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'Grotte Des Gazelles' (Casablanca, Morocco)

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'Grotte Des Gazelles' (Casablanca, Morocco) Historical Biology Vol. 22, Nos. 1–3, March–June–September 2010, 295–302 Large mammals from the Upper Pleistocene at Tamaris I ‘Grotte des gazelles’ (Casablanca, Morocco): paleoecological and biochronological implications Bouchra Bougarianea*, Samir Zouhria, Brahim Ouchaoub,Aı¨cha Oujaac and Larbi Boudadd aLaboratoire de Ge´osciences, Faculte´ des Sciences Aı¨n Chock, Universite´ Hassan II, BP 5366 Maaˆrif, Casablanca, Morocco; bFaculte´ des Sciences, Universite´ Moulay Ismaı¨l, Mekne`s, Morocco; cInstitut National des Sciences de l’Arche´ologie et du Patrimoine, Rabat, Morocco; dFaculte´ des Sciences et Techniques, Universite´ d’Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco (Received 24 August 2009; final version received 18 December 2009) Gazelle Cave at Tamaris I in the region of Casablanca was discovered as a result of construction work. The cave is a dissolution pocket in marine calcarenite and contains an Upper Pleistocene deposit. Paleontological examination of the large mammal remains of this deposit revealed the presence of 15 species dominated by herbivores. There are also some human remains along with lithic artefacts and a rich collection of non-mammalian vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles and birds), as well as micromammals (Chiroptera, insectivores, lagomorphes and rodents). As yet only the large mammal remains have been studied in detail. The mammalian fauna indicates a semi-arid savannah-type environment. Because the sediments were deposited by natural rather than anthropogenic processes, the taxa in the cave are representative of the faunal spectrum in the region during the time of deposition. Keywords: Tamaris I ‘Grotte des gazelles’; large mammals; Upper Pleistocene; Morocco Introduction (Lefe`vre and Raynal 2002), which was proposed as a The Moroccan coast, and particularly the part located neo-stratotype of the Ouljian (Biberson 1961). between Kenitra and Casablanca, is well-known inter- The cave is located near the village of Makrat in nationally for the numerous prehistoric sites discovered Tamaris I, near the town of Dar Bou Azza about 20 km there since the middle of the last century. The coastal zone southwest of Casablanca (Figure 1). It is divided into three in this area is distinguished by a pattern of large terraces of dissolution pockets cut in the calcarenite and assigned to marine and eolian origin that are roughly parallel to the the marine Ain Roummana Member of the Dar Bou Azza Formation (Lefe`vre and Raynal 2002). This marine coastline (Lefe`vre and Raynal 2002). These marine deposit is formed by consolidated intertidal and dune terraces are associated with intertidal, supratidal and deposits (Lefe`vre and Raynal 2002), which are about 1.5 m dune deposits, characterising regressive sequences (karsts thick and show variable stratification (Texier et al. 2002). and paleosols) and stratified reshuffling from 180 to 0 m It is an interesting site due to the presence of human (niveau ge´ne´ral de la mer en franc¸ais) NGM. Similar Downloaded By: [Bougariane, Bouchra] At: 06:32 28 May 2010 remains, lithic materials and particularly rich fauna. The terraces constitute the long, well-known Casablanca study of the large mammals fossils found here provides Quaternary sequence (Biberson 1961). new data on the fauna of the Upper Pleistocene on the Unlike the Temara region, Casablanca yielded only Casablanca coast, including new information on some taxa one Upper Pleistocene site, the ‘Grotte des Fe´lins’ (Raynal such as barbary sheep, Canis sp. and gazelle. et al. 2008), despite the fact that numerous geological and The formation of the three pockets in the cave prehistoric surveys took place in this region. Gazelle Cave probably resulted from the dissolution of the calcarenite by or ‘Grotte des gazelles’ is a new site of the Upper infiltrating water as evidenced by a small pocket without Pleistocene recently discovered in the region of Tamaris I. sedimentary deposit. The ‘middle’ cave which was This site was discovered when a construction project dug excavated is filled with sandy-clay deposits introduced through the most recent marine terrace in the sequence. through an opening. These deposits belong to the Lahlalfa This terrace forms the paleo-cliff that dominates the Oulja Member, a continental member of the Dar Bouazza from Sidi Abderrahmane to Dar Bou Azza and is the most formation and correspond to isotopic stages 4 to 2e recent morphosedimentary system of the Casablanca (Lefe`vre and Raynal 2002), the Soltanian according to terraces. It is correlated with marine isotope stage 5e Biberson’s chronostratigraphy (1961). *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ISSN 0891-2963 print/ISSN 1029-2381 online q 2010 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/08912960903570468 http://www.informaworld.com 296 B. Bougariane et al. Figure 1. Geographical location of the Tamaris I deposit in the Casablanca