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-1 \k-3- Seventeenth-Century Week St. Mary, Cornwa I I , including an edition of the probate records, 1 598 to 1 699. S. A. Raymond. A dissertation submitted in fu i fi lment of the requi rements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Depantment of History of the Un i vers ity of Adelaide. August, 1 988. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL hlHICH HAS BEEN ACCEPTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANY OTHER DEGREE OR DIPLOMA IN ANY UNIVERSITY AND TO THE BEST OF MY KNOl/JLEDGE AND BELIEF CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED OR I.{RITTEN BY ANOTHER PERSON, EXCEPT l,lHEN DUE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT. August, 1 9BB. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when depo'sited in the Adelaide University LÍbrary, being avai lable for loan and photocopying. August , 1 988. -. j t . : .: :r::t :!,. l Abstûact This thesis is a history of a small, remote, seventeenth- century North Cornish parish, together with an edition of i ts probate records . Topography , demog ra phy , mob i I i ty , the structure of Iand ovtnersh ip and occupation, wealth, credit, agriculture, occupations, materÍal possessions, I iteracy, rel igious bel iefs, and inherÍtance customs are ana lysed. Week St. Mary' s pastora I economy was based on a dispersed pattern of land ot/nership, and small family farms. The inventories reveal no really wealthy inhabitants; conversely, extreme poverty amongst Iocal people was also rare, despite the fact that wealth levels þrere low. Wealth increased consÍderably towards the end of the century; this increase was associated with improved material goods, the beginnings of literacy amongst lvomen, and, arguably, the growth of rel igious commitment. These changes took pl ace within an unusually stable social structure. Inheritance customs, combined with the demographic pattern, ensured that the structure of land ownership and occupation. remaÍned stable from the mid-sixteenth century unti I wel I into the nineteenth century. Diffusion of control over land, combined with the di spersed settlement pattern, produced a soc iety of petty capitat ists who saved their rrages whi lst in service in o.rder to purchase a lease and Secure their obrn I ivel ihood in the market. lt Contents Volume 1 Page Abstract i Ac know I edgements vii List of Tables xi Preface xiii Abbreviations XV Maps: Week St. Mary in the Early Modern xvii Per i od North Cornwa I I and North-West XVIII Devon: Parishes within 10 miles of t,leek St. Mary Chapter 1 I ntroduct i on Chapter 2 The Phys i ca I Sett i ng 9 Chapter 3 The Demographic Setting 16 Chapter 4 Geographic Mobility 26 Chapter 5 The Pattern of Land 0wnership and 49 0ccupat i on A: Manorial History 49 B: Smaller Estates 54 C: The Tenants 5B D: Conclusion 71 Chapter 6 The l.lealth of the Community 75 A: The Ev i dence of Taxat i on 76 B: The Value of Probate Inventories 90 C: Increasing l.lealth in a Poor 99 ParÍsh D: The Effect of the Civil War 109 E: The Poor and the Not So Poor 110 Chapter 7: CredÍt 122 Chapter 8: Agriculture 140 Chapter 9: Trades and CaI I i ngs 172 Chapter 10: Material Conditions 202 A: Hous i ng 202 B: Household