The Finger of God (Exodus 7:14–10:29) Introduction There Are Some Tragedies in Life Which Are Simply That—Tragedies

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Finger of God (Exodus 7:14–10:29) Introduction There Are Some Tragedies in Life Which Are Simply That—Tragedies Exodus Study Deffinbaugh Notes Oct 13, 2014 The Finger of God (Exodus 7:14–10:29) Introduction There are some tragedies in life which are simply that—tragedies. The crash of Delta flight 191 this past Friday evening is certainly one of those tragedies. No one would dare, at this point in time, to call this tragedy an act of divine judgment. It is simply one of those tragedies which is a part of the sufferings and sadness of life. There are also tragedies which have a very positive and beneficial purpose. The tragedies of Job’s life, for example, were beneficial to his walk of faith. The “tragedy” of the cross of Christ was beneficial, for it is through His death that we can be saved. The sufferings of the nation Israel during the 400 years of their slavery in Egypt also will, in the drama of Israel’s history in the Book of Exodus (and in the course of our study), prove to be beneficial. There are also those tragedies which are the outworking of the wrath of God. The plagues which God brings upon the Egyptians are a part of God’s judgment of Pharaoh and his people for their oppression of His people, the Israelites (cf. Gen. 15:13-14; Deut. 11:1-4; Ps. 78:44-52). This is a side of God’s dealings with men which we would like to ignore, but we dare not. The judgment of the Egyptians is given a significant amount of space in the Book of Exodus. If we are sensitive to God’s “editorial policy” then we must acknowledge that this judgment is important for us, as well as for the Old Testament saints. Not only does Moses go into a great deal of detail in describing the plagues of the Exodus, but this incident is frequently referred to throughout the Old Testament and the New. Thus we must come to the plagues as a rather unpleasant subject, but one that is vitally important to each of us. At the conclusion of this message we shall seek to explain why. In response to the suffering of the Israelites (chap. 1), God has called Moses, whom He has divinely protected and prepared for the task of delivering His people from Egypt (chaps. 2-4). After considerable resistance, Moses has returned to Egypt, where he has been received by the elders and the people of Israel, rebuffed by Pharaoh, to the consternation of the Israelites. In chapter 7 we come to the beginning of the plagues which God will bring upon Egypt through Moses and Aaron. Because of the significance of the final (10th) plague, we shall make it the subject of our next lesson. This lesson will focus on the first nine plagues, which seem to have a distinct pattern of their own, as will be pointed out shortly. The resistance (hardened heart) of Pharaoh and the resulting plagues come as no surprise, either to Moses or to the reader. God had foretold the necessity of the plagues which were to be brought upon Egypt: “But I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go unless a mighty hand compels him. So I will stretch out my hand and strike the Egyptians with all the wonders that I will perform among them. After that, he will let you go” (Exod. 3:19-20). Pharaoh may have found the petition to release the Israelites for three days so that they could worship their God in the wilderness especially irksome, for two principle reasons. First, he would not be inclined to acknowledge the existence of some other God, especially since he, himself, was regarded as a god. Second, religious observances necessitated a “day off,” and there seem to have been a sufficient number of those already: But Pharaoh contemptuously dismissed this God as one more obscure Semitic godling—there were already enough religious holidays and festivals on which no work was done, and this was just an excuse to be idle (Ex. v. 8, 17). … As for absence from work, Egyptian ostraca … include journals of work that give a day-to-day record of absenteeism, names of absentees, and reasons. One ostracon shows that the workmen of the royal tomb were idle at one period for thirty days out of forty-eight. One journal of absences takes note of several workmen, ‘offering to his god’ … and the laconic entry wsf, ‘idle,’ is not infrequent in such journals.1 One wonders if the “days off” which religious worship necessitated might not have been a factor in Israel’s worship of the gods of Egypt (cf. Josh. 24:14). After all, by simply going along with the worship of the various Egyptian deities, a