region. Given that the deposits accumulated through natural filling as gastropods are burrowing animals and may be processes, the faunal spectrum could represent the more recent than the deposit. It is therefore highly likely biotic community in the region. However, because only that the fossils are older than the dates given by the part of the deposits were recovered (rescue exca- gastropods. vations), it is possible that the list of fauna from The fossil material of Tamaris I is retained in the Gazelle Cave only represents a portion of the fauna in Laboratory of Geoscience, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock the region. of Casablanca, Morocco. The fossils come from two different levels: a lower Table 1. Number of remains of large mammals in both levels level with fine red and dark sediments and an upper level and MNI in the site. with blocks and pebbles embedded in lighter-coloured and Taxon Lower level Upper level MNI Downloaded By: [Bougariane, Bouchra] At: 06:32 28 May 2010 coarser sediment, particularly rich in vertebrate bones and gastropod shells. C. aureus 2 107 2 The rescue excavations carried out in the large pocket Canis sp. 3185 yielded bones of various vertebrates, including human V. vulpes 4 103 4 C. crocuta 1333 remains and some stone tools. The human remains consist P. pardus –21 of two right metacarpals, two right hand phalanges and Equus cf. asinus 182 two medium phalanges of the right foot, all attributed to S. scrofa –21 Homo sapiens. B. primiginus –51 A. buselaphus 3192 The stone tool industry is scarce in both levels. It C. taurinus –172 consists of some poorly characterised cores and some G. atlantica, G. cuvieri 124 2153 30 debris, while retouched tools are very rare. The upper level and G. dorcas yielded a retouched edge and a blade fragment. The A. lervia –62 Rhinoceros –31 majority of the artefacts are made from limestone pebbles, indeterminable but some sandstone and, exceptionally, quartzite or silex Number of remains 138 2476 – are present as well. identified Absolute radiocarbon dating of gastropod shells Total number of remains 175 2838 – provides ages of 23,500 years BP (Rabat 256) for the Number of undetermined 37 362 – remains lower level and 13,500 years BP (Rabat 258) for the upper Rate of determination 78% 87% – level. These dates may be younger than the sedimentary Historical Biology 297 Bos primiginus Sus scrofa Alcelaphus Crocutacrocuta Pantherapardus 0.2% Equus asinus 0.1% buselaphus 12% 1% Rhinoceros 0.4% 0.9% Canis aureus indeterminable Connochaetes 40% 0.1% taurinus Ammotragus lervia 0.9% 0.3% Vulpesvulpes Gazella sp. 39% Canis sp. 97.2% 8% Percentage of skeletal remains of herbivores. Percentage of skeletal remains of carnivores. Figure 2. Percentage distribution of skeletal remains in NRD (number of remains determinable) site Tamaris I. Fauna paraconule and protocone. The metaconule is reduced The site of Tamaris I contained a wealth of material while the protocone is well developed. including large mammals, which are represented by 15 The M2 from Gazelle Cave (Lmoy ¼ 7.4 mm and taxa (Table 1). This fauna is dominated by bovids (94%) of Bmoy ¼ 11.7 mm) (L, length and B, breadth) are in size which most are gazelles (97%) (hence the name), close to those of El Harhoura I (Aouraghe 2001), Alcelaphinae (2%), Bovini (0.2%) and a Caprinae Bouknadel and Doukkala II (Michel 1990). The post- (0.3%) identified as Ammotragus lervia. Other herbivores cranial remains are mostly fragmentary, with the exception are very rare, including representatives of Suidae (0.1%), of the phalanges and metapodials. Equidae (0.5%) and a Rhinocerotidae (0.1%) (Figure 2). Herbivores dominate the fauna while carnivores represent Canis sp. The site has yielded a few isolated teeth and two only 6% of the specimens. The carnivores can be divided post-cranial remains whose measurements exceed those of into three families, Canidae (87%), Hyaenidae (12%) and C. aureus. It is probably a specimen of the large Canis Felidae (1%) (Figure 2). (Canis sp.), which exists in other deposits of the Late The upper level contains a greater number of taxa and Pleistocene such as at Doukkala I (Laquay et al. 1986), faunal remains. Six taxa present in the upper level are Bouknadel (Michel 1990), Dar es Soltan and Jbel absent in the lower level (Table 1). Irhoud (Amani 1991), El Harhoura I (Aouraghe 2001), in Other groups were also identified, such as Leporidae, layer 2 of El Mnasra (Nespoulet et al. 2008) and in layer 1 ostrich (bones and egg shell fragments), amphibians and of El Harhoura II (Campmas et al. 2008). In the reptiles. Holocene, examples are reported in Mugharet es Saifiya Downloaded By: [Bougariane, Bouchra] At: 06:32 28 May 2010 (Arambourg in Gilman 1975) and Hassi Ouenzga (Ouchaou The carnivores and Amani 2002). The upper teeth are represented by P4 and M1. The Three families of the order Carnivora are represented P4 are robust and a little worn. They are characterised (Figure 2). Canids are quite abundant, while hyaenids and by a well-pronounced heel, a paracone that is sharp in felids are rare.
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