Goods 211 C: Beds and Bedd i ng 219 D: Tables and Seating 229 E: Storage Furn iture 234 Page F: Lighting and Heating 235 G: The Kitchen 238 H: Clothing 244 I : t'lork i ng Too I s and Imp i ement s 248 J: Conclusion 257 Chapter 11: L i teracy and Learn i ng 259 Chapter 12: Spiritual Life 278 Chapter 13: l.lÍ11-Making: the Motives of 290 Testators Chapter 1 4: Conclusion: Stabi I ity and Change 317 Append i x A: Lost Probate Records 322 Appendix B: Editorial Methods 327 Glossary 333 Bibliography 355 Vo I ume 2. The Probate Records 1 Colwill, William C 1 597 1 2 Mi lton, Richard I^l I 1600 6 3 Mi Iton, Degory hl 1600 11 4 Hoare, l^la Iter W I 1601 / 2 14 5 Beaford, Thomas l,J I 1602 19 6 Rolle, George bl I 1602/3 25 7 Cowling, John l,I I 1602/3 30 I 0liver, William l^l I 1 603 35 9 Cory, Mathew A I 604 39 10 Mill, Mary A 1606 41 11 Sutcott, Richard W 1 607 43 12 Pawley, John l,l I I 608 45 13 Tucker, Nichol as I^l I 1 608 4B 14 Palmer, RÍchard l,l I 1609/ 10 51 15 Mi lton, John l.l I 1610 56 16 Jones, Owen l^l I 7 1611 59 17 Anderson, Judith l.l I 1612 64 r8 Mi lton, Edward I A 1 613 67 19 Pethick, l.lilliam w I 161 4 70 20 0rchard, Robert t^l I 1614 76 21 Taylor, John t^l I 1614 81 22 Gri st, Samue I A I 1615 84 23 Beaford , Benj am i n l^l I 1617 88 24 Bastard, Roger l^J I 1617 92 25 Blackdon, Agnes W I 1617 / 18 97 26 Pa i nter, Robert t^l I 1617 / 18 1 00 27 Burnbery, Joan l^l I 1619 1 04 28 French, Simon l,l I 1620 1 09 29 Kers I ake Al i ce, nee Jones l,l 1620 1 14 30 Mi lton, Arthur I^l I 1620/ 1 1 16 IV Page 31 Milton, William W, I 1621 / 2 121 32 Dobeli als l,lilliams, Robert l,l, I 1622/3 126 33 Axford, William l,{, I 1622/3 129 34 Hartsett, Franc i s I.l, I 1623/4 132 35 Headon, Thomas i ne l'J, I 1624 135 36 Trewi n, George I.J, I 1 624 138 37 Woo I fe , Thoma s [{, I, A 1625 142 38 Marten, Priscilla W 1625 146 39 French, Jul iana l,J, I 162s / 6 148 40 Cocke, John I,J, I 1626 153 41 Rolle, Andrew l^.l 1 628 156 42 B I ake, Thomas lr{, I, z 1628 166 43 B I ake, Ambrose A 1628 172 44 Cowling, Leonard I,l, I 1629 17 4 45 Lang, James and Mary I, A 1629 177 46 Saunders, John l,J, I 1 629 180 47 Pearce, Joh n [.l, I, c 1629 186 48 Colwi I l, Jo hn I^l, I 1 630 194 49 Ki nsman , Th omas l.,f, I 1 630 198 50 Burdon, Geo rge I, A 1630 / 1 203 51 Colwill, l.lÍ Iliam [.l, I 1631 205 52 BIake, l.lill iam l.l, I 1631 212 53 0rchard, William !'l, I 1632/3 218 54 Pearce, Jane l,J, I 1635 / 6 221 55 Leigh, George l.l, I 1636 224 56 Cory, Thomas A 1636/7 232 57 Colwill, Thomas w, I 1637 234 5B Mi I I , Charles I 1 637 239 59 Dodg i ng , Thoma s I 1 637 242 60 Beaford, Degory l^l, I I 638 245 61 Beaford, Agnes l^l, I I 638 249 62 B I ake, Joan l,l, I 1 638/ 9 252 63 Trefry, Mary l^l, I 1 638/ 9 258 64 Leigh, John I, 1639 261 65 Colwi I l, t.lalter },l, I 1639 265 66 Pawley, Agnes l,{, I 1 639/40 270 67 B I ake, Jane I.J, I 1641 273 68 Colwill, Thomasine l,,l, I 1641 / 2 278 69 Woolfe, John I.l, I 1641 / 2 283 70 Bryant, John l^l, I 1641 / 2 286 71 Saunders, l,lilliam l,J, I 1642 291 72 Woolridge, l,lalter }{, I 1642 295 73 Cann, l,lilliam l.l, I 1 643 299 74 Cocke, Al Í ce l^l, I 1 643 302 75 Northam, l'lillÍam t.l 1643/4 305 76 Northam, ElLzabeth }.l, I 1643 / 4 307 77 l.loo I fe, Margaret I^l, I 1 645 