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Tobian Cultural Identity in the Republic of Palau

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Tobian Cultural Identity in the Republic of Palau AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS of David T. Tibbetts for the Master of Arts in Micronesian Studies presented May 31, 2002. Title: Tobian Cultural Identity in the Republic of Palau Approved: ______________________________________________________ Donald R. Shuster, Ed.D., Chair Over the past century Tobian islanders have relocated from their remote home island in the westernmost corner of the region known as Micronesia, and with the permission of the leading Ngerakebesang chiefs established residence in the village of Echang, in the Republic of Palau (ROP). Tobians comprise a partially relocated, resettled, and definitely marginalized minority group located on the geographic, cultural, economic, and political fringes of the ROP. In ethnographically exploring the dynamic and blurred boundaries of Tobian identity and diaspora in the nascent nation-building ROP, I find a very ambiguous, flexible, and adapting identity that encompasses both Palauan national identity and growing regionalism, while still maintaining fundamental Tobian values. Tobian identity emerges from Tobian customs, ideology, and sociopolitical makeup. It also derives from historical origin relations, wide ocean expanse, multiple colonial histories, population relocation and resettlement in the ROP, minority status, contemporary diaspora beyond historical migration boundaries and networks, and the current socio-political context and interplay of state-level politics, Palauan nationalism, regionalism, and globalization. This thesis teases out the threads of a blurred Tobian/Palauan identity by analyzing multiple theoretical arguments with rich ethnographic insights and several poignant ethnographic events. Exploring this Tobian/Palauan ‘site’ provides a compelling academic space to conceptualize and explore politics, culture, and identity within a post-colonial and globalized context. It speaks to issues of modernity, hybridity, diaspora, economic development, and ethnographic license. At the local-level, exploring the relationships between Palauans and Tobians reveals an ongoing and complex, multi- leveled and layered, occasionally tenuous relationship between Palauan national identity, and Palauan and Tobian cultural identity. TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE SCHOOL AND RESEARCH The members of the Committee approved the thesis of David T. Tibbetts, presented May 31, 2002. THESIS COMMITTEE: __________________________________ Donald R. Shuster, Ed.D., Chair __________________________________ Anne Perez-Hattori, Ph.D., Member __________________________________ Rebecca A. Stephenson, Ph.D., Member ACCEPTED: ______________________________ __________ Joyce Marie Camacho, Ph.D. Date Dean, Graduate School and Research TOBIAN CULTURAL IDENTITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF PALAU BY DAVID TIBBETTS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN MICRONESIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF GUAM MAY 31, 2002 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to the Tobian community for receiving me so graciously and offering endless support to this research endeavor. I would especially like to acknowledge the following individuals for their helpful advice, information, and support; Isauro Andrew, Rosa Andrew, Huana Nestor, Sabina Andrew, Sebastian Marino, the late Andres Nicholas, the late Marcello Maximo, Nemecio Andrew, Lorenzo Simion, Crispin Emilio, Dominic Emilio, Thomas Patris, Mariano Carlos, Maximo Marcello, Nixon Andrew, Huan Hosei, Maity Nestor, Justin Andrew, Judy Nestor, Jerome Andrew, Jason Andrew, Jeremy Andrew, Roman Lorenzo, Nelson Marcello, and Johnny Felix. This thesis has also been shaped by the expertise and guidance of Dr. Vince Diaz, Dr. Kim Kihleng, Dr. Donald Shuster, Dr. Anne Hattori, Dr. Rebecca Stephenson, and Dr. Don Rubinstein. Dr. Peter Black has generously provided me with an enormous amount of information and insights into Tobian culture and history. I am additionally thankful to my fiancée, Teresa Fisher, for her assistance with formatting, editing, and personal motivation. iii Table of Contents Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF MAPS……………………………………………………………………. v CHAPTER ONE – BLURRED BOUNDARIES…………………………………... 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 1 Background: Locating the Republic of Palau, Tobi, Helen, and Echang…. 5 Cultural Differences and Similarities……………………………………….9 Tobian Origin History……………………………………………………… 11 Colonial Relocation and Resettlement History and Echang……………….. 13 Contemporary Political History and Setting……………………………….. 15 CHAPTER TWO – DE-BLURRING……………………………………………... 18 Oceanic Identity and Anthropological Theory…………………………….. 