Ozwathini Maphumulo Bwss Final 0.Pdf

Page 1 of 34 HIA STUDY OF THE OZWATHINI-MAPHUMULO

BWSS

FOR ISIKHUNGUSETHU ENVIRONMENTAL

SERVICES (PTY) LTD

DATE: 9 JUNE 2016

By Gavin Anderson

Umlando: Archaeological Surveys and Heritage

Management

PO Box 102532, Meerensee, 3901

Phone/fax: 035-7531785 Fax: 0865445631

Cell: 0836585362

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Page 2 of 34 Abbreviations

HP Historical Period IIA Indeterminate Iron Age LIA Late Iron Age EIA Early Iron Age ISA Indeterminate Stone Age ESA Early Stone Age MSA Middle Stone Age LSA Late Stone Age HIA Heritage Impact Assessment PIA Palaeontological Impact Assessment

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Page 3 of 34 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ...... 4 KWAZULU-NATAL HERITAGE ACT NO. 4 OF 2008 ...... 8 METHOD ...... 10 Defining significance...... 11 DESKTOP STUDY ...... 14 PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 23 FIELD SURVEY ...... 24 CONCLUSION ...... 33 REFERENCES ...... 34

TABLE OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 GENERAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 5 FIG. 2: AERIAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 6 FIG. 3: TOPOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 7 TABLE 1: SAHRA GRADINGS FOR HERITAGE SITES ...... 13 FIG. 4: LOCATION OF KNOWN HERITAGE SITES NEAR THE STUDY AREA ...... 15 FIG. 5: STUDY AREA IN 1937 ...... 16 FIG. 6: CLOSE UP OF 1937 MAP SHOWING SETTLEMENTS ...... 17 FIG. 7: STUDY AREA IN 1968 ...... 18 TABLE 2: LOCATION OF HERITAGE SITES AND FEATURES ...... 20 FIG. 8: PALAEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY MAP ...... 23 TABLE 2: LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF RECORDED SITES...... 24 FIG. 9: VIEWS OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 25 FIG. 10: VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF NSUZE FROM THE HILL ...... 27 FIG. 11: SHEMBE TEMPLE AT OZW01 ...... 27 FIG. 12: GRAVE AT OZW02 ...... 29 FIG. 13: SHEMBE TEMPLE AT OZW03 ...... 29 FIG. 14: RUINS AT OZW04 ...... 30 FIG. 15: CEMETERY AND CHURCH AT OZW05 ...... 32

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Page 4 of 34 INTRODUCTION

The Ozwathini/Maphumulo Bulk Regional Water Supply Scheme (RBWSS) is a bulk regional water supply scheme that will provide a sustainable supply of treated water to the rural communities residing in the Northern Ndwedwe and Southern Maphumulo areas. The bulk infrastructure network includes bulk pipelines, associated furnishings, isolating valve chambers, water meter chambers and command reservoirs.

The project footprint is bounded by the Ilembe District Municipality (IDM) boundary to the northwest; the eastern boundary interfaces with IDM’s Maphumulo Regional Water Supply Scheme and the southern boundary is coincident with the boundary of the Southern Ndwedwe Area. The proposed Ozwathini /Maphumulo Regional Bulk Water pipeline is generally located some 30 Kms east of the town of Wartburg and 35 Kms south of Maphumulo. This bulk water pipeline will convey potable water from the proposed Nondabula Command Reservoir, which forms part of the Umshwathi Bulk Water Supply Scheme currently being implemented by Umgeni Water. This reservoir serves the northern portion of the Ndwedwe Local Municipal area as well as the southern portion of the Maphumulo Local Municipal area.

Umlando was requested to undertake a desktop study and a field assessment to determine the heritage significance of the area. This report is a combination of both studies.

