THE CAPE-TO- DREAM A STUDY IN BRITISH

BY LOIS A. C. RAPHAEL, A. M.

:UBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN THE FAcULTY OF PoLITICAL SciENCE

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

ILLUSTRATED

NEW YORK 1936 CECIL JOHX p_pn~~- Drawing by the Duchess of Rutland, reproduced with the permission of The Rhodes Trustees THE CAPE-TO-CAIRO DREAM A STUDY IN BRITISH IMPERIALISM

BY· LOIS A. C. RAPHAEL, A. M.

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCIOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY oF PoLmCAL SciENCE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

ILLUSTRAtED

No.q:J...'<. in the nstUdies in History, . ECOV""'tliC~ . Old. .PUt"')l1c law'' ot· Columbl.q. _llni.-e:&.'"S.Lli7

NEW YORK 1936 CoPY&IGHT, 1936

BY

CoLUMBIA UNIV.U.SI1Y PRESS

PRINTED IN THB UNITED STATES OF AM.U.ICA THE :U:EilORY 01' PARKER THOMAS MOON " What was attempted by Alexander, Cambyses, and .. Napoleon we practical people are going to finish.", CECU. RHODES. PREFACE IN 1815, British interest in aside from some settle­ ments on the West Coast, centered around in the south and in the north. Between these two ex­ tremes stretched some four thousand six hundred miles of country unoccupied and largely unexplored by white men. By 1900, however, except for a block of German territory between the southern end of Lake and the first parallel of south latitude, British influence was paramount from to . An essential feature of this expansion through the Dark Continent was the development of lines of communication. Distances in Africa are enormous. Roads, railways and the telegraph are of primary importance in opening up the country to commerce, trade and civilization. It is not sur­ prising, therefore, that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, people in England and in Africa began to talk about a transcontinental telegraph and a Cape-to-Cairo railway. Furthermore, clustering about the plans for the telegraph and the railway, there grew up more ambitious schemes. The promoters saw trading centers along the route devel­ oping into colonies and, finally, the colonies merging into a from the Cape to Cairo. It is the purpose of this study not only to trace the develop­ ment of transcontinental telegraph and railway schemes but also the influence of the Cape-to-Cairo idea upon British expansion in Africa. My attention has focussed upon the great diplomatic struggles over the partition of Africa in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. I have, however, attempted in the epilogue to round out the story and to sketch in lightly the 9 10 PREFACE history of recent developments along the Cape-to-Cairo route. The political map of Africa changed rapidly during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The history of the period is complicated and crowded with events. In fact, so much was compressed into this short span of years and _so much was happening simultaneously, that I have felt it 'would be confusing to follow a strictly chronological order. I have, therefore, treated the subject topically and geograph­ ically. The history of British expansion along the Cape-to-Cairo route is so recent that many aspects of the story are con­ troversial. It is still difficult to write an impartial and dis­ passionate history of that expansion. At this time, the most that can be done is to break paths for future work. Since I was primarily interested in British expansion, I have turned largely to British sources for my material and have approached the subject from that angle. My readers may not agree with my conclusions. I only hope that my errors in judgment and my shortcomings in respect of information may be of some value in provoking others to rectify and round out my narrative. There is now an abundance of material available on British expansion in Africa and international rivalry along the Cape­ to-Cairo route. The problem of selection is becoming in­ creasingly difficult. Nevertheless, although the material is so abundant, there are still important gaps some of which may be filled eventually by the further opening up of the archives in England, Italy, France and Germany. Further­ more, there is great need for more extensive and impartial biographies about outstanding leaders in the political and financial world of the day. For the history of the early development of transcon­ tinental railway and telegraph projects, I have turned chiefly to unpublished Colonial Dispatches kept in the Public Record PREFACE II Office in London, to the published records of the Cape Ueg· islature and to the files of South African newspapers in ·the British Museum. I have also found valuable pamphlet material in the libraries of the Royal Colonial Institute and the Royal Geographical Society. The history of international rivalry along the Cape-to­ Cairo route I have based upon Die Grosse Politik, the French Foreign Office Documents Diplomatiques, popularly styled " Yellow Books " and the collections of British documents contained in Parliamentary Sessional Papers and British Documents on the Origins of the World War. A considerable number of memoirs and biographies threw light on various aspects of my subject. Of these, I found Dr. Leo Weinthal's four volume compilation on The Story of the Cape to Cairo Railway and River Route, 1887-1922, especially valuable because it contains short sketches by men who were actually engaged in the work of building the Cape­ to-Cairo line. I have used Hansard's Parliamentary De· bates, British newspapers and periodicals in an attempt to evaluate the influence of the Cape-to-Cairo idea upon public opinion. I am grateful for the kind assistance and cooperation of friends both in England and America and for the excellent facilities afforded me for study in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, the Royal Colonial Institute, the Royal Geographical Society, the British Museum and the Institute of Historical Research in London and in the Columbia Uni­ versity Library, the New York Public Library and the Library of Congress in America. Everywhere I have met with unfailing courtesy and helpfulness. While in London, I was especially fortunate in having the advice and wise guidance of Professor Arthur Percival Newton, then Professor of Imperial History at Kings Col­ lege and now Rhodes Professor of Imperial History at the University of London. I am greatly indebted to him for 12 PREFACE his counsel at the time and for his continued interest in my work. I am indebted to Dr. F. G. Spurdle, History Master of Consett Secondary School, Durham for his painstaking and scholarly research on the subject of the Overland Telegraph. Dr. R. I. Lovell of Harvard University kindly let me read his unpublished doctoral thesis, The Anglo-German Estrangement, z894-I896. To Professor Robert Livingston Schuyler, Professor of British Imperial History at Columbia University, I owe my first interest in British Imperialism. I am particularly pleased, therefore, that he has read my manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions. Professor Barnouw, Queen Wilhelmina Professor of the Language and Literature of the Netherlands at Columbia University has also read the manuscript and I am grateful for his much needed and helpful criticisms. Professor Parker Thomas Moon's book Imperialism and World Politics first aroused my interest in and the Cape-to-Cairo idea. It provoked questions in my mind which led me on a search for answers into the history of British expansion in Africa. Professor Moon not only stimulated my interest in this subject but he has followed my work throughout. I owe much to his judicious guidance, and his comprehensive and masterly grasp of my subject. His searching comments constantly challenged me to greater efforts. I find it difficult to express my appreciation ade­ quately for his helpfulness. For his sake, I wish this were a better book. I owe much to the patience and helpful interest of my husband. Without his encouragement and continued coop­ eration, this book would never have been finished. LOIS A. c. RAPHAEL WASHINGTON, D. C. June, 1936. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PACB CHAPTER I PATHS INTO AFRICA The Backbone of Africa • • • 21 The Cape-to-Cairo Dream •. ·. 22 " Little Englanders" • . • • 24 Lacerda's Prophesy .•••. 26 Red Patches in Africa Before I886 •. 27 An Awakening Interest • o 34 The Lure of Diamonds and Gold 38 The Search for New Markets • 42 Railway Projects • 44

