldermen. 12. If a man shall have had a quarrel with another, but without 1. Whoever would engage in the trade of a shearer shall be in the breaking into a fortified house, and if the parties shall have reached an Confraternity of St. Julien, and shall pay all the dues, and observe the agreement without bringing a suit before the provost, no fine shall be due decrees made by the brethren. to us or our provost on account of the affair. 2. That is to say: first, that whoever is a master shearer shall pay 14 15. No inhabitant of Lorris is to render us the obligation of corvee, solidi to the Fraternity. And there may not be more than one master except twice a year, when our wine is to be carried to Orleans, and not shearer working in a house. And he shall be a master shearer all the year, elsewhere. and have arms for the need of the town. 16. No one shall be detained in prison if he can furnish surety that he 3. And a journeyman shall pay 5 solidi to the Fraternity. will present himself for judgment. 4. And whoever wishes to learn the trade shall be the son of a burgess 17. Any burgher who wishes to sell his property shall have the or he shall live in the town for a year and a day; and he shall serve three privilege of doing so; and, having received the price of the sale, he shall years to learn this trade. have to go from the town freely and without molestation, if he so 5. And he shall give to his master 3 muids for his bed and board; and desires, unless he has committed some offense in it. he ought to bring the first muid to his master at the beginning of his 18. Any one who shall dwell a year and a day in the parish of Lorris, apprenticeship, and another muid a year from that day, and a third muid at without any claim having pursued him there, and without having refused the beginning of the third year. to lay his case before us or our provost, shall abide there freely and 6. And no one may be a master of this trade of shearer if he has not without molestation. lived a year and a day in the town, in order that it may be known whether 35. We ordain that every time there shall be a change of provosts in or not he comes from a good place…. the town the new provost shall take an oath faithfully to observe these regulations; and the same thing shall be done by new sergeants every time 4 Roy C. Cave & Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic that they are installed. History, (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1936; reprint ed., New York: Biblo & Tannen, 1965), pp. 249-252. From Internet Medieval Sourcebook: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/1236Weavers5.asp 2 8. And if masters, or journeymen, or apprentices, stay in the town to 18. And after the half year the mayor and aldermen shall fix such do their work they owe 40 solidi, if they have done this without the wages as he ought to have. permission of the aldermen of Arras. 19. And whatever journeyman shall carry off from his master, or from 9. And whoever does work on Saturday afternoon, or on the Eve of his fellow man, or from a burgess of the town, anything for which the Feast of Our Lady, or after Vespers on the Eve of the Feast of St. complaint is made, shall pay 5 solidi. Julien, and completes the day by working, shall pay, if he be a master, I2 20. And whoever maligns the mayor and aldermen, that is while on denarii, and if he be a journeyman, 6 denarii. And whoever works in the the business of the Fraternity, shall pay 5 solidi… four days of , or in the eight days of Easter, or in the eight days 22. And no one who is not a shearer may be a master, in order that the of Pentecost, owes 5 solidi… work may be done in the best way, and no draper5 may cut cloth in his 11. And an apprentice owes to the Fraternity for his apprenticeship 5 house, if it be not his own work, except he be a shearer, because drapers solidi. cannot be masters. 12. And whoever puts the cloth of another in pledge shall pay 10 23. And if a draper or a merchant has work to do in his house, he may solidi to the Fraternity, and he shall not work at the trade for a year and a take such workmen as he wishes into his house, so long as the work be day. done in his house. And he who infringes this shall give 5 solidi to the 13. And whoever does work in defiance of the mayor and aldermen Fraternity… shall pay 5 solidi. 25. And each master ought to have his arms when he is summoned. 14. And if a master flee outside the town with another's cloth and a And if he has not he should pay 20 solidi. journeyman aids him to flee, if he does not tell the mayor and aldermen, 26-30. [Other army regulations.] the master shall pay 20 solidi to the Fraternity and the journeyman 10 31. And whatever brother has finished cloth in his house and does not solidi: and they shall not work at the trade for a year and a day… inform the mayor and aldermen, and it be found in his house, whatever he 16. And those who are fed at the expense of the city shall be put to may say, shall forfeit 10 solidi to the Fraternity. work first. And he who slights them for strangers owes 5 solidi: but if the 32. And if a master does not give a journeyman such wage as is his stranger be put to work he cannot be removed as long as the master due, then he shall pay 5 solidi. wishes to keep him.... And when a master does not work hard he pays 5 33. And he who overlooks the forfeits of this Fraternity, if he does not solidi, and a journeyman 2 solidi… wish to pay them when the mayor and aldermen summon him either for

