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Travesías Mortales Travesías mortales Volumen 4 Niños migrantes desaparecidos La OIM está consagrada al principio de que la migración en forma ordenada y en condiciones humanas beneficia a los migrantes y a la sociedad. En su calidad de organismo intergubernamental, la OIM trabaja con sus asociados de la comunidad internacional para: ayudar a encarar los crecientes desafíos que plantea la gestión de la migración; fomentar la comprensión de las cuestiones migratorias; alentar el desarrollo social y económico a través de la migración; y velar por el respeto de la dignidad humana y el bienestar de los migrantes. Las opiniones expresadas en las publicaciones de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones(OIM) corresponden a los autores y no reflejan necesariamente las de la OIM. Las denominacionesempleadas en esta publicación y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene noimplican, juicio alguno por parte de la OIM sobre la condición jurídica de ningun país, territorio, ciudad o zona citados, o de sus autoridades, ni respecto del trazado de sus fronteras o límites. Este material ha sido financiado por UK Aid del Gobierno del Reino Unido ha financiado esta publicación, ello no obstante, las opiniones expresadas en la misma no reflejan necesariamente las políticas oficiales del Reino Unido. Publicado por: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones 17 route des Morillons C.P. 17 1211 Ginebra 19 Suiza Tel.: + 41 22 717 91 11 Fax: + 41 22 798 61 50 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Sitio web: www.iom.int © 2019 Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) UK Aid del Gobierno del Reino Unido ha financiado esta publicación, ello no obstante, las opiniones expresadas en la misma no reflejan necesariamente las políticas oficiales del Reino Unido. ISBN 978-92-9068-818-1 (Print) ISBN 978-92-9068-816-7 (PDF) Foto de portada: Una niña cruza la frontera serbocroata encaramada en los hombros de su padre. © OIM 2015/Francesco MALAVOLTA Esquematización gráfica de datos: Roberta Aita (Centro de Análisis de Datos Mundiales sobre Migración de la OIM) Quedan reservados todos los derechos. La presente publicación no podrá ser reproducida íntegra o parcialmente, ni archivada o transmitida por ningún medio (ya sea electrónico, mecánico, fotocopiado, grabado u otro), sin la autorización previa del editor. PUB2019/017/L Travesías mortales Volumen 4 Niños migrantes desaparecidos Editado por Frank Laczko, Julia Black y Ann Singleton* * Frank Laczko es el Director del Centro de Análisis de Datos Mundiales sobre la Migración de la OIM (GMDAC). Julia Black es la Coordinadora del Proyecto de la OIM sobre Migrantes Desaparecidos, con sede en el Centro de Análisis de Datos Mundiales sobre la Migración (GMDAC). Ann Singleton es Investigadora Superior en la Universidad de Bristol y Asesora Principal del Centro de Análisis de Datos Mundiales sobre la Migración. Travesías mortales Volumen 4 Niños migrantes desaparecidos Agradecimientos Los editores agradecen las inestimables aportaciones de los siguientes colegas de la OIM, que revisaron diferentes secciones de este volumen y que constantemente apoyan y orientan el Proyecto Migrantes Desaparecidos de la Organización: Flavio di Giacomo, Pınar Genç Akçakaya, Mohamed Zaki, Ana Dodevska, Oussama El Baroudi, Ryan Schroeder, Jeffrey Labovitz, Julia Hill-Mlati, Chiara Lucchini Gilera, Chris Lom, Vanina Modolo, Laura Bartolini, Ivona Zakoska- Todorovska, Kristina Uzelac, Rudi Maxwald, Jorge Andrés Gallo, Sofía Arce, Safa Msehli y Ericka Guevara. También dan las gracias a la División de Prensa y Comunicación por su apoyo a este informe y, más en general, al Proyecto Migrantes Desaparecidos, especialmente a Leonard Doyle y Joel Millman. En particular, expresan su gratitud a Kate Dearden, Marta Sánchez Dionis y Roberta Aita, del Centro de Análisis de Datos Mundiales sobre la Migración de la OIM, por la gran ayuda prestada en la elaboración del presente informe. Agradecen asimismo a Gabriella Sanchez y Simon Robins la revisión de la versión final de esta publicación, y dan las gracias a la Dra. Sanchez y al personal del Instituto Universitario Europeo de Florencia (Italia) por haber acogido la reunión preparatoria de expertos para este informe, y a los participantes en la reunión, por las esclarecedoras observaciones formuladas al respecto. Los editores también agradecen a la Unidad de Traducción al Español (SpTU) la traducción al español de Travesías mortales. Esta publicación no habría sido posible sin el apoyo de la Unidad de Publicaciones de la OIM, especialmente de Valerie Hagger, Frances Marie Solinap y Anna Lyn Constantino, así como de Janice Ruth de Belen, para la edición del original. iii Tumba de