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White Supremacist Education and the Experiences of Black Males in Community College

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White Supremacist Education and the Experiences of Black Males in Community College LET US BREATHE: WHITE SUPREMACIST EDUCATION AND THE EXPERIENCES OF BLACK MALES IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE by Candice Athena Crenshaw-Mayo B.A. California State University East Bay, 2009 M.A. California State University East Bay, 2014 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Department of Educational Leadership for Social Justice California State University East Bay July 2020 Copyright © by Candice Athena Crenshaw-Mayo 2020 ii Candice Athena Crenshaw-Mayo July 2020 Educational Leadership LET US BREATHE: WHITE SUPREMACIST EDUCATION AND THE EXPERIENCES OF BLACK MALES IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE Abstract In spite of various programs implemented in colleges to help Black males transition into higher education, research shows that this population of students is still the most disproportionately impacted in terms of academic progress and success. Solutions often support a cultural deficit model that blames the student. These circumstances translate into disadvantages in the housing market and employment field for Black men and contribute to the school to prison pipeline. To disrupt these patterns, more research is needed on how to cultivate an academic identity that promotes self-efficacy. Some emerging studies do show that mentoring programs for Black males may offer promise for doing so. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study, which draws conceptually on Critical Pedagogy and the Community Cultural Wealth Model, is twofold: to investigate the perceptions of Black males in the “Brothers of Excellence Program” (BOEP) at Los Medanos College (LMC) regarding their academic identity and self- efficacy, as well as identify the factors that may contribute to the development of these constructs. The question guiding this study is: How do Black male community college students perceive their academic identity and self-efficacy? Two sub-questions emerging from this overarching query include: a) What factors contribute to those perceptions? and b) In what ways does LMC’s “Brothers of Excellence Program” (BOEP) affect the development of self-efficacy and strong academic identity amongst Black male students at LMC? iii My findings revealed that Black male students experience so much trauma in white-normed classrooms that it severely impacts their academic identity and causes issues with mental health. Implementing programs like BOEP that value Black male students’ cultural wealth while also providing mentorship and life skills cultivates a sense of community and belonging that promotes academic achievement. My findings also highlight the urgency to unlearn and dismantle oppressive systems built on whiteness that murders the spirit of Black males. To transform the education system, educators must begin confronting the history of racism and white supremacy and work to abolish the oppressive learning environments that traumatize Black and brown students. iv v DEDICATION In loving memory of my mom, Ruby Joe. This dissertation is dedicated to my amazing, supportive, beautiful family and friends. To my one and only brilliant daughter, Mari, thank you for staying on me to write that book. Well this is not my best-selling book yet, but it’s a start. Thank you for all the IT help, the MacBook and iPad you gifted to me when I first decided to return to school for my Masters. Thank you for serving our country. Thank you for giving the world the gift of Sweet-Sweet. Thank you for building on our educational legacy by earning your Bachelor’s degree at SFSU. You are just getting started. To my grandchildren: Dimtri Jr., A’mya, Quinn, and Amina, thank you for bringing joy and light into my life with every moment I spend with you. To my sister Nett, thank you for the unconditional love. To my sisters Candi and Angie aka S2P, thank you for all the prayers and encouraging text messages that helped me push through when I was feeling overwhelmed. To my favorite cousin, Kendra aka Cousin, thank you for pushing me to pursue my educational dreams. Thank you for always being here for me whether near or far. Thank you for sharing in all my ups and downs. Cousin, we go back like rocking chairs. There is no Dr. Candice without you! To my sis-in-law, Shara. Thank you for whisking me off to some of the best dining establishments the Bay has to offer and for sharing your mom with me in your vi childhood home in beautiful Canada. That was by far the best birthday week ever! Thank you for the silent retreat getaway that we both needed. Thank you for your generosity and support. I am so happy to have you in our family. To my daughter-in-law, Aisha, thank you for being the amazing, joyful spirit that you’ve always been. To my day ones: Alexis, G. Walk, Sonji, AJ, Milli-Mill, Debbi aka Wifey, Karen, and Nichelle, thank you for the decades of friendship and supporting me and my entire family through some of our darkest moments and our biggest accomplishments. You have always been, and will always be my family. To my Dana, the counselor who gave me the book, “The Color Purple” back in 1983 when I was a 16 year old pregnant teen. Thank you for believing in me and telling me that I could become anything in this world. I am so grateful to have you back in my life after a 33 year hiatus. Someday after Covid-19, we’ll dine again at Henry Harry Hunan’s restaurant. To one of my favorite people in the whole wide world, Dan Siri aka Hook. Thank you for the decades of friendship. I have never worked alongside a more compassionate, genuine human being. I look forward to spending time in the Mayo wing of you and Mel’s home in Big Sky Country as I begin that novel you and Mari have been urging me to write. Now to the most incredible, resilient, beautiful Black men in my life. My number one reason for choosing my research topic. This dissertation is especially dedicated to all of you. First to my husband, Jarrod, thank you for bringing me laughter when I felt defeated. Thank you for giving me the space to create and wall myself off in my office or zen den. Thank you for pulling me out of my cave to get fresh air and take a break from the work and the world. Thank you for being there for every single member of our family vii without hesitation. Thank you for making our house a home. I honor you, respect you, and appreciate the true child of God that you are. I love you unconditionally. To my baby brother, Marc-LaVar aka DJ Maximus, thank you for being there for me and your nephews and niece. Even though you didn’t realize I wasn’t your mother til you were 8 years old, I’ll always think of you as the other son that I didn’t give birth to. LOL To my brother/son Glenn, thank you for the prayers, laughs, and dance performances that bring us all so much joy. I know whenever you’re in the building, the room will be filled with laughter. To my Pauly, thank you for being a girl’s best friend for over 35 years. Thank you for being godfather to my firstborn son. Thank you for the belly aching laughter that got us thrown out of places in our youth. Every moment spent in your presence is a gift. To my firstborn son, Dimitri Sr., thank you for being the generous, gentle rottweiler that you are. Thank you for your kindness and stepping up to help raise your siblings at a very difficult time in all our lives. I admire you for your intelligence and strength and for always putting your family first. To Timothy, thank you for checking up on me and doing driveby drop offs of groceries and meals to take some of the stress off me as I juggled two jobs and school. I admire you for your perseverance and passion. Keep striving for greatness. To Derek, thank you for all the laughs. You know you really crazy right? Seeing you as a father brings joy to my heart. The way you take care of your daughters is a true testament to fatherhood. #Girldad. I am excited for you and your new journey as you make your mark on the world by having courageous conversations with your generation. You are growing into the kind of leader this country needs. Last but not least, to my baby boy, Darrien. The real talent of the family. BFC! I admire you for your gentle spirit, giving heart, and smile that lights up a room. You viii are an amazingly gifted person whose star will shine brighter than you could ever imagine. Thank you for always looking out for me and all your siblings. You are your father’s child. To those whose names I did not list, charge it to my head and not my heart. I love you all! To all the amazing Black boys and men who have been harmed by our educational system, this work is for you. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my Co-fusion family, this journey would not have been the same without you. From the meltdowns, to the potlucks, to the late night writing sessions, I appreciate all of you more than you will ever know. Special shout out to our Co-fusion caretaker, Denise, who kept us abreast of class schedules, assignment due dates, registration dates, etc.; not to mention, all the food she brought us over the years. As I write this letter at almost midnight, you are right here zooming with me even after defending your own dissertation.
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