5 draper: a wholesale seller of cloth. 3 the army or the district, then he owes 10 solidi, and he shall not work at Judgment Against a Draper in Flanders, mid-14th century6 the trade until he has paid. Every forfeit of 5 solidi, and the fines which When Iacquemars des Mares, a draper, brought one of his cloths to the mayor and aldermen command, shall be written down. All the fines of the great cloth hall of Arras and sold it, the aforesaid cloth was examined the Fraternity ought to go for the purchase of arms and for the needs of the by the espincheurs7 as is customary, and at the time they had it weighed, it Fraternity. was half a pound over the legal weight. Then, because of certain 34. And whatever brother of this Fraternity shall betray his confrere suspicions which arose, they had the cloth dried, and when it was dry, it for others shall not work at the trade for a year and a day. weighed a half pound less than the legal weight. The espincheur brought 35. And whatever brother of this Fraternity perjures himself shall not the rnisdeed to the attention of the Twenty;8 Iacquernars was fined 100 work at the trade for forty days. And if he does so he shall pay 10 solidi if shillings. he be a master, but if he be a journeyman let him pay 5 solidi. 36. And should a master of this Fraternity die and leave a male heir he Dispute Between Master Fullers and Their Apprentices in may learn the trade anywhere where there is no apprentice. Flanders, 13459 37. And no apprentice shall cut to the selvage for half a year, and this A point of discussion was mooted between the apprentice fullers on is to obtain good work. And no master or journeyman may cut by himself the one hand, and the master fullers on the other. The apprentices held because no one can measure cloth well alone. And whoever infringes this that, as they laid out in a letter, no one could have work done in his house rule shall pay 5 solidi to the Fraternity for each offense. without taking apprentices…For they complained of fulling masters who 38. Any brother whatsoever who lays hands on, or does wrong to, the had their children work in their houses, without standing [for jobs] in the mayor and aldermen of this Fraternity, as long as they work for the city public square like the other apprentices, and they begged that their letter and the Fraternity, shall not work at his trade in the city for a year and a be answered. The fulling masters stated certain arguments to the contrary. day. And if he should do so, let him be banished from the town for a year The aldermen sent for both parties and for the Twenty also and asked the and a day, saving the appeal to Monseigneur the King and his Castellan. masters if indeed they kept their children as apprentices; each master said 39. And the brethren of this Fraternity, and the mayor and aldermen 6 From Carolly Erickson, The Records of Medieval , translated by Carolly shall not forbid any brother to give law and do right and justice to all Erickson (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1971), p. 238. in Wiesner, Discovering the when it is demanded of them, or when some one claims from them. And Western Past, 220. 7 espincheur: cloth inspector. he who infringes this shall not have the help of the aldermen at all. 8 Twenty: court of twenty men, made up of members of the city council. 9 From Carolly Erickson, The Records of Medieval Europe, translated by Carolly

Erickson (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1971), p. 238. in Wiesner, Discovering the Western Past, 220. 4 he did. It was declared by the aldermen that every apprentice must remain be allowed to continue on in their work as they had before unimpeded in the public square, as reason demanded. Done in the year of 1344 until a final judgment was reached in the matter. Despite this, one of the [1345], in the month of February, and through a full sitting of the weavers began to shout at my journeymen whenever he saw them, aldermen. especially if there were other people on the street. In his unhindered and unwarranted boldness, he yelled that my workshop was not honorable, Widow’s Supplication to the City Council, late 16th and all joumeymen who worked there were thieves and rascals. After century10 doing this for several days, he and several others came into my workshop Most honorable and merciful gentlemen, you certainly know what a on a Saturday, and, bitter and jealous, pushed my journeymen out. They heavy and hard cross God has laid on me, and in what a miserable began to write to all places where this craft is practiced to tell other situation I find myself, after the much too early death of my late husband, masters not to accept anyone who had worked in my workshop. with my young children, all of them still minors and some still nursing. I now humbly beg you, my honorable and gracious sirs, protect me This unfortunate situation is well known everywhere. and my hungry children from such abuse, shame, and insult. Help my Although in consideration of my misfortune most Christian hearts journeymen, who were so undeservedly insulted, to regain their honor. would have gladly let me continue in my craft and occupation, and lbeg you, as the protector of humble widows, to let my apprentice stay allowed me to earn a little piece of bread, instead the overseers of the with me, as apprentices are allowed to stay in the workshops of widows woolweavers’ guild came to me as soon as my husband had died, in my throughout the entire , as long as there are sorrow and even in my own house. Against all Christian charity, they journeymen, whether or not there is a master present. Protect me from any began to order changes in my workshop with very harsh and menacing further insults of the woolweavers’ guild, which does nothing to increase words. They specifically ordered that my apprentice, whom I had raised the honor of our city, which you, honorable sirs, are charged to uphold. I and trained at great cost and who had just come to be of use to me in the plead with you to grant me my request, and allow me to continue my craft, leave me and go to them, which would be to their great advantage workshop. but my greater disadvantage. They ordered this on the pretense that there was no longer a master here so he could not finish his training. Honorable sirs, I then humbly put myself under the protection of the lord mayors here, and asked that the two journeymen and the apprentice

10 From Merry Wiesner, Discovering the Western Past, 220. 5