un niño desconocido en el cementerio cerca de Kato Tritos, en la isla de Lesbos (Grecia). © M.A. Sánchez-Vallejo/EL PAÍS Travesías mortales Volumen 4 Niños migrantes desaparecidos Índice Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................... iii Lista de gráficos y recuadros .............................................................................................. vi Resumen ejecutivo ........................................................................................................... vii Introducción ...................................................................................................................... ix por Julia Black Capítulo 1 Datos del Proyecto Migrantes Desaparecidos: Panorama global .........................................1 por Marta Sánchez Dionis y Kate Dearden 1.1. Introducción .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Proyecto Migrantes Desaparecidos: Definiciones, fuentes de datos y enfoques regionales ............................................................................................... 1 1.3. Niños migrantes ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4. Reseña de las muertes de migrantes registradas en 2018 ........................................8 1.5. Información actualizada: Datos del PMD para el primer trimestre de 2019 ...........40 1.6. Conclusión ............................................................................................................... 41 Capítulo 2 Vulnerabilidades de los niños migrantes o afectados por el desplazamiento forzoso .........53 por Claus Bech Hansen, Jan Beise y Danzhen You 2.1. Introducción ............................................................................................................ 53 2.2. Riesgos y vulnerabilidad de los niños migrantes u obligados a desplazarse ...........54 2.3. Conteo de los niños desarraigados e invisibles .......................................................62 2.4. Conclusión y recomendaciones ............................................................................... 66 Capítulo 3 Obligaciones jurídicas de los Estados respecto de las muertes y desapariciones de niños migrantes ................................................................................73 por Jacqueline Bhabha 3.1. Introducción: Obligación general de los Estados de proteger a los niños durante la migración ............................................................................. 73 3.2. Obligaciones de los Estados respecto de las muertes y desapariciones de niños migrantes ...................................................................... 77 3.3. Objetivo 8 del Pacto Mundial para la Migración: Salvar vidas y emprender iniciativas internacionales coordinadas sobre los migrantes desaparecidos ..........79 3.4. Conclusión: Resumen de los resultados y recomendaciones ..................................82 Capítulo 4 Consideraciones éticas en la investigación sobre los niños migrantes desaparecidos ........87 por Samuel Okyere 4.1. Introducción ............................................................................................................ 87 4.2. Desafíos y riesgos de la migración infantil.............................................................. 87 4.3. Ética de la investigación sobre los niños migrantes desaparecidos.........................88 4.4. Conclusión y recomendaciones ............................................................................... 97 Capítulo 5 Conclusión: balance de una cuestión compleja – los pasos siguientes ............................. 105 por Ann Singleton 5.1. Qué se sabe ........................................................................................................... 106 5.2. Qué hay que hacer y cómo hacerlo .......................................................................107 5.3. El camino a seguir ................................................................................................. 109 Anexo 1 Declaración de Mitilini para el tratamiento digno de todas las personas desaparecidas y fallecidas y sus familias ......................................................................... 119 v Travesías mortales | Volumen 4 Índice Lista de gráficos Gráfico 1. Muertes y desapariciones de niños migrantes documentadas entre 2014 y 2018 .............7 Gráfico 2. Muertes de migrantes registradas en todo el mundo en 2018 ...........................................9 Gráfico 3. Tasas de mortalidad entre los migrantes que cruzan el Mediterráneo central, 2016-2018 ..................................................................................... 15 Gráfico 4. Muertes de migrantes registradas en Europa, 2014-2018 ................................................20
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