Symbols /Dev/Log Socket, 776 Diagram, 775 #! (Interpreter Script), 572 /Dev/Mem Device, 166, 801
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Digital Technical Journal, Number 3, September 1986: Networking
Netwo;king Products Digital TechnicalJournal Digital Equipment Corporation Number 3 September I 986 Contents 8 Foreword William R. Johnson, Jr. New Products 10 Digital Network Architecture Overview Anthony G. Lauck, David R. Oran, and Radia J. Perlman 2 5 PerformanceAn alysis andModeling of Digital's Networking Architecture Raj Jain and William R. Hawe 35 The DECnetjSNA Gateway Product-A Case Study in Cross Vendor Networking John P:.. �orency, David Poner, Richard P. Pitkin, and David R. Oran ._ 54 The Extended Local Area Network Architecture and LANBridge 100 William R. Hawe, Mark F. Kempf, and Alan). Kirby 7 3 Terminal Servers on Ethernet Local Area Networks Bruce E. Mann, Colin Strutt, and Mark F. Kempf 88 The DECnet-VAXProduct -A n IntegratedAp proach to Networking Paul R. Beck and James A. Krycka 100 The DECnet-ULTRIXSoftware John Forecast, James L. Jackson, and Jeffrey A. Schriesheim 108 The DECnet-DOS System Peter 0. Mierswa, David). Mitton, and Ma�ha L. Spence 117 The Evolution of Network Management Products Nancy R. La Pelle, Mark). Seger, and Mark W. Sylor 129 The NMCCjDECnet Monitor Design Mark W. Sylor 1 Editor's Introduction The paper by Bill Hawe, Mark Kempf, and AI Kirby reports how studies of potential new broad band products led to the development of the Extended LAN Architecture. The design of the LANBridge 100, the first product incorporating that architecture, is described, along with the trade-offs made to achieve high performance. The speed of communication between terminals and systems depends on how they are connected. Bruce Mann, Colin Strutt, and Mark Kempf explain how they developed the LAT protocol to connect terminals to hosts on an Ethernet. -
Reducing Power Consumption in Mobile Devices by Using a Kernel
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. Z, NO. B, AUGUST 2017 1 Reducing Event Latency and Power Consumption in Mobile Devices by Using a Kernel-Level Display Server Stephen Marz, Member, IEEE and Brad Vander Zanden and Wei Gao, Member, IEEE E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Mobile devices differ from desktop computers in that they have a limited power source, a battery, and they tend to spend more CPU time on the graphical user interface (GUI). These two facts force us to consider different software approaches in the mobile device kernel that can conserve battery life and reduce latency, which is the duration of time between the inception of an event and the reaction to the event. One area to consider is a software package called the display server. The display server is middleware that handles all GUI activities between an application and the operating system, such as event handling and drawing to the screen. In both desktop and mobile devices, the display server is located in the application layer. However, the kernel layer contains most of the information needed for handling events and drawing graphics, which forces the application-level display server to make a series of system calls in order to coordinate events and to draw graphics. These calls interrupt the CPU which can increase both latency and power consumption, and also require the kernel to maintain event queues that duplicate event queues in the display server. A further drawback of placing the display server in the application layer is that the display server contains most of the information required to efficiently schedule the application and this information is not communicated to existing kernels, meaning that GUI-oriented applications are scheduled less efficiently than they might be, which further increases power consumption. -
CSE421 Midterm Solutions —SOLUTION SET— 09 Mar 2012