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Page 5 of 34 FIG. 1 GENERAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA

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Page 6 of 34 FIG. 2: AERIAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

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Page 7 of 34 FIG. 3: TOPOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

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KWAZULU-NATAL HERITAGE ACT NO. 4 OF 2008 “General protection: Structures.—  No structure which is, or which may reasonably be expected to be older than 60 years, may be demolished, altered or added to without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council.  Where the Council does not grant approval, the Council must consider special protection in terms of sections 38, 39, 40, 41 and 43 of Chapter 9.  The Council may, by notice in the Gazette, exempt—  A defined geographical area; or  defined categories of sites within a defined geographical area, from the provisions of subsection where the Council is satisfied that heritage resources falling in the defined geographical area or category have been identified and are adequately protected in terms of sections 38, 39, 40, 41 and 43 of Chapter 9.  A notice referred to in subsection (2) may, by notice in the Gazette, be amended or withdrawn by the Council. General protection: Graves of victims of conflict.—No person may damage, alter, exhume, or remove from its original position—  the grave of a victim of conflict;  a cemetery made up of such graves; or  any part of a cemetery containing such graves, without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council.  General protection: Traditional burial places.—  No grave—  not otherwise protected by this Act; and  not located in a formal cemetery managed or administered by a local authority, may be damaged, altered, exhumed, removed from its original position, or otherwise disturbed without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council. ozwathini_Maphumulo bwss final.doc Umlando 22/07/2016

Page 9 of 34 The Council may only issue written approval once the Council is satisfied that—  the applicant has made a concerted effort to consult with communities and individuals who by tradition may have an interest in the grave; and  the applicant and the relevant communities or individuals have reached agreement regarding the grave. General protection: Battlefield sites, archaeological sites, rock art sites, palaeontological sites, historic fortifications, meteorite or meteorite impact sites.—  No person may destroy, damage, excavate, alter, write or draw upon, or otherwise disturb any battlefield site, archaeological site, rock art site, palaeontological site, historic fortification, meteorite or meteorite impact site without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council.  Upon discovery of archaeological or palaeontological material or a meteorite by any person, all activity or operations in the general vicinity of such material or meteorite must cease forthwith and a person who made the discovery must submit a written report to the Council without delay.  The Council may, after consultation with an owner or controlling authority, by way of written notice served on the owner or controlling authority, prohibit any activity considered by the Council to be inappropriate within 50 metres of a rock art site.  No person may exhume, remove from its original position or otherwise disturb, damage, destroy, own or collect any object or material associated with any battlefield site, archaeological site, rock art site, palaeontological site, historic fortification, meteorite or meteorite impact site without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council.  No person may bring any equipment which assists in the detection of metals and archaeological and palaeontological objects and material, or excavation equipment onto any battlefield site, archaeological site, rock art site, palaeontological site, historic fortification, or meteorite impact site, or

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Page 10 of 34 use similar detection or excavation equipment for the recovery of meteorites, without the prior written approval of the Council having been obtained on written application to the Council.  The ownership of any object or material associated with any battlefield site, archaeological site, rock art site, palaeontological site, historic fortification, meteorite or meteorite impact site, on discovery, vest in the Provincial Government and the Council is regarded as the custodian on behalf of the Provincial Government.” (KZN Heritage Act of 2008)

METHOD

The method for Heritage assessment consists of several steps.

The first step forms part of the desktop assessment. Here we would consult the database that has been collated by Umlando. These databases contains archaeological site locations and basic information from several provinces (information from Umlando surveys and some colleagues), most of the national and provincial monuments and battlefields in Southern Africa (http://www.vuvuzela.com/googleearth/monuments.html) and cemeteries in southern Africa (information supplied by the Genealogical Society of Southern Africa). We use 1st and 2nd edition 1:50 000 topographical and 1937 aerial photographs where available, to assist in general location and dating of buildings and/or graves. The database is in Google Earth format and thus used as a quick reference when undertaking desktop studies. Where required we would consult with a local data recording centre, however these tend to be fragmented between different institutions and areas and thus difficult to access at times. We also consult with an historical architect, palaeontologist, and an historian where necessary.

The survey results will define the significance of each recorded site, as well as a management plan.

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Page 11 of 34 All sites are grouped according to low, medium, and high significance for the purpose of this report. Sites of low significance have no diagnostic artefacts or features. Sites of medium significance have diagnostic artefacts or features and these sites tend to be sampled. Sampling includes the collection of artefacts for future analysis. All diagnostic pottery, such as rims, lips, and decorated sherds are sampled, while bone, stone, and shell are mostly noted. Sampling usually occurs on most sites. Sites of high significance are excavated and/or extensively sampled. Those sites that are extensively sampled have high research potential, yet poor preservation of features.

