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Towards a Harmonized Bionomenclature for Life on Earth

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Towards a Harmonized Bionomenclature for Life on Earth Towards a Harmonized Bionomenclature for Life on Earth David L. Hawksworth, John McNeill, Peter HA. Sneath, R. Piers Trehane, and Philip K. Tubbs Biology International Special Issue No30 BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL The News Magazine of the International Union of Biological Sciences Editor Talal YOUNES, IUBS Secretariat, 51 Boulevard de Montmorency, 75016 Paris, France. Editorial Board Francesca dl CASTRI, CNRSCEFE, Route de Mende, B.P. 5051, 34033 Montpellier Cedex, France Paolo FASELLA, Director General, Science, Research and Development (DG XII), Commission of European Comrnunity, 200 rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels, Belgium. W.David L. RIDE, Geology Department, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra ACT, Australia. Derek F. ROBERTS, Department of Hurnan Genetics, the University, 19 Claremount Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AA, U.K. Janos SALANKI, Director, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 8237 Tihany, Hungary. Vladimir E. SOKOLOV, Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecoiogy of Animais, 33 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Otto 1. SOLBRIG, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Bioiogy, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. Two regular and two special issues of Biology International will be published in 1994. Free copies are offered to ûrdinary and Scientific Members of the Union. The annual subscription rate for individuals is 40 US Dollars. Signed articles express the opinion of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Editor of Biology International. Prospective authors should send an outline of the proposed article to the Editor, with a letter explaining why the subject might be of interest to readers. (C) 1994 International Union of Biological Sciences ISSN 02532069 Towards a Harmonized Bionomenclature for Life on Earth Report of the IUBSIIUMS Exploratory Meeting on Harmonization Between Codes of Nomenclature held on 16- 18 March 1994 at the International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey, UK Edited by David L. Hawksworth, John McNeiU, Peter H.A. Sneath, R. Piers Trehane, and Philip K. Tubbs Special Issue - 30 Biology International International Union of Biologieal Sciences Biology International Special Issue No. 30 (1994) O International Union of Biological Sciences 1994 ISSN 02532069 Published by the International Union of Biological Sciences 51 Boulevard de Monmorency, 75016 Pans, France Professor D. L. Hawksworth, International Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. Professor J. McNeill, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C6. Professor P.H. A. Sneath, Department of Microbiology, University of Leicester, University Road, P.O. Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK. Mr R.P. Trehane, Hampreston Manor, Wimborne, Dorset, BH21 7LX, UK. Dr P.K. Tubbs, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. Contents Foreword Executive Summary 1 Background 2 The Current State of Bionomenclature (a) The Current Status of the Codes (b) Decision Making Processes (c) Nomenclatural Filters 3 Issues to be Addressed (a) Harmonization of Terms (b) Suprafamilial Ranks (c) Co-ordinate Status of Names (d) Infraspecific Ranks (e) Italicization of Scientific Names (f) Author Citations (g) Lists of Protected Names (1,) Registration and Valid Publication (i) Electronic Publication (j) Ambiregnal Organisms (k) Inter-Code Homonyms (1) Part- and Form-Taxon Nomenclature (m) Gender of Epithets 4 Future Prospects (a) Prospects of and Principles for a Biological Code (b) Future Liaison and the Role of IUBS 5 Participants 6 Bibliography 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms 44 , /,' /,' Biology International Special hue No. 30 (1994) Foreword 1 was very pleased to participate in this important Exploratory Meeting on Harmonization Between the Codes of Biological Nomenclature. Those working with bionomenclature have to devote time to being lawyers as well as scientists. Bionomenclature has relevance to two major issues of topical concern at this time: biodiversity and its key relevance to the sustainable use of Earth's resources, the subject of the Convention on Biological Diversity; and the importance of modern technologies made available to the producers and users of names of organisms. New molecular biological approaches are shedding new light on the extent of the living world and also require a re- thinking of the relationships between many groups of organisms. Furthermore, modern information and communication facilities provide new avenues for research, training and using the resources of biological nomenclature. The long-term benefit of a satisfactory bionomenclatural framework is not always appreciated, yet it 1s fundamental to al1 who work with or utilize the products of the living world. Bionomenclature has to address problems of stability, accessibility, simplicity, and communicability. These matters need to be considered in any outguts for users. The prospects include a unified Code for the bionomenclature of organisms to operate from a date in the future, and also an increasing harmonization between the existing Codes dealing with the nomenclature of the past. There is also a need to teach the principles and practice of bionomenclature more widely so that biologists will understand what is involved and how the gerceived problems are being addressed. This should be an integral part of biodiversity training programmes. The planned publication of an authoritative glossary agreed at the meeting will be especially important in this regard. I am pleased that this Exploratory Meeting was able to identify steps that can be taken to move these issues forward in a positive way. On behalf of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), I would like to express Our deep appreciation of the contributions and support provided by the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), the Royal Society crf London, and CAB INTERNATIONAL. The Linnean Society of London generously hosted a reception for participants. Finally, 1 wish to express sincere thanks to Professor David L. Hawksworth, Director, and Ms Marilyn S. Rainbow, both of the International Mycological Institute, for arranging, graciously hosting, and taking al1 steps to ensure the success of this landmark meeting. T. Younès Becutive Director, ZUBS Paris, 24 May 1994 Biology Intemational Special lrsue No. 30 (1994) Executive Summary The Exploratory Meeting on Harmonization Between Codes of Nomenclature, convened at Egham on 16-18 March 1994 in accordance with a Resolution of the General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), and with the support of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS), the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), the Royal Society of London, and CAB INTERNATIONAL. The following text was agreed by al1 participants at the concluding session of the Meeting. The Meeting: 1 Recognizes the crucial importance of scientific nàmes of organisms in global communication to al1 concerned with the conservation, management, trade in, and use of the world's resources. 2 Agrees that it would be highly advantageous to work towards a unified system of biological nomenclature, and notes that the XVI International Botanical Congress in Japan in 1993 established a Special Cornmittee on Harmonizing Codes. 3 Recognizes that while there are differences in procedures between the current Codes, which could not be reconciled for the nomenclature of the past without an unacceptable disruption of names in use, there is considerable scope for harmonization which is to be actively pursued. 4 Considers that the availability of lists of published names, and the registration of new names in bacteriology, botany, virology and zoology, will make possible the harmonization of nomenclatural procedures in biology. \ 5 Agrees to work towards producing a Glossary of Biological Nomenclature, including both official and unofficial terms used in biological nomenclature. 6 Recommenh that, considering divergent 'rules and traditions concerning author citations for scientific narnes, use of such author citations be made optional (and be recommended only in a strictly taxonomic context), as is already the case in zoology. 7 Recognizes the need to develop common procedures for the nomenclatural treatment of fossils, with particular emphasis on form genera and other parataxa, and to this end recommends IUBS in cooperation with international and national bodies such as the Bwnomenclature Systematics Association and Paleontological Association, to organize a discussion meeting on this topic. 8 Agrees that the nomenclature of infraspecific taxa in ranks not regulated by the three main Codes is most appropriately regulated by international specialist commissions or groups (e.g. International Society for Plant Pathology Subcommitee on the Taxonomy of Phytopathogenic Bacteria for pathovars of bacteria, International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants for cultivars of plants). 9 Encourages international, national, and other agencies to initiate and support current initiatives in compiling lists of names in current use. and other catalogues of names, to be made accessible through hard copy and electronic media. 10 Notes the rapid advances in electronic media for the storage of and access to taxonomie information, and the opportunities they provide in relation to inventorying
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