brief rest from their hard labor was the reward for the Israelites. For many reasons, Pharaoh was unwilling to release the Israelites so that they could worship their God. This necessitated the demonstration of the mighty hand of God through the plagues, which would compel Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. The Nature of the Plagues Before we look briefly at each of the plagues individually, it will be helpful to consider all of the plagues as a unit. When we seek to discern the nature of the plagues, explanations generally fall into one of these categories:2 1 K. A. Kitchen, “Moses,” The New Bible Dictionary, J. D. Douglas, ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1962), p. 846. 2 Davis gives three categories. John J. Davis, Moses and the Gods of Egypt (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1971), pp. 84-85. 1 Exodus Study Deffinbaugh Notes Oct 13, 2014 (1) The plagues were mere myth. There are those who hold that none of the plagues which are described in this portion of Exodus as though they were miracles even occurred. This account, some believe, is merely a fabrication, myths which are fabricated to dramatically or creatively communicate certain religious beliefs. This view cannot be taken seriously, for it fails to take the Bible seriously, certainly not as the inspired Word of God. (2) The plagues did occur, but were not miraculous. Such scholars take the events to be natural disasters which were common in Egypt, and which were interpreted as an act of divine judgment. This is an improvement over the first view in that it takes the text more seriously. It, however, fails because it does not want to find anything miraculous here, either. The event is true, but the miraculous element is false, being added by the author(s) for ideological or theological reasons. (3) The plagues did occur as natural disasters, which were moderately miraculous. There are some writers who would be included in the camp of evangelicals who still lean a bit too far (in my opinion) toward the second view. These “miracles” would appear to be either Class C or Class B miracles, but not really first class (Class A) miracles. The miraculous element is to be found, we are told, in the timing and intensity of the natural disaster. K. A. Kitchen3 and Alan Cole4 both seem to fall into this category. The Nile turned to blood is viewed either as having reached flood stage, laden with red colored silt, or with some kind of micro-organism, which gave the river a red color. All of the other eight plagues are a kind of aftermath, a natural outworking, of the first plague.5 While nature is certainly employed (frogs, storms, locusts, etc.), there is something here which is more miraculous than just a greater-than-average natural disaster. These miracles were signs, and thus significantly out of the ordinary. (4) The plagues involved nature and natural forces, but in a way that was designed to be decidedly and convincingly miraculous.6 As the magicians put it, “This is the finger of God.” There is a tension which we must be willing to acknowledge. On the one hand, the text tells us that the Nile was turned to blood. On the other, we know that elsewhere, “blood” is used in a non-literal way. We are told in Joel 2:31 and Revelation 6:12 that the “moon will be “turned to blood.” In the final analysis, we must take the text as literally and seriously as possible. Our motivation must be to understand the passage as it was written, and not in accordance with the explanation which is most believable. Joseph P. Free lists five unique aspects of the plagues which set them apart as miraculous events. These are as follows: (1) Intensification. While frogs, insects, murrain and darkness were known in Egypt, these were intensified far beyond any ordinary occurrence. (2) Prediction. The fact that Moses predicted the moment of the arrival and departure sets them apart from purely natural occurrences (cf. 8:10, 23; 9:5, 18, 29; 10:4). (3) Discrimination. Certain of the plagues did not occur in the land of Goshen where Israel was living (8:22, no flies; 9:4, no murrain; 9:26, no hail). (4) Orderliness. There is a gradual severity in the nature of the plagues concluding with the death of the firstborn. (5) Moral Purpose. “These were not freaks of nature but were designed to teach moral precepts and lessons.”7 The “Miracles” of the Magicians 3 “The element of miracle in these plagues is usually bound up with their intensity, timing, and duration. By far the most painstaking study of the plague phenomena is that by G. Hort in ZAW LXIX, 1957, pp. 84-1-3, and ZAW LXX, 1958, pp.