Defining significance Heritage sites vary according to significance and several different criteria relate to each type of site. However, there are several criteria that allow for a general significance rating of archaeological sites.

These criteria are: 1. State of preservation of: 1.1. Organic remains: 1.1.1. Faunal 1.1.2. Botanical 1.2. Rock art 1.3. Walling 1.4. Presence of a cultural deposit 1.5. Features: 1.5.1. Ash Features 1.5.2. Graves 1.5.3. Middens 1.5.4. Cattle byres 1.5.5. Bedding and ash complexes 2. Spatial arrangements: 2.1. Internal housing arrangements

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Page 12 of 34 2.2. Intra-site settlement patterns 2.3. Inter-site settlement patterns 3. Features of the site: 3.1. Are there any unusual, unique or rare artefacts or images at the site? 3.2. Is it a type site? 3.3. Does the site have a very good example of a specific time period, feature, or artefact? 4. Research: 4.1. Providing information on current research projects 4.2. Salvaging information for potential future research projects 5. Inter- and intra-site variability 5.1. Can this particular site yield information regarding intra-site variability, i.e. spatial relationships between various features and artefacts? 5.2. Can this particular site yield information about a community’s social relationships within itself, or between other communities? 6. Archaeological Experience: 6.1. The personal experience and expertise of the CRM practitioner should not be ignored. Experience can indicate sites that have potentially significant aspects, but need to be tested prior to any conclusions. 7. Educational: 7.1. Does the site have the potential to be used as an educational instrument? 7.2. Does the site have the potential to become a tourist attraction? 7.3. The educational value of a site can only be fully determined after initial test-pit excavations and/or full excavations. 8. Other Heritage Significance: 8.1. Palaeontological sites 8.2. Historical buildings 8.3. Battlefields and general Anglo-Zulu and Anglo-Boer sites 8.4. Graves and/or community cemeteries

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Page 13 of 34 8.5. Living Heritage Sites 8.6. Cultural Landscapes, that includes old trees, hills, mountains, rivers, etc related to cultural or historical experiences.

The more a site can fulfill the above criteria, the more significant it becomes. Test-pit excavations are used to test the full potential of an archaeological deposit. This occurs in Phase 2. These test-pit excavations may require further excavations if the site is of significance (Phase 3). Sites may also be mapped and/or have artefacts sampled as a form of mitigation. Sampling normally occurs when the artefacts may be good examples of their type, but are not in a primary archaeological context. Mapping records the spatial relationship between features and artefacts.

In addition to the above significance rating, all sites are graded according to a SAHRA’s grading system. This is shown ion Table 1.

TABLE 1: SAHRA GRADINGS FOR HERITAGE SITES

SITE FIELD GRADE RECOMMENDED SIGNIFICANCE RATING MITIGATION High National Grade 1 Site conservation / Site Significance Significance development High Provincial Grade 2 Site conservation / Site Significance Significance development High Local Grade 3A / Significance Significance 3B High / Generally Site conservation or Medium Protected A mitigation prior to development / Significance destruction Medium Generally Site conservation or Significance Protected B mitigation / test excavation / systematic sampling / monitoring prior to or during development / destruction Low Generally On-site sampling monitoring Significance Protected C or no archaeological mitigation required prior to or during development / destruction

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Page 14 of 34 DESKTOP STUDY

The locations of each site is summarised in Table 2. All sites identified should have a 50m radius placed around them as a sensitivity buffer. This does not imply that the pipeline may not be placed within the radius. Rather, that the area is sensitive for potential human remains.

The desktop study consisted of analysing various maps for evidence of prior habitation in the study area, as well as for previous archaeological surveys. The archaeological database indicates that there are archaeological sites in the general area (fig. 4). These sites include all types of Stone Age and Iron Age sites. Three sites occur within 50m of the pipeline: 2930BD 006 – 008. These are sits dating to the Historical Period, Middle Stone Age, and Indeterminate Iron Age (probably Late Iron Age). The Historical Period and Iron Age sites might include human burials.

