Impact Assessment of Sewerage and Industrial Effluents on Water Resources, Soil, Crops and Human Health in Faisalabadd
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SEWERAGE AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON WATER RESOURCES, SOIL, CROPS AND HUMAN HEALTH IN FAISALABAD Dr Muhammad Akram Kahlown Dr Muhammad Ashraf Dr Munawar Hussain Hafiz Abdul Salam Ahmad Zeeshan Bhatti Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources Khyaban-e-Johar, H-8/1, Islamabad 2006 The Authors Dr Muhammad Akram Kahlown is Chairman, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad Dr Muhammad Ashraf is Director/Chief Research (WM), Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad Dr Munawar Hussain, Deputy Director, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad Hafiz Abdul Salam and Ahmad Zeeshan Bhatti, Assistant Directors, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad ISBN-978-969-8469-17-7 Acknowledgement This report is an outcome of the project sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST). The authors express their great gratitude to the MoST for providing funds to address an important issue of wastewater management. The assistance of Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Faisalabad and University of Agriculture Faisalabad in data collection and arranging farmer’s days is highly appreciated. The authors are also thankful to Miss Hifza Rasheed, Deputy Director for reviewing and Mr. Naheed Ejaz, Assistant Director for editing the report. Special thanks are due to Mr. Tariq Mehmood, Mr. Javed Akhtar and Mr. Zia for data entry and formatting the report. © PCRWR 2006 Khyaban-e-Johar, H-8/1, Islamabad – Pakistan website: http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Table of Contents................................................................................................. i List of Tables ..................................................................................................... iv List of Figures................................................................................................... vii Acronyms........................................................................................................... ix Summary..............................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 1.1 Background...............................................................................................1 1.2 Problem statement/issues..........................................................................1 1.3 Wastewater and its disposal......................................................................2 1.4 Environmental policy................................................................................4 1.5 Proposed project........................................................................................5 1.6 Objective...................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2 WASTEWATER AND ITS IMPACTS................................................................6 2.1 Contamination of surface and groundwater resources..............................6 2.2 Soil degradation ........................................................................................7 2.3 Contamination of crops.............................................................................8 2.4 Diseases and human health .......................................................................9 2.5 Impacts on environment..........................................................................10 CHAPTER 3 STUDY DESIGN................................................................................................11 3.1 Study area................................................................................................11 3.1.1 General ......................................................................................11 3.1.2 Sewage disposal system ............................................................11 3.1.3 Drinking water sources .............................................................13 3.2 Measurement of drains discharge ...........................................................16 3.3 Sample collection and analysis ...............................................................16 3.3.1 Wastewater................................................................................17 3.3.2 Drinking water ..........................................................................23 3.3.3 Wastewater irrigation................................................................30 3.3.4 Soils irrigated with wastewater .................................................31 3.3.5 Vegetables and crops grown with wastewater ..........................33 3.3.6 Fish farm water .........................................................................33 3.3.7 Human blood samples ...............................................................36 3.4 Participatory rural appraisal ...................................................................38 3.4.1 Common masses survey............................................................38 3.4.2 Farmers survey..........................................................................38 3.4.3 Industrial survey.......................................................................38 3.4.4 Hospitals and private clinics survey.........................................39 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.........................................................................40 4.1 Discharge measurement of wastewater...................................................40 4.1.1 Seepage of wastewater...............................................................41 4.2 Composition of wastewater.....................................................................41 4.2.1 BOD and COD analysis.............................................................41 4.2.2 Chemical analysis ......................................................................53 4.2.3 Heavy metal analysis .................................................................56 4.3 Drinking water quality ............................................................................57 4.3.1 Microbiological analysis............................................................57 4.3.2 Chemical analysis ......................................................................60 4.3.3 Heavy metal analysis .................................................................71 4.4 Irrigation water quality ...........................................................................75 4.4.1 Chemical analysis ......................................................................75 4.4.2 Heavy metal analysis .................................................................78 4.5 Wastewater irrigated soils.......................................................................78 4.5.1 Chemical analysis ......................................................................78 4.5.2 Heavy metal analysis .................................................................80 4.6 Vegetables/crops grown with wastewater...............................................82 4.6.1 Chemical analysis ......................................................................82 4.6.2 Heavy metal analysis .................................................................83 4.7 Fish farm water .......................................................................................87 4.8 Human blood samples.............................................................................90 4.9 Participatory rural appraisal ...................................................................92 4.9.1 Common masses survey..............................................................92 4.9.2 Industrial Survey.........................................................................93 4.9.3 Farmers survey............................................................................94 4.9.4 Hospitals and clinics survey........................................................94 CHAPTER 5 MITIGATION PLAN ........................................................................................96 5.1 Wastewater..............................................................................................96 5.2 Drinking water ........................................................................................96 5.3 Wastewater irrigation..............................................................................96 5.4 Fish farming............................................................................................96 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES...97 6.1 Conclusions.............................................................................................97 6.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................99 6.3 Future strategies......................................................................................99 REFERENCES .................................................................................................100 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 1.1 Sewerage and industrial effluents generated from major cities of Pakistan. 3 3.1 Methods for physico-chemical and heavy metals analysis in wastewater, drinking water, irrigation water and fish farm water……………………… 19 3.2 Environmental quality standards for industrial and sewerage effluent……. 24 3.3 Classification of drinking water samples supplied by WASA…………….. 25 3.4 Classification of groundwater in the city used for drinking……………….. 26 3.5 Classification