Recommended publications
  • Biblical Interpretation
    Biblical Interpretation Encounter: Experiencing God in Everyday Ascension Press BI 200.49 Interactive 2013 DVD Eight 30 min sesssions Part of a Series Encounter: Experiencing God in the Everyday is more than a Bible study program. It is a life- changing experience that speaks directly to the hearts and minds of middle school aged kids. Designed specifically for 6th to 8th grades, Encounter uses the color-coded Bible Timeline learning system to reveal the story of our faith and God’s plan for our lives. Galatians: Set Free to Live Ascension Press BI 200.47 Interactive 2013 DVD Eight 50 min sessions Part of a Series Paul’s letter to the Galatians speaks directly to the heart of Christians and addresses the most important question we can ask: “What must we do to be saved?” This fascinating letter reveals the merciful love that God the Father has for us, his children. It speaks of the extraordinary gift of salvation that Jesus has won for us, and it explains how we can unite ourselves to Christ’s redeeming sacrifice through faith and love. Galatians is a study that will reignite your love for God as you learn of the astonishing love God has for you. Tuesday, December 17, 2013 Biblical Interpretation Page 1 of 17 The Christ: A Faithful Picture of Jesus from the Gospels Saint Benedict Press BI 200.34 Instructional 2011 DVD Eight 30 min. sessions Part of a Series The best place to find out who Jesus is in the Bible, specifically in the Gospels. All four evangelists have different presentations of Jesus in their Gospels.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East Meteorology - H.M
    TROPICAL METEOROLOGY- Middle East Meteorology - H.M. Hasanean MIDDLE EAST METEOROLOGY H.M. Hasanean Meteorology Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University Keywords: Middle East Meteorology, Arid and sub arid climate, Dust storm, Climate change, Circulation systems. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Middle East Definition 1.2 Overview of the Middle East Climate 2. Regional climate in the Middle East climate 2.1 Climate of Egypt 2.2 Climate of the Arabian Peninsula an Overview 2.3 Climate of Syria 2.4 Climate of Lebanon 2.5 Climate Jordan 2.6 Climate of Israel and Palestine 2.7 Climate of Cyprus 2.8 Climate of Iraq 2.9 Climate of Turkey 2.10 Climate of Iran 3. Dust storms over the Middle East 3.1 Types of Dust Storms 3.2 Synoptic Analysis of Dust Storms in the Middle East 4. Climate change over the Middle East climate 5. Climate change impacts on water resources in Middle East 6. Circulation systems affect the climate of the Middle East 6.1 Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on Middle Eastern Climate 6.2 Impact of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Middle East Climate 6.3 The Role of Highs Pressure (Siberian and Subtropical High Pressure) and Indian Low Pressure on Middle Eastern Climate 6.4 The roleUNESCO of Jet streams on Middle East – Climate EOLSS 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary SAMPLE CHAPTERS Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. Although much of the Middle East region has a Mediterranean climate type, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • The Finger of God (Exodus 31:18) Expository Lessons from the Book of Exodus ______
    The Finger of God (Exodus 31:18) Expository Lessons from the Book of Exodus ______________________________________________________________________________ I. Review from the Previous Lessons a. Moses and his assistant Joshua had gone up Mount Sinai (Read Exodus 24:9-15). i. They were called up by the Lord, Who said He would be giving Moses the 10 Commandments on stone tablets. ii. They left the elders behind and left Aaron and Hur in charge, with the instructions “wait for us until we come back”. b. Moses fasted for 40 days during this time. c. While up on the mountain, the Lord showed Moses the pattern for the tabernacle and gave very specific instructions for constructing it, as well as for anointing and clothing the high priest (Aaron) and the priests (his sons) who would serve there. i. We have spent the past several lessons discussing that in detail. ii. It explains in Hebrews that the tabernacle is a physical representation of spiritual realities (heaven, the church, Jesus foreshadowed by the High Priest, etc.). d. Now Moses is about to descend the mountain and return to his people. II. Written with the Finger of God a. Read Exodus 31:18. b. Then let us also read Exodus 32:15 and 34:27-28, which provide more details regarding the stone tablets. c. Details we learn regarding the stone tablets: i. At the end of speaking with Moses, the Lord gives him the two stone tablets. ii. The tablets are engraved with writing on both sides. iii. From the second time that the stones are created (Exodus 34:27-28), we know that the 10 Commandments are written on them.