Two sites relating to the Bambata Rebellion (1906) occur along the pipeline route. These are the grave of Trooper Knight and the Battle of Nsuze. The grave of Trooper Knight occurs downhill of the pipeline. The Battle of Nsuze (see Gillings 1989, Thompson 2013) occurs in the path of the pipeline. However, much of the battlefield affected by the pipeline has been ploughed and/or developed into houses. If anything remains from the battle, it would be isolated bullets.

The 1937 aerial photographs show that the general area is well populated and much of the area is under cultivation (fig. 5). Many of the houses are still in the traditional Zulu settlement pattern (fig. 6). Several buildings occur within 50m of the pipeline. Most of these houses are no longer visible on Google Earth, while the buildings still occur. All of these buildings are older than 60 years and are thus protected by the heritage legislation. These houses would have human remains within 50m of the central point.

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FIG. 4: LOCATION OF KNOWN HERITAGE SITES NEAR THE STUDY AREA

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FIG. 5: STUDY AREA IN 1937

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Page 17 of 34 FIG. 6: CLOSE UP OF 1937 MAP SHOWING SETTLEMENTS

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Page 18 of 34 FIG. 7: STUDY AREA IN 1968

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The 1968 indicates a slight increase in human population of the area. There is more formalised infrastructure in the form of roads. Most of these houses still occur today; however, they have been rebuilt and extended. The buildings would be at least 50 years in age, and would need to be surveyed if affected. The houses could have human graves within a 50m radius of the structure.

Of interest is the occurrence of a ‘beer Hall” on the map (site ‘b5’). These have historical significance and may date back to 1908. Whelan (2013) notes:

“This was a structured way in which municipalities in the then Natal supplied uTshwala or sorghum beer to inner city African residents, whilst at the same time controlling the procurement of its ingredients, its manufacture and sale; the manner in which inner city African residents used the city and; most importantly, raised vital revenue for the municipal Native Affairs Departments. The system was seen as a critical step in limiting backyard beer brewing. Funds from this system were ploughed back into the municipal Native Affairs Department budget, with annual allocations from this fund supporting such specific beneficiaries as the native ward at Grey's Hospital, in addition to larger scale projects such as the construction of the Native Village at Sobantu in 1929. Thus, while the construction of facilities for African people was drawn from a different budget, their design and implementation remained the responsibility of the city, and were awarded the same attention as other products of municipal infrastructure.”

Others have argued that these beer halls were part of the oppressive apartheid policies of controlling non-white people.

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Page 20 of 34 TABLE 2: LOCATION OF HERITAGE SITES AND FEATURES

Date Name Description Latitude Longitude Archaeological 2930BD 007 MSA/IA -29.394722222 30.926388889 Sites 2930BD 006 HP -29.368138889 30.946861111 2930BD 008 IIA -29.362361111 30.919222222 Bambata Battle of Battlefield -29.372324382 30.945387129 Rebellion Sites Nsuze 1906 Trooper War Grave -29.380870284 30.995360721 Knight 1906 1968 b10 general dealer -29.373054854 30.883303571 Topographical b11 School -29.386414273 30.865196347 Map b12 Building -29.410243042 30.851908883 b13 Building -29.354434511 30.882359197 b14 x2 Building -29.348965789 30.882274538 b15 Building -29.337644532 30.892177453 b16 complex: shed, general -29.334823364 30.894472366 store, other buildings b17 school -29.308126312 30.900316922 b18 church -29.307444357 30.900654951 b19 general dealer -29.303413674 30.903181265 b1` "tribal court" -29.393779599 30.928419505 b2 Building -29.374625757 30.940813545 b20 Church -29.361164109 30.915363554 b21 Building -29.338622804 30.956728664 b22 Sion Mission Station -29.334477486 30.964841658 b3 general store -29.373738366 30.937302212 b4 post office -29.373480830 30.936381153 b5 Biersaal -29.373379260 30.934771714 b6 Church -29.373486613 30.932873162 b7 school: Dalibho -29.376158712 30.904174951 b8 x2 -29.373592946 30.897909753 b9 Church -29.368118738 30.889164407 h1 House -29.366216890 31.005868017 h10 House -29.382025185 30.933603068 h11 House -29.383139269 30.931685045 h12 House -29.384725595 30.930584069 h13 House -29.387403792 30.930154547 h14 House -29.375091419 30.931153725 h15 House -29.378076274 30.919976954 h16 House -29.378811367 30.910889865 h17 House -29.374149829 30.902208620 h18 House -29.373645680 30.899941522 h19 House -29.372548735 30.898157049 h2 House -29.380329369 30.998543378 h20 House -29.369344785 30.893791030 h21 House -29.368247082 30.888667438 h22 House -29.368629180 30.887681459 h23 House -29.369326388 30.886141326 h24 House -29.381321266 30.872729355 h25 House -29.381946419 30.869307001