CSE421 Midterm Solutions —SOLUTION SET— 09 Mar 2012 This midterm exam consists of three types of questions: 1. 10 multiple choice questions worth 1 point each. These are drawn directly from lecture slides and intended to be easy. 2. 6 short answer questions worth 5 points each. You can answer as many as you want, but we will give you credit for your best four answers for a total of up to 20 points. You should be able to answer the short answer questions in four or five sentences. 3. 2 long answer questions worth 20 points each. Please answer only one long answer question. If you answer both, we will only grade one. Your answer to the long answer should span a page or two. Please answer each question as clearly and succinctly as possible. Feel free to draw pic- tures or diagrams if they help you to do so. No aids of any kind are permitted. The point value assigned to each question is intended to suggest how to allocate your time. So you should work on a 5 point question for roughly 5 minutes. CSE421 Midterm Solutions 09 Mar 2012 Multiple Choice 1. (10 points) Answer all ten of the following questions. Each is worth one point. (a) In the story that GWA (Geoff) began class with on Monday, March 4th, why was the Harvard student concerned about his grade? p He never attended class. He never arrived at class on time. He usually fell asleep in class. He was using drugs. (b) All of the following are inter-process (IPC) communication mechanisms except p shared files. -
An Introduction to Linux IPC
An introduction to Linux IPC Michael Kerrisk © 2013 linux.conf.au 2013 http://man7.org/ Canberra, Australia [email protected] 2013-01-30 http://lwn.net/ [email protected] man7 .org 1 Goal ● Limited time! ● Get a flavor of main IPC methods man7 .org 2 Me ● Programming on UNIX & Linux since 1987 ● Linux man-pages maintainer ● http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ ● Kernel + glibc API ● Author of: Further info: http://man7.org/tlpi/ man7 .org 3 You ● Can read a bit of C ● Have a passing familiarity with common syscalls ● fork(), open(), read(), write() man7 .org 4 There’s a lot of IPC ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 5 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memory attach ● Pseudoterminals ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs Seq. packet) ● Standard, Realtime ● UNIX vs Internet domain ● Eventfd ● POSIX message queues ● Futexes ● POSIX shared memory ● Record locks ● ● POSIX semaphores File locks ● ● Named, Unnamed Mutexes ● System V message queues ● Condition variables ● System V shared memory ● Barriers ● ● System V semaphores Read-write locks man7 .org 6 It helps to classify ● Pipes ● Shared memory mappings ● FIFOs ● File vs Anonymous ● Cross-memoryn attach ● Pseudoterminals tio a ● proc_vm_readv() / proc_vm_writev() ● Sockets ic n ● Signals ● Stream vs Datagram (vs uSeq. -
Name Description Files Notes See Also Colophon
PTS(4) Linux Programmer’sManual PTS(4) NAME ptmx, pts − pseudoterminal master and slave DESCRIPTION The file /dev/ptmx is a character file with major number 5 and minor number 2, usually with mode 0666 and ownership root:root. It is used to create a pseudoterminal master and slave pair. When a process opens /dev/ptmx,itgets a file descriptor for a pseudoterminal master (PTM), and a pseu- doterminal slave (PTS) device is created in the /dev/pts directory.Each file descriptor obtained by opening /dev/ptmx is an independent PTM with its own associated PTS, whose path can be found by passing the file descriptor to ptsname(3). Before opening the pseudoterminal slave,you must pass the master’sfile descriptor to grantpt(3) and un- lockpt(3). Once both the pseudoterminal master and slave are open, the slave provides processes with an interface that is identical to that of a real terminal. Data written to the slave ispresented on the master file descriptor as input. Data written to the master is presented to the slave asinput. In practice, pseudoterminals are used for implementing terminal emulators such as xterm(1), in which data read from the pseudoterminal master is interpreted by the application in the same way a real terminal would interpret the data, and for implementing remote-login programs such as sshd(8), in which data read from the pseudoterminal master is sent across the network to a client program that is connected to a terminal or terminal emulator. Pseudoterminals can also be used to send input to programs that normally refuse to read input from pipes (such as su(1), and passwd(1)). -
Linux and Free Software: What and Why?