    [Show full text]
  • FINGER of GOD?: Claims and Controversies of Book of Mormon Translation 30 Kevin Cantera
    00a_working cover_bottom:Cover.qxd 12/10/2010 2:57 Pm Page 2 SUNSTONE MORMON EXPERIENCE,, SCHOLARSHIP, ISSUUEESS,, ANDD ARTT written by the the by by written written fingerfinger ofof God?God? Claims and Controversies of Book of Mormon Translation Translation by Don Bradley december 2010—$7.50 uTahuTah eugeneeugene inTerviewinTerview TheThe FamilyFamily CounTy’sCounTy’s england’sengland’s withwith TheThe LonelyLonely Forum:Forum: dreamdream minemine byby CalCulaTedCalCulaTed PolygamistPolygamist authorauthor AA New New ColumNColumN kevinkevin CanteraCantera riskrisk byby BradyBrady udalludall byby michaelmichael (p.31)(p.31) CharlotteCharlotte (p.66)(p.66) FarnworthFarnworth (p.57)(p.57) hansenhansen (p.38)(p.38) 00b_inside cover:cover.qxd 12/2/2010 11:18 pm page 1 Your year-end Our Loyal donation To: Thanks he ers makes all t subscrib difference. SUNSTONE invites writers to enter the 2011 Eugene England Memorial Personal Essay Contest, made possible by the Eugene and Charlotte England Education Fund. In the spirit of Gene’s writings, entries should relate to Latter-day Saint experience, theology, or worldview. Essays, without author identification, will be judged by noted Mormon authors and professors of literature. Winners will be announced by 31 May 2011 on Sunstone’s website, SUNSTONEMAGAZINE.COM. Winners only will be notified by mail. After the announcement, all other entrants will be free to submit their stories elsewhere. PRIZES: A total of $450 will be shared among the winning entries. RULES: 1. Up to three entries may be submitted by any one author. Send manuscript in PDF or Word format to [email protected] by 28 FEBRUARY 2011. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Ps 134: Comparative Politics of the Middle East
    PS 134: COMPARATIVE POLITICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST Malik Mufti Spring 2011 Packard 111 (x 72016) Office Hours: Tuesdays & Thursdays (12:00 – 1:00) Purpose This survey course looks at the political development of the Arab states, Turkey, and Iran since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. It analyzes the various factors that shape the political institutions, actors, and ideologies of these states – factors such as history, culture, religion, economics, and foreign intervention – and tries to reach some conclusions about the prospects for future socio-economic and political change, including liberalization, in the Muslim Middle East. As such, the course seeks to provide students with an empirically rich regional case study of some of the central concerns of comparative politics theory in general. Requirements Class will meet from 10:30 to 11:45 on Tuesdays and Thursdays (D+ block) in Eaton 202. There will be one map quiz (worth 5% of the final grade) on 8 February, one mid-term (30%) on 17 March, and a final exam (40%). Students are expected to do all the assigned readings as well as participate in class discussions, which will count for 25% of the final grade. Readings The following books (indicated in bold in the Course Outline) should be bought at the Tufts Bookstore: 1. Larry Diamond et al. (eds.). Islam and Democracy in the Middle East 2. John L. Esposito. Islam: The Straight Path 3. David E. Long et al. (eds.). The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa 4. Roger Owen. State, Power, and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East The rest of the readings either have URL's provided in this syllabus for downloading, or will be delivered to you directly.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARACTERISTICS SEVER STORM OVER EGYPT 2-Types of Storms
    4th European Conference On sever Storms 10-14 September 2007 –Trieste –ITALY CHARACTERISTICS SEVER STORM OVER EGYPT Fathi Mohamed El-ashmawy ( Egyptian Meteorological Authority) P.O Box: 11784:Koubry El-quobba Cairo ,Egypt e-mail address [email protected] 1- INTRODUCTION Egypt located in north east of Africa Dust storm Number of occurance of sandstorm over Cairo during the period phenomenon over Egypt is considered to be 1968-2005 most striking weather hazard ,dust ,sand are raised from the ground by strong southerly wind 14 13 or south west coming from west Africa toward 12 11 11 east parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean to 10 depending on meteorological conditions &state 9 8 8 of soil including the size of the particles .we 7 discuss the meteorological conditions which 6 6 6 6 N ofoccarance causes dust &sand storm s over Egypt and 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 general patterns of 2 2 22 2 2 2 22 22 11 11 1 0 0 0 0 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2-Types of storms years There are three types of dust storms that 3-RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS affect over north Africa & middle east After investigate the synoptic charts surface A- Sahara depression (desert cyclone ) and upper air levels we can restricts the formed in the lee side of Atlas Mount. reasons of sand storms over North Africa Range during spring and Egypt by the following * El-Tantawy ( 1969 ) showed that when In winter cold and dry southerly winds north air cross the mount .