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Page 21 of 34 h26 House -29.406048059 30.859505736 h27 House -29.408458505 30.854683494 h28 House -29.371487630 30.882596852 h29 House -29.357662622 30.880844216 h3 House -29.383476439 30.992193918 h30 House -29.349661698 30.881869570 h31 House -29.345688883 30.885875419 h32 House -29.343565042 30.885565059 h33 House -29.341257190 30.889366895 h34 House -29.340533556 30.889944206 h35 House -29.332508733 30.895277763 h36 House -29.332963440 30.894703045 h37 House -29.328805773 30.896225430 h38 House -29.324594515 30.895905930 h39 House -29.315579835 30.896928828 h4 House -29.383148439 30.992074634 h40 House -29.304447774 30.900924818 h41 House -29.302045629 30.901358506 h42 House -29.296880446 30.903221798 h43 House -29.367305796 30.896281919 h44 House -29.366917174 30.898364821 h45 House -29.364604086 30.904420141 h46 House -29.362519540 30.911968140 h47 House -29.361022292 30.916368060 h48 House -29.360974034 30.917585003 h49 House -29.360736315 30.919291972 h5 House -29.388628256 30.983337662 h50 House -29.359262184 30.924769290 h50 House -29.337467539 30.966143637 h52 House -29.349512176 30.935017691 h53 House -29.349019912 30.936446835 h54 House -29.345739629 30.938452121 h55 House -29.343665716 30.938531178 h56 House -29.338544963 30.948377834 h57 House -29.338304766 30.956307209 h58 House -29.340690160 30.959560096 h59 House -29.319894798 30.963838894 h6 House -29.383427119 30.952253292 h7 House -29.378664468 30.940517883 h8 House -29.373259665 30.946430674 h9 House -29.371621652 30.946102970 1937 Aerial a1 House -29.296634437 30.902657978 Photographs a10 House -29.348157100 30.883624939 a11 House -29.363017929 30.880426117 a12 x2 House -29.366857995 30.879580355 a13 House -29.374402587 30.881757209 a14 House -29.375402976 30.881348287 a14 House -29.381691778 30.872657755 a15 House -29.382697394 30.868832348 a16 House -29.371979727 30.883928937 a17 House -29.370735211 30.885068652 a18 House -29.369424845 30.886295612

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Page 22 of 34 a19 House -29.368352586 30.888971837 a2 House -29.302128478 30.901336942 a20 House -29.368817949 30.894258121 a21 House -29.361368575 30.916099157 a22 House -29.361008833 30.918907636 a23 House -29.360214302 30.927389460 a24 House -29.358725926 30.931924479 a25 House -29.353740668 30.933858130 a26 House -29.347466436 30.936551672 a27 House -29.340147687 30.946122252 a28 House -29.340244776 30.947039079 a29 House -29.338381975 30.953864696 a3 House -29.304583961 30.900967782 a30 House -29.340666957 30.964631923 a31 House -29.323928787 30.965228903 a32 House -29.319488768 30.963587911 a33 House -29.317887086 30.963570545 a34 House -29.369372677 30.896265802 a35 House -29.373603394 30.898443526 a36 House -29.373694488 30.899107503 a37 House -29.405586644 30.911400775 a38 House -29.395912893 30.924952879 a39 House -29.393130523 30.930137666 a4 House -29.307010302 30.899258185 a40 House -29.390803366 30.929461308 a41 House -29.389651315 30.929428728 a42 House -29.385065796 30.930459445 a43 House -29.379372758 30.938734045 a5 House -29.308251219 30.896507582 a6 House -29.324062120 30.896640041 a7 House -29.324560203 30.896496042 a8 House -29.343771925 30.885566593 a9 House -29.346378942 30.884528050 ab1 Building -29.377312898 30.880727452 ab2 building -29.383514649 30.866760722 ab3 building -29.374409747 30.939158908 a44 building -29.377375820 30.922002053 a45 building -29.376860672 30.924757975 a46 building -29.380591966 30.948137599 a47 building -29.380883066 30.949074521 a48 building -29.381502582 30.950451192 a49 building -29.384415800 30.957312367 a50 building -29.385882999 30.973145556 a51 building -29.388429734 30.978637344 a52 building -29.384924989 30.988394635 a53 x2 building -29.382963981 30.992074825 a54 building -29.363132138 31.005748122 a55 building -29.357567547 31.005613334 a56 building -29.335952747 31.007702446

