The Right to Privacy in Denmark
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Content Regulation in the Digital
Content Regulation in the Digital Age Submission to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression by the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) February 2018 Introduction 1 I. Company compliance with State laws 2 Terrorism-related and extremist content 3 False news, disinformation and propaganda 4 The “right to be forgotten” framework? 7 How should companies respond to State content regulation laws and measures that may be inconsistent with international human rights standards? 8 II. Other State Requests 9 State requests based on platform terms of service (ToS) and “shadow” requests 9 Non-transparent agreements with companies 10 III. Global removals 11 IV. Individuals at risk 12 V. Content regulation processes 15 VI. Bias and non-discrimination 16 VII. Appeals and remedies 17 VIII. Automation and content moderation 17 IX. Transparency 18 X. General recommendations from APC 19 Introduction The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) is an international network and non- profit organisation founded in 1990 that works to help ensure everyone has affordable access to a free and open internet to improve lives, realise human rights and create a more just world. We welcome this topic because it is current and integral to our work. On the one hand there is a lot of ‘noise’ in the mainstream media about so-called “fake news” and what appears to be a fairly rushed response from platforms consisting of increasing in-house regulation of content. On the other hand, human rights defenders and activists we work with express concern that 1 platforms are removing some of their content in a manner that suggests political bias and reinforcing of societal discrimination. -
Self-Censorship and the First Amendment Robert A
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy Volume 25 Article 2 Issue 1 Symposium on Censorship & the Media 1-1-2012 Self-Censorship and the First Amendment Robert A. Sedler Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp Recommended Citation Robert A. Sedler, Self-Censorship and the First Amendment, 25 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 13 (2012). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES SELF-CENSORSHIP AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT ROBERT A. SEDLER* I. INTRODUCTION Self-censorship refers to the decision by an individual or group to refrain from speaking and to the decision by a media organization to refrain from publishing information. Whenever an individual or group or the media engages in self-censorship, the values of the First Amendment are compromised, because the public is denied information or ideas.' It should not be sur- prising, therefore, that the principles, doctrines, and precedents of what I refer to as "the law of the First Amendment"' are designed to prevent self-censorship premised on fear of govern- mental sanctions against expression. This fear-induced self-cen- sorship will here be called "self-censorship bad." At the same time, the First Amendment also values and pro- tects a right to silence. -
Claiming and Reclaiming the Digital World As a Public Space
Claiming and Reclaiming the Digital World as a Public Space Experiences and insights from feminists in the Middle East and North Africa www.oxfam.org OXFAM DISCUSSION PAPER – NOVEMBER 2020 This paper seeks to highlight the experiences and aspirations of young women and feminist activists in the MENA region around digital spaces, safety and rights. It explores individual women’s experiences engaging with the digital world, the opportunities and challenges that women’s rights and feminist organizations find in these platforms, and the digital world as a space of resistance, despite restrictions on civic space. Drawing on interviews with feminist activists from the region, the paper sheds light on women’s online experiences and related offline risks, and illustrates patterns and behaviours that prevailed during the COVID-19 pandemic. © Oxfam International November 2020 This paper was written by Francesca El Asmar. Oxfam acknowledges the assistance of Hadeel Qazzaz, Manal Wardé, Neus Tirado Gual, Salma Jrad, Joane Cremesty, Suzan Al Ostaz, Fadi Touma and Mounia Semlali in its production, as well as the contributions of the interviewees who participated in the research process. It is part of a series of papers written to inform public debate on development and humanitarian policy issues. For further information on the issues raised in this paper please email [email protected] This publication is copyright but the text may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy, campaigning, education, and research, provided that the source is acknowledged in full. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. -
The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in the World
STUDY Requested by the DROI subcommittee The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world @Adobe Stock Authors: Carme COLOMINA, Héctor SÁNCHEZ MARGALEF, Richard YOUNGS European Parliament coordinator: Policy Department for External Relations EN Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE 653.635 - April 2021 DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world ABSTRACT Around the world, disinformation is spreading and becoming a more complex phenomenon based on emerging techniques of deception. Disinformation undermines human rights and many elements of good quality democracy; but counter-disinformation measures can also have a prejudicial impact on human rights and democracy. COVID-19 compounds both these dynamics and has unleashed more intense waves of disinformation, allied to human rights and democracy setbacks. Effective responses to disinformation are needed at multiple levels, including formal laws and regulations, corporate measures and civil society action. While the EU has begun to tackle disinformation in its external actions, it has scope to place greater stress on the human rights dimension of this challenge. In doing so, the EU can draw upon best practice examples from around the world that tackle disinformation through a human rights lens. This study proposes steps the EU can take to build counter-disinformation more seamlessly into its global human rights and democracy policies. -
Council Decision (Cfsp)