    [Show full text]
  • A Bible Study of the Sabbath
    A Bible Study of the Sabbath By Carl Lungstrum Version 2020-01 Copyright 2020 by Carl Lungstrum Permission is granted to reproduce for Bible Study purposes, both private and group studies Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................. 2 Lesson 1: Facts About the Sabbath (Part 1) ............................................ 3 Lesson 2: Facts About the Sabbath (Part 2) ............................................ 5 Lesson 3: The Sabbath Commandment is in the Law of Moses ............. 7 Lesson 4: The Christian’s Sabbath is a Promised Rest, Which is Not a Day of the Week .......................................... 10 Lesson 5: The Sabbath Observance Command is Taken Away ............. 12 Lesson 6: The Covenants Contrasted ...................................................... 15 Lesson 7: Jesus and the Sabbath ............................................................. 17 Lesson 8: The Apostles, Christianity, and the Sabbath ........................... 20 Lesson 9: Same Laws – Different Covenants ......................................... 22 Lesson 10: Sabbatarian Arguments Answered ....................................... 24 Lesson 11: Related Matters to Modern Sabbath Observance ................. 27 Series Conclusion..................................................................................... 30 Page 1 Introduction The Sabbath is a Bible subject which needs to be understood by Christians, as God teaches some great lessons through this subject in both
    [Show full text]
  • MOST ANCIENT EGYPT Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu MOST ANCIENT EGYPT oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber MOST ANCIE NT EGYPT William C. Hayes EDITED BY KEITH C. SEELE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO & LONDON oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-17294 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1964, 1965 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1965. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER HAYES 1903-1963 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER HAYES was on the day of his premature death on July 10, 1963 the unrivaled chief of American Egyptologists. Though only sixty years of age, he had published eight books and two book-length articles, four chapters of the new revised edition of the Cambridge Ancient History, thirty-six other articles, and numerous book reviews. He had also served for nine years in Egypt on expeditions of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the institution to which he devoted his entire career, and more than four years in the United States Navy in World War II, during which he was wounded in action-both periods when scientific writing fell into the background of his activity. He was presented by the President of the United States with the bronze star medal and cited "for meritorious achievement as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. VIGILANCE ... in the efficient and expeditious sweeping of several hostile mine fields.., and contributing materially to the successful clearing of approaches to Okinawa for our in- vasion forces." Hayes' original intention was to work in the field of medieval arche- ology.
    [Show full text]
  • Embattled in Arabia
    CombatingTerrorism Center at West Point ALL FBI INFOPNATIO5 CONTAINED HEPEIN IS UNCLASSIFIED DATE oHO9sO12 BY 65179 DUN./STbJ Occasional Paper Series Shia Militancy Program Embattled in Arabia Shiis and the Politics of Confrontation in Saudi Arabia TobyJones June 2009 ACLURM045257 1bIU441D Preface In the years following the attacks of September 11 2001 the Combating Terrorism Center CTC at West Point has extended significant efforts to understand the ideologies and strategies guiding terrorist groups as well as the tactics and techniques they employ to inflict damage on their adversaries As became painfully evident on 9/11 Al Qaeda and its associated groups and networks Sunni extremist movements posed the most formidable terrorist threat to U.S national security For that reason the CTCs research program focused on analyzing trends pertaining to Sunni militant groups Although there is little reason to believe that threats emanating from Sunni in extremist groups will subside the foreseeable future number of recent international developments suggest that activities involving Shfi state and non- state actors also have the potential to affect U.S national security interests The deliberate strategy pursued by Iran to extend its influence abroad the military build-up of Hizbailah and the global diffusion of its cells sectarian violence in Pakistan Saudi Arabia Yemen the Gulf States and other regions and the emergence of previously unknown militant Shii groups in places such as Iraq are only few examples for why the growing specter of Shia militancy
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Commandments