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PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The area is in a low palaeontologically sensitive area (fig. 8). This would not require further study.

FIG. 8: PALAEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY MAP

COLOUR SENSITIVITY REQUIRED ACTION field assessment and protocol for finds is RED VERY HIGH required desktop study is required and based on the ORANGE/YELLOW HIGH outcome of the desktop study, a field assessment is likely GREEN MODERATE desktop study is required no palaeontological studies are required however BLUE LOW a protocol for finds is required GREY INSIGNIFICANT/ZERO no palaeontological studies are required these areas will require a minimum of a desktop WHITE/CLEAR UNKNOWN study. As more information comes to light, SAHRA will continue to populate the map.

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Page 24 of 34 FIELD SURVEY

Five heritage sites were recorded during the survey and three previously recorded sites were visited. Table 2 gives the location and description of each site. General views of the pipeline route are shown in fig. 8.

TABLE 2: LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF RECORDED SITES.

Name Latitude Longitude Description 2930BD 006 -29.368138889 30.946861111 MSA/IIA 2930BD 008 -29.362361111 30.919222222 MSA/IIA Battle of -29.372324382 30.945387129 Battlefield Nsuze 1906 OZW01 -29.341240521 31.002515224 Shembe Temple OZW02 -29.375608862 30.881430833 Grave OZW03 -29.399339748 30.862653275 Shembe Temple OZW04 -29.410430000 30.851915000 Ruin OZW05 -29.306957000 30.900342000 Cemetery

2930BD 006 The site was recorded in 2005 for the original water reservoir. The site is an open site with no evident deposit. The site is a scatter of stone artefacts and pottery sherds (undecorated). The area has been ploughed along the lower slopes of the hill while the upper part of the hill has been disturbed by a reservoir. The area is under dense vegetation (hence no photographs).

Significance: The site is of low significance. Mitigation: No further mitigation is required. The site has been adversely affected and would be considered as an occurrence of artefacts. No permit is required. SAHRA Rating: 3C

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2930BD 008 The site was recorded in 2005 for the original water reservoir. The site is noted as an open site with no evident deposit. The site is a scatter of stone artefacts and pottery sherds (undecorated). The area has been ploughed along the lower slopes of the hill while the upper part of the hill has been disturbed by a reservoir.

BATTLE OF NSUZE (1906) This area is noted as the Battle of Nsuze. According to Gillings (1989), the British Troops were stationed on the hill, while the Zulu were in the valley below (fig. 10). The pipeline will not affect the valley. The pipeline follows the road to the reservoir on the top of the hill in areas that are already disturbed. The pipeline will not affect the areas of the British troops, which have already been disturbed by housing and maize fields. Gillings notes that a house occurs on the one gun emplacement.

Significance: The battlefield is of high significance, especially the area where the Zulu people were killed. The location of the British Troops and guns are also of high significance, but these no longer exist. Mitigation: No mitigation is required. A protocol for any unearthed military objects, such as bullets and insignia, should be established and any finds are handed over to Amafa KZN. SAHRA Rating: 2

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Page 27 of 34 FIG. 10: VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF NSUZE FROM THE HILL

FIG. 11: SHEMBE TEMPLE AT OZW01

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Page 28 of 34 OZW01 OZW01 is a Shembe Temple on the side of the road (fig. 11). The outer circle occurs on the road margin and will be affected by the pipeline. The location of the pipeline in this area has limited options and will need to go through this circle.