27 Anthropology, Identity, and Ethnicity In Micronesia……………………… 34 Nationalism………………………………………………………………… 39 Clifford’s ‘Articulating Sites of Indigeneity’……………………………… 42 CHAPTER THREE – BLURRED AND THICK………………………………….. 45 The Triangle of Ethnographic Method…………………………………….. 48 Power and A Post-Structural Perspective……………………………………49 A Multi-Sited Approach…………………………………………………… 52 Myself……………………………………………………………………… 57 iv CHAPTER FOUR – NO MORE TYPHOON, GO HOME………………………... 63 Poem – i remember, by Mariano Yalap……………………………………. 67 Lorenzo, Huana, Justin, Judy, Nikki, and Linzy. Tobians, Palauans, both…78 CHAPTER FIVE – HELEN REEF: ISSUES AND COMPLEXITIES FOR THE TOBIANS………………………………………………………………. 90 The In-Charge Complex…………………………………………………… 99 Economic Development and Sustainability………………………………...102 CHAPTER SIX – CONCLUSION………………………………………………… 107 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION………………………………………………... 116 LITERATURE REFERENCES……………………………………………………. 117 APPENDIX A – Tia Belau News Article and Photo, March 14-28, 1998..………...121 APPENDIX B – Ngerakebesang Chiefs Letter……………………………………. 123 APPENDIX C – Palau Horizon article, September 28 – October 4, 2001………... 125 v List of Maps Page Map 1: Micronesia……………………………………………………………….… 7 Map 2: The Southwest Islands of the Republic of Palau…………………………... 8 Chapter One Blurred Boundaries Introduction The movements of Native Pacific people suggest newly inventive struggles for breathing space, for relational sovereignty, in post- or neocolonial conditions of complex connectivity. They are about finding ways to exist in a multiplex modernity, but with a difference, a difference derived from cultural tradition, from landedness, and from ongoing histories of displacement, travel, and circulation. (Clifford, 2001:483) As a point of reflection, the new millenium reveals a ‘smaller’ world, where computer technology, telecommunications, high-speed transportation, a common economic market, and democratic politics interconnect the global world. The term ‘globalization’ is frequently used at all levels of popular discourse. Politically and culturally, this concept suggests a global model that is comprised of nation-states, government entities, ideologies, and policies that plug into one another at various levels. The movement of peoples and the establishment of resettled communities has always been a dynamic feature of history and has resulted in the culturally diverse world we know today. My research interests derive from exploring concepts and politics of culture, cultural processes, and power relations and boundaries between persons, peoples, and governments. I am particularly interested in cultural identity, maintenance, and change. And I am continually perplexed at the cultural diversity and associated complex and varied histories of the Oceanic region. Oceanic peoples are interconnected through historical events, multiple colonial histories, contemporary politics, and the commerce of peoples and ideas, yet they maintain separate and distinct cultural identities through their varied histories and maintenance of land, language, and customs. In contemporary Micronesia, I am interested in the interplay between these negotiations and the processes and effects of emerging national identities on cultural identity and customs. In the broader context of globalization and diaspora, as islanders move further away from their home islands their expanding communities continue to negotiate and maintain their cultural identities at home, while also negotiating new challenges abroad in the urban setting. As multiple peoples and cultures increasingly interact and interconnect at multiple levels and sites, I am curious how these moving peoples maintain their cultural identities while away and supposedly ‘displaced’ from their homes. This general idea leads me into a broad curiosity. If we are all ‘plugged’ into this global cultural model, what happens to our cultures and identities? What interactions and processes are taking place within and between cultures? Considering post-colonial politics, recent and emergent nationalism, and the increased diaspora of Pacific Islanders moving within the global sphere, what happens to cultural and national identities? What happens to ‘culture’ in this modern ‘global’ world? Are less populated cultural groups marginalized? Are they losing their cultures and identities as nascent nation-states develop their national identities? Are these developing nations attaining national identities? With diaspora comes notions of hybridity. What does this mean for cultural loss and cultural identity? What does this mean for national identity? I pose the following specific research questions. Within an ambiguous political context of neo-colonialism, growing Palauan nationalism, increasingly interdependent regionalism, and globalization, are Tobians becoming more ‘Palauan’? Given this dynamic of social-cultural change, are Tobians able to maintain their cultural
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