    July 10, 2021 10 COMMANDMENTS In the Septuagint (or LXX), the "ten words" was translated as "Decalogue", which is derived from Greek dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation, deka logous. This term is also sometimes used in English, in addition to Ten Commandments. The Tyndale and Coverdale English biblical translations used "ten verses". The Geneva Bible, Bishops' Bible, and the Authorized Version (the "King James" version) use "ten commandments", which is common to most major English versions. The stone tablets, as opposed to the ten commandments inscribed on them, are called Lukhot HaBrit, meaning "the tablets of the covenant". The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, "there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After "the Lord came down upon mount Sinai", Moses went up briefly and returned with stone tablets and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 "God spoke" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the "ten commandments" as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19–20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses. The people were afraid to hear more and moved "afar off", and Moses responded with "Fear not." Nevertheless, he drew near the "thick darkness" where "the presence of the Lord" was to hear the additional statutes and "judgments", all which he "wrote" in the "book of the covenant" which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Problems Regarding Moses John Hord
    Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 37 Article 4 Number 37 Fall 1997 10-1-1997 Two Problems Regarding Moses John Hord Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Hord, John (1997) "Two Problems Regarding Moses," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 37 : No. 37 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol37/iss37/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Hord: Two Problems Regarding Moses 16 COMPARATIVE CIVILIZATIONS REVIEW TWO PROBLEMS REGARDING MOSES 1) WHO WAS THE GOD OF THE EXODUS? 2) WHERE WAS THE HOLY MOUNTAIN? JOHN K. HORD The International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations is based on the idea that many problems can be use- fully addressed from the multi-civilizational viewpoint. This paper will analyze two long-standing Biblical problems on that basis. The first involves only looking at well-known knowledge from a new, multi-civilizational perspective, and so will be pre- sented briefly. The second is more interdisciplinary, touching obscure byways of geology, meteorology, and exploration reports. 1) WHO WAS THE GOD OF THE EXODUS? One of the more popular Biblical mysteries of the last hun- dred years has involved Moses' true name. The Greek "Moses," Hebrew "Mosheh," is in Jewish tradition derived from some par- ticipial form of the Hebrew verb ma sa, "to draw out." Most scholars now believe the origin to be the Egyptian "-mose," a particle found in many Egyptian names.
    [Show full text]
  • Harvard University | History Department
    Harvard University Afsaneh Najmabadi 2015 Address: Women, Gender, and Sexuality Also: Department of History Bolyston Hall G33, Harvard Yard Robinson Hall Harvard University Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Cambridge, MA 02138 Tel: 617-496-7460 FAX: 617-496-9855 email: [email protected] Education: University of Manchester, 1984, Ph.D., Sociology. Harvard University, 1970, M.A., Theoretical Particle Physics. Harvard University, 1968, B.A., Physics, summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa. Employment: The Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Professor of Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, Harvard University, starting July 1, 2001. 1992-2001: Department of Women's Studies, Barnard College, Columbia University. 1989-1992: Visiting Lecturer in Islamic Studies, Harvard Divinity School. 1989-1991: Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Wellesley College. 1987-1988: Teaching Assistant, Core Program, Harvard University. 1985-1987: Visiting Lecturer, Department of Government, Harvard University. Fellowships and Grants: External: 2014-16, National Endowment for the Humanities, Women’s Worlds in Qajar Iran. 2012-14, National Endowment for the Humanities, Women’s Worlds in Qajar Iran. 2013-14, Roshan Cultural Institute, Women’s Worlds in Qajar Iran. 2009-11, National Endowment for the Humanities, Women’s Worlds in Qajar Iran: A Digital Archive and Website, with four other scholars. 2001-02, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. 1997, Social Science Research Council. Declined. 1994-95, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. 1988-1989, Harvard Divinity School, Research Associate and Visiting Lecturer in Women's Studies in Religion Program. 1988-1989, Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women, Brown University, Post-doctoral Fellow. 1984-85, Harvard University, Nemazee Fellow at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
    [Show full text]