Linux and Free Software: What and Why? (Qué son Linux y el Software libre y cómo beneficia su uso a las empresas para lograr productividad económica y ventajas técnicas?) JugoJugo CreativoCreativo Michael Kerrisk UniversidadUniversidad dede SantanderSantander UDESUDES © 2012 Bucaramanga,Bucaramanga, ColombiaColombia [email protected] 77 JuneJune 20122012 http://man7.org/ man7.org 1 Who am I? ● Programmer, educator, and writer ● UNIX since 1987; Linux since late 1990s ● Linux man-pages maintainer since 2004 ● Author of a book on Linux programming man7.org 2 Overview ● What is Linux? ● How are Linux and Free Software created? ● History ● Where is Linux used today? ● What is Free Software? ● Source code; Software licensing ● Importance and advantages of Free Software and Software Freedom ● Concluding remarks man7.org 3 ● What is Linux? ● How are Linux and Free Software created? ● History ● Where is Linux used today? ● What is Free Software? ● Source code; Software licensing ● Importance and advantages of Free Software and Software Freedom ● Concluding remarks man7.org 4 What is Linux? ● An operating system (sistema operativo) ● (Operating System = OS) ● Examples of other operating systems: ● Windows ● Mac OS X Penguins are the Linux mascot man7.org 5 But, what's an operating system? ● Two definitions: ● Kernel ● Kernel + package of common programs man7.org 6 OS Definition 1: Kernel ● Computer scientists' definition: ● Operating System = Kernel (núcleo) ● Kernel = fundamental program on which all other programs depend man7.org 7 Programs can live -
Ivoyeur: Inotify
COLUMNS iVoyeur inotify DAVE JOSEPHSEN Dave Josephsen is the he last time I changed jobs, the magnitude of the change didn’t really author of Building a sink in until the morning of my first day, when I took a different com- Monitoring Infrastructure bination of freeways to work. The difference was accentuated by the with Nagios (Prentice Hall T PTR, 2007) and is Senior fact that the new commute began the same as the old one, but on this morn- Systems Engineer at DBG, Inc., where he ing, at a particular interchange, I would zig where before I zagged. maintains a gaggle of geographically dispersed It was an unexpectedly emotional and profound metaphor for the change. My old place was server farms. He won LISA ‘04’s Best Paper off to the side, and down below, while my future was straight ahead, and literally under award for his co-authored work on spam construction. mitigation, and he donates his spare time to the SourceMage GNU Linux Project. The fact that it was under construction was poetic but not surprising. Most of the roads I [email protected] travel in the Dallas/Fort Worth area are under construction and have been for as long as anyone can remember. And I don’t mean a lane closed here or there. Our roads drift and wan- der like leaves in the water—here today and tomorrow over there. The exits and entrances, neither a part of this road or that, seem unable to anticipate the movements of their brethren, and are constantly forced to react. -
A Multiplatform Pseudo Terminal
A Multi-Platform Pseudo Terminal API Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Masters' Degree in Computer Science By Qutaiba Mahmoud Supervised By Dr. Clinton Jeffery ABSTRACT This project is the construction of a pseudo-terminal API, which will provide a pseudo-terminal interface access to interactive programs. The API is aimed at developing an extension to the Unicon language to allow Unicon programs to easily utilize applications that require user interaction via a terminal. A pseudo-terminal is a pair of virtual devices that provide a bidirectional communication channel. This project was constructed to enable an enhancement to a collaborative virtual environment, because it will allow external tools such to be utilized within the same environment. In general the purpose of this API is to allow the UNICON runtime system to act as the user via the terminal which is provided by the API, the terminal is in turn connected to a client process such as a compiler, debugger, or an editor. It can also be viewed as a way for the UNICON environment to control and customize the input and output of external programs. Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 1.1 Pseudo Terminals 1.2 Other Terminals 1.3 Relation To Other Pseudo Terminal Applications. 2. Methodology 2.1 Pseudo Terminal API Function Description 3. Results 3.1 UNIX Implementation 3.2 Windows Implementation 4. Conclusion 5. Recommendations 6. References Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Clinton Jeffery, for his support, patience and understanding. Dr. Jeffery has always been prompt in delivering and sharing his knowledge and in providing his assistance. -
Precise Garbage Collection for C