L 246/12 EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 30.7.2020 COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2020/1127 of 30 July 2020 amending Decision (CFSP) 2019/797 concerning restrictive measures against cyber-attacks threatening the Union or its Member States THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 29 thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Whereas: (1) On 17 May 2019 the Council adopted Decision (CFSP) 2019/797 (1). (2) Targeted restrictive measures against cyber-attacks with a significant effect which constitute an external threat to the Union or its Member States are among the measures included in the Union’s framework for a joint diplomatic response to malicious cyber-activities (the cyber diplomacy toolbox) and are a vital instrument to deter and respond to such activities. Restrictive measures can also be applied in response to cyber-attacks with a significant effect against third States or international organisations, where deemed necessary to achieve common foreign and security policy objectives set out in the relevant provisions of Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union. (3) On 16 April 2018 the Council adopted conclusions in which it firmly condemned the malicious use of information and communications technologies, including in the cyber-attacks publicly known as ‘WannaCry’ and ‘NotPetya’, which caused significant damage and economic loss in the Union and beyond. On 4 October 2018 the Presidents of the European Council and of the European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (the ‘High Representative’) expressed serious concerns in a joint statement about an attempted cyber-attack to undermine the integrity of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the Netherlands, an aggressive act which demonstrated contempt for the solemn purpose of the OPCW. -
Translation and Manipulation
5785 Forough Rahimi et al./ Elixir Ling. & Trans. 41 (2011) 5785-5790 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Linguistics and Translation Elixir Ling. & Trans. 41 (2011) 5785-5790 Translation and manipulation: a critical discourse analysis case study Forough Rahimi and Mohammad Javad Riasati Department of Foreign Languages, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper seeks to delineate the constraints imposed on translators of movie dialogues in Received: 20 September 2011; the context of Iran. The movie ''Platoon'' is selected for this purpose. In this situation a Received in revised form: myriad of external constraints, that is, cultural, religious, and political, lead to rewriting or 16 November 2011; manipulation of movie texts. This is an effective means for creating and naturalizing Accepted: 28 November 2011; ideologies, through expurgation, derogation, etc. The movie translations in Iran are scenes of ideological incursions in translation, that is, suppression of dialectal features. They are sites Keywords of ideological clashes in which certain realities are constructed and challenged and Translation, xenophobic attitudes are propagated. The translators counterfeit realities and inculcate them Censorship, in the innocent audience. This paper explores the ideological and socio-political factors Ideological manipulation. which determine the strategies applied in the translation of western movies. © 2011 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction language is an irreducible part of social life. The dialectic During the past decade educational researchers increasingly relation between language and social reality is realized through have turned to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a set of social events (texts), social practices (orders of discourse) and approaches to answer questions about the relationships between social structures (languages) [3]. -
Intellectual Privacy and Censorship of the Internet
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 1998 Intellectual Privacy and Censorship of the Internet Julie E. Cohen Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1963 8 Seton Hall Const. L.J. 693 (1997-1998) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons 1998 INTERNET SYMPOSIUM INTELLECTUAL PRIVACY AND CENSORSHIP OF THE INTERNET ProfessorJulie E. Cohen Good morning. I would like to thank the Constitutional Law Journal for inviting me to be here today. I am not a First Amendment lawyer. I am not really a constitutional law- yer, so why am I here? I think that after having heard Dan Burk's presenta- tion, you should realize that intellectual property lawyers need to be First Amendment lawyers as well. You have all heard the aphorism that the Internet interprets censorship as a malfunction and routes around it.' You also may have heard that censorship on the Internet is a terrible thing; in particular, you may have heard this in the context of debates about pornography on the Inter- net or hate speech on the Internet. I would like to suggest to you today, how- ever, that the single most prevalent problem involving censorship on the Inter- net has to do with the protection of intellectual property. If you think about it, intellectual property protection, and particularly copy- right protection, is a form of censorship. -
Mass Surveillance
Mass Surveillance Mass Surveillance What are the risks for the citizens and the opportunities for the European Information Society? What are the possible mitigation strategies? Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications Study IP/G/STOA/FWC-2013-1/LOT 9/C5/SC1 January 2015 PE 527.409 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment The STOA project “Mass Surveillance Part 1 – Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies” was carried out by TECNALIA Research and Investigation in Spain. AUTHORS Arkaitz Gamino Garcia Concepción Cortes Velasco Eider Iturbe Zamalloa Erkuden Rios Velasco Iñaki Eguía Elejabarrieta Javier Herrera Lotero Jason Mansell (Linguistic Review) José Javier Larrañeta Ibañez Stefan Schuster (Editor) The authors acknowledge and would like to thank the following experts for their contributions to this report: Prof. Nigel Smart, University of Bristol; Matteo E. Bonfanti PhD, Research Fellow in International Law and Security, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa; Prof. Fred Piper, University of London; Caspar Bowden, independent privacy researcher; Maria Pilar Torres Bruna, Head of Cybersecurity, Everis Aerospace, Defense and Security; Prof. Kenny Paterson, University of London; Agustín Martin and Luis Hernández Encinas, Tenured Scientists, Department of Information Processing and Cryptography (Cryptology and Information Security Group), CSIC; Alessandro Zanasi, Zanasi & Partners; Fernando Acero, Expert on Open Source Software; Luigi Coppolino,Università degli Studi di Napoli; Marcello Antonucci, EZNESS srl; Rachel Oldroyd, Managing Editor of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism; Peter Kruse, Founder of CSIS Security Group A/S; Ryan Gallagher, investigative Reporter of The Intercept; Capitán Alberto Redondo, Guardia Civil; Prof. Bart Preneel, KU Leuven; Raoul Chiesa, Security Brokers SCpA, CyberDefcon Ltd.; Prof. -