Significance: The Shembe Temple is an area for religious worship and will have high significance to the people that utilise it. Mitigation: The Shembe Temple will need to be disturbed for the pipeline. The client will need to negotiate with the community regarding this site. SAHRA Rating: 3b

OZW02 OZW02 consists of a single grave at the corner of the property (fig. 12). The grave is fenced off within the property. While the centre of the line is ~ 12m from the grave, it will not affect it.

Significance: The grave is of high significance. Mitigation: There is normally a 20m buffer between a grave and a development. However, due to the limited space for the pipeline this should be reduced to 5m. The grave is already demarcated. SAHRA Rating: 3A

OZW03 OZW03 is a Shembe Temple 20m west of the road (fig. 13). The outer circle occurs ~9m from the current centre line.

Significance: The Shembe Temple is an area for religious worship and will have high significance to the people that utilise it. Mitigation: The pipeline footprint should be moved eastwards so as not to disturb the circle. SAHRA Rating: 3b

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Page 29 of 34 FIG. 12: GRAVE AT OZW02

FIG. 13: SHEMBE TEMPLE AT OZW03

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Page 30 of 34 OZW04

OZW04 occurs near an existing reservoir. The site consists of the ruins of a house (fig. 14). Subsequent to the survey, the pipeline was rerouted and it will no longer affect the ruins.

Significance: The ruins are of low significance. Mitigation: No mitigation required SAHRA Rating: 3C

FIG. 14: RUINS AT OZW04

OZW05

OZW05 is a cemetery that is part of the neighbouring church (fig. 15). The church was established 1917, however the existing building was built in 1979. The pipeline will not affect the cemetery as it is on the opposite side of the road. Fig.14 shows the cemetery and buildings.

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Page 31 of 34 Significance: The church and cemetery are of high significance. Mitigation: No mitigation is currently required. SAHRA Rating: 3A

GENERAL COMMENTS

The eastern area of the projects has several older/larger Euphorbia ingens within the pipeline footprint. These trees are traditionally associated with human burials. No specific cairns were noted at these trees; however, EMP should note the possibility of human remains in association with the older trees. Amafa KZN, and the SAPS, will need to be informed if any human remains are uncovered during construction

Several buildings were noted in the desktop study. The pipeline footprint will affect none of these buildings.

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FIG. 15: CEMETERY AND CHURCH AT OZW05

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Page 33 of 34

CONCLUSION

Umlando undertook a desktop study for the heritage sensitivity of the Ozwathini-Maphumulo BWSS. This was with the intention to determine if further heritage work will be required for the project. The desktop indicated that the area was sensitive for heritage sites and that a field survey would be required.

The historical maps indicate that there are many houses within 50m of the proposed line. These houses, especially those pre-dating 1937 would have human graves associated with the house. The same can be said for the houses on the 1968 topographical maps. Many of these houses, no longer exist, or they have been built over.

There are several buildings older than 60 years within 50m of the pipeline footprint. All buildings older than 60 years in age are automatically protected by the heritage legislation. Rubbish middens associated with the early buildings would also be protected. The pipeline does not affect any buildings.

The BWSS occurs in an area of low palaeontological sensitivity. No further palaeontological work is required.

Two Shembe Temples were recorded during the survey. The community related to each specific Shembe Temple needs to be informed about the pipeline if it will be affected.

The two archaeological sites have been extensively damaged by previous servitudes and agricultural activity. No further mitigation is required.

A 20m buffer between the pipeline footprint and any grave/cemetery is required. OZW01 should be exempt from this buffer as it is already fenced off within a property and the footprint is constrained by other servitudes. A tarred road buffers the cemetery.

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Page 34 of 34 No further heritage mitigation is required for this project.

REFERENCES

Gillings, K. 1989. The Bambata Rebellion of 1906: Nkandla Operations and the Battle of Mome Gorge, 10 June 1906. Military History Journal 8(1) P.S. Thompson 2013. Dinizulu and Bhambatha, 1906: An invasion of Natal and an uprising in Zululand that almost took place. Historia 58(2) Whelan, D. 2015. eMatsheni: The central beer hall as social and municipal infrastructure in twentieth century Pietermaritzburg. Historia 60(1)

ozwathini_Maphumulo bwss final.doc Umlando 22/07/2016