310 78 0rchard als Milhouse, I 1 645 314 Thomas i ne, 79 Egbeare, Philip I, A 1646 316 80 Wheare, Timothy l,l, I 1 646 319 81 MI Iton, John I 1646/7 322 82 ClÍfton, William I 1646/7 324 B3 Trewin, Degory l^J, I 1647 329 84 Pethick, Eleanor A 1 647 332 v Page 85 0liver, Degory t^l, I I 648 334 86 Cory, Thomas l^l, I 1 648 338 87 Trick, Judith l^'f, I I 648 341 88 Trewin, Joan I^l, I 1650 344 89 Tucker, John v\l 1 651 348 90 Pethick, William W 1651 / 2 350 91 French, llalter l,J 1653 353 92 Mi Iton, Arthur l,l 1654 355 93 Dodging, William l^l 1 654 357 94 Leigh, l,{eymond Ì./ 1654 359 95 Mi lton, Thomas l.l 1655 364 96 Marrais als Skinner, William l^l 1 657 366 97 Milton, l,Jilliam b/ 16s7 /8 370 98 Mill, Avis W, I 1658 / s 372 99 Causey, George hl 1659 37s 100 Cory, Joseph l^l 1661 379 101 Leigh, Walter W, I 1662 382 102 Leigh, Degory A 1662/3 387 103 Langford, John ht, I 1662 / 3 389 104 Pethick, Simon hl 1663 392 105 Peth i ck, Humphry I^l, I 1663 395 106 Hart I and, Ra I ph I, A 1663 / 4 398 107 Lamerton, Alice *, A 1663/ 4 401 108 Keen, John I, A 1664 406 109 Keen, Simon hl, I 1664/5 409 110 Langford, El izabeth I, A 1665 412 111 Trewin, Andrew I^l, I 1665 415 112 Hele, Mi I I I, A 1665 / 6 419 113 Milton, Priscilla l^/, I 1 667 422 114 Pethick, Joseph I, A 1667 /8 425 115 Jordan, Walter l^l, I, A 1667 /8 429 116 BIake, Thomas l.l, I 1668 433 117 Colwill, William I 1 668 436 118 Lamerton, l.lilliam I, A 1669 438 119 Dodg i ng , Thoma s f^l, I 167 0 441 120 Colwi I i, John I^l, I 1670/1 445 121 Saunders, John I^l, I 167 1 451 122 C I ifton, Thomas I, A 167 1 455 123 Blake, Andrew l^l, I 1671/2 459 1?4 Prust, Hugh l.J, I 167 2 466 125 Honey , Ri chard I, A 167 2 469 126 Matthew, John I, A, c 167 2 472 127 Matthew, }lilliam l.l, I 167 2/3 476 128 Baker, John I, A, c 167 3 479 129 French, Simon c, A 167 4 483 130 Fol ly, John }l, I 1674/5 486 131 Jewel l, Edward l,l, I 167516 491 132 Keen, Grace I, A 1676/7 49s 133 Drew, John I, A 1676/7 498 134 B I ake, Andrew I, A, c 167 7 502 135 Dodging, Grace I.l, I 1677 509 136 Jewel l, Joan hl, I 167 7 512 137 Bickton, William I, A 167 B 515 138 Rattenbury, Nathan iel I, A, C 167 9 519 139 Blake, Arthur I, A 1 680/ 1 525 140 Sheere, Nathaniel I, A 1 681 528 vi Page 141 Pethick, Joan I, A c 1683 532 142 Prust, Henry I, A c 1683 537 143 Lamerton, Mary I, A I 683 543 144 Peth i ck, Joseph I, A 1 684 546 145 Deeson, Anthony }{, I 1 686 551 146 Leigh, John l,{, I 1687 /8 554 147 Auger, Thomas I^/, I 1 688 559 148 Cowling, William I, A 1 689 562 149 Marrais als Skinner, Edmond w, I 1 690 567 150 Trewin, Nathaniel [.l, I 1 690 571 l5t Marrais als Skinner, Walter hl, I 1691 575 152 Matthew, Frances w, I 1692 578 153 Rowl and, Ta I I and l,{, I 1692 581 154 Cory, Hector l.l, I 1692 584 155 Hicks, John l^l, I 1692 587 156 Cater, Degory l,{, I 1692 590 157 Penge I ly, John l^l, I A 1693 593 158 Cory, Andrew I^l, I 7 1693/ 4 597 159 Treweeks, Mary [.J, I 1 694 601 160 Trewi n, John A 1695 604 161 Pethick, Honour I, A 1695 606 162 Jewel I , Humphry I, A c r6e6/7 610 163 Adam, Benj ami n W, I 1 697 616 164 Marten, Anne l.J, I 1 697 621 165 Backway, Jonathan I, A 1699 624 166 B I ake, Thomas I, A 1699 627 vi¡ Acknow I edgement s My interest in researching the history of Week St.