Disentangling the Conundrum of Self-Determination and Its Implications in Greenland Abstract
Disentangling the conundrum of self-determination and its implications in Greenland Abstract: In 2009, the Act on Greenland Self-Government was adopted. It recognises that “the people of Greenland is a people pursuant to international law with the right of self-determination”. Within this framework, the people of Greenland have gained significant control over their own affairs and the right to decide to accede to independence. Yet, the extent to which this framework ensures the right of self- determination in accordance with fundamental human rights can still be questioned. From a human rights perspective, the right of self-determination is not a one-time right. It is fundamental human right that applies in different contexts beyond decolonisation and which has implications not only for colonial peoples but also for the population of all territories, including indigenous and minorities groups. From this perspective, this contribution seeks to disentangle and analyse the different facets of self-determination in the Greenlandic context while considering the implications of the right based on the multifarious identity of the peoples living in Greenland as colonial people, citizens, indigenous and minority groups, including their claim to control resources in the mining context. Key words: Greenland, Inuit, self-determination, indigenous peoples, independence, UNDRIP, mining activities, Inughuit Introduction The exercise of the right to self-determination in Greenland is an important but unsettled question under international law. Until 1954, Greenland was governed as a colony of Denmark and was listed as a non-self-governing territory in accordance with Chapter XI of the Charter of the United Nations. Subsequently, the colonial status of Greenland was dissolved as the territory was incorporated in the Kingdom of Denmark and the territory was withdrawn from the list of non-self-governing territories. -
International Study Guide Series
International Study Guide Series Denmark Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development, Montana State University Extension 1 MONTANA 4‐H INTERNATIONAL STUDY SERIES The 4‐H program has had an active role in Montana youth and volunteer development for almost 100 years. It is most well‐known for its local emphasis, but 4‐H does exist in a broader context ‐ from a local to an international level. The ultimate objective of 4‐H international and cross‐cultural programming is "peace through understanding." Extension Service efforts help young people achieve this overall goal by encouraging them to: realize the significance of global interdependency; develop positive cross‐cultural attitudes and skills that enhance understanding and acceptance of people from other ethnic, social, or economic backgrounds; appreciate for the similarities and differences among all people; assume global citizenship responsibilities; develop an understanding of the values and attitudes of Americans. Since the introduction of international 4‐H opportunities in 1948, the Montana 4‐H program has been committed to the goal of global awareness and increasing cross‐cultural understanding. Cultures are becoming more dependent upon one another for goods, services, food, and fiber. Montana's role in the international trade arena is ever‐growing. The acquisition of increased knowledge of the markets and the people who influence those markets is crucial to the residents of our state. The 4‐H international programs are coordinated by States’ 4‐H International Exchange Programs (S4‐H) for participating state 4‐H Youth Development programs. Funding for the exchange programs is provided on the state level by the Montana 4‐H Foundation through private donations and contributions. -
The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age
The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age April 9, 2018 Dr. Keith Goldstein, Dr. Ohad Shem Tov, and Mr. Dan Prazeres Presented on behalf of Pirate Parties International Headquarters, a UN ECOSOC Consultative Member, for the Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Our Dystopian Present Living in modern society, we are profiled. We accept the necessity to hand over intimate details about ourselves to proper authorities and presume they will keep this information secure- only to be used under the most egregious cases with legal justifications. Parents provide governments with information about their children to obtain necessary services, such as health care. We reciprocate the forfeiture of our intimate details by accepting the fine print on every form we sign- or button we press. In doing so, we enable second-hand trading of our personal information, exponentially increasing the likelihood that our data will be utilized for illegitimate purposes. Often without our awareness or consent, detection devices track our movements, our preferences, and any information they are capable of mining from our digital existence. This data is used to manipulate us, rob from us, and engage in prejudice against us- at times legally. We are stalked by algorithms that profile all of us. This is not a dystopian outlook on the future or paranoia. This is present day reality, whereby we live in a data-driven society with ubiquitous corruption that enables a small number of individuals to transgress a destitute mass of phone and internet media users. In this paper we present a few examples from around the world of both violations of privacy and accomplishments to protect privacy in online environments. -
Annual Report 2017
101110101011101101010011100101110101011101101010011100 10111010101110110101001 10101110001010 EDRi EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS 110101011101101010011100101011101101010011100101 10101110110101000010010100EUROPEAN010 DIGITAL001 RIGHTS11011101110101011101101100000100101101000 DEFENDING RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS ONLINE 01000111011101110101 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 101011101101010000100101000100011101 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 1010111011010100001001010001000111011101110101011101101100000 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 10101110110101000010010100010001110111011101010111011011000001001011010000100011101110111010 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS ANNUAL REPORT 2017 1011011101101110111010111011111011 January 2017 – December 2017 1011011101101110111011101100110111 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101 101110101010011100 101110101011101101010011100 101011101101010000100101000100011101110111010101110110110000010010110100001000111011101110101