Precise Garbage Collection for C Jon Rafkind Adam Wick John Regehr Matthew Flatt University of Utah Galois, Inc. University of Utah University of Utah [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] mfl[email protected] Abstract no-ops. The resulting program usually runs about as well as before, Magpie is a source-to-source transformation for C programs that but without the ongoing maintenance burden of manual memory enables precise garbage collection, where precise means that inte- management. In our experience, however, conservative GC works gers are not confused with pointers, and the liveness of a pointer poorly for long-running programs, such as a web server, a program- is apparent at the source level. Precise GC is primarily useful for ming environment, or an operating system kernel. For such pro- long-running programs and programs that interact with untrusted grams, conservative GC can trigger unbounded memory use due to components. In particular, we have successfully deployed precise linked lists [Boehm 2002] that manage threads and continuations; GC in the C implementation of a language run-time system that was this problem is usually due to liveness imprecision [Hirzel et al. originally designed to use conservative GC. We also report on our 2002], rather than type imprecision. Furthermore, the programs experience in transforming parts of the Linux kernel to use precise are susceptible to memory-exhaustion attack from malicious code GC instead of manual memory management. (e.g., user programs or untrusted servlets) that might be otherwise restricted through a sandbox [Wick and Flatt 2004]. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.4.2 [Storage Manage- This paper describes our design of and experience with a GC ment]: Garbage Collection for C that is less conservative. -
Man Pages Section 3 Library Interfaces and Headers
man pages section 3: Library Interfaces and Headers Part No: 816–5173–16 September 2010 Copyright © 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related software documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are “commercial computer software” or “commercial technical data” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms setforth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle America, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065. -
Onload User Guide
Onload User Guide Copyright © 2017 SOLARFLARE Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. The software and hardware as applicable (the “Product”) described in this document, and this document, are protected by copyright laws, patents and other intellectual property laws and international treaties. The Product described in this document is provided pursuant to a license agreement, evaluation agreement and/or non‐disclosure agreement. The Product may be used only in accordance with the terms of such agreement. The software as applicable may be copied only in accordance with the terms of such agreement. Onload is licensed under the GNU General Public License (Version 2, June 1991). See the LICENSE file in the distribution for details. The Onload Extensions Stub Library is Copyright licensed under the BSD 2‐Clause License. Onload contains algorithms and uses hardware interface techniques which are subject to Solarflare Communications Inc patent applications. Parties interested in licensing Solarflare's IP are encouraged to contact Solarflare's Intellectual Property Licensing Group at: Director of Intellectual Property Licensing Intellectual Property Licensing Group Solarflare Communications Inc, 7505 Irvine Center Drive Suite 100 Irvine, California 92618 You will not disclose to a third party the results of any performance tests carried out using Onload or EnterpriseOnload without the prior written consent of Solarflare. The furnishing of this document to you does not give you any rights or licenses, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, with respect to any such Product, or any copyrights, patents or other intellectual property rights covering such Product, and this document does not contain or represent any commitment of any kind on the part of SOLARFLARE Communications, Inc. -
Programmer's Guide
Programmer’s Guide Release 18.11.11 Jan 20, 2021 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Documentation Roadmap...............................1 1.2 Related Publications..................................2 2 Overview 3 2.1 Development Environment..............................3 2.2 Environment Abstraction Layer............................4 2.3 Core Components...................................4 2.3.1 Ring Manager (librte_ring)..........................4 2.3.2 Memory Pool Manager (librte_mempool)..................4 2.3.3 Network Packet Buffer Management (librte_mbuf).............6 2.3.4 Timer Manager (librte_timer)........................6 2.4 Ethernet* Poll Mode Driver Architecture.......................6 2.5 Packet Forwarding Algorithm Support........................6 2.6 librte_net........................................6 3 Environment Abstraction Layer7 3.1 EAL in a Linux-userland Execution Environment..................7 3.1.1 Initialization and Core Launching......................8 3.1.2 Shutdown and Cleanup...........................8 3.1.3 Multi-process Support............................8 3.1.4 Memory Mapping Discovery and Memory Reservation..........8 3.1.5 Support for Externally Allocated Memory.................. 11 3.1.6 Per-lcore and Shared Variables....................... 12 3.1.7 Logs...................................... 12 3.1.8 CPU Feature Identification.......................... 12 3.1.9 User Space Interrupt Event......................... 13 3.1.10 Blacklisting.................................. 14 3.1.11 Misc Functions...............................