CHAPTER II "WIRES ACROSS AFRICA" An Embryonic Cape-to-Cairo Project '- 47 Early Sponsors . • • • • • • • . • • 0 • • • • • 49 An Indifferent Conference • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 Enthusiasm in the Royal Geographical Society •• 55 Skeptical Government Officials •.•••... · • ss Agitation for an Overland Line in • 6o The Cable versus the Overland Line •• 63 The Survival of the Idea. • • . • . • • • • 65

CHAPTER III THE RED PAINT BRUSH

Thinking in Continents 0 • • • • • • • • • • • 66

Painting Africa Red • . . . • 0 • • • • 0 • • 68 Railway and Telegraph: Implements of Empire 6g The Financial Foundation for a Red Empire •• 70 Political Power and Empire Building 0 73 Courting the Press 0 • • • • • • • • • • 75 Influential Friendships • . . • • • • . • • 78 Rhodes' Influence Upon British Expansion So 13 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE CHAPTER IV CAPE CoLONY As A BASE OJ' 0PEIL\TIONS A United States of South Africa Under the British Flag 81 .. Africa for the Afrikanders " • • • • • • • • - • • 82 The Bargain With the Bond • • • • . • . . . . . • 83 The Dream of an Independent Boer State in the North 86 The Delagoa Bay Railway. . • . . 8g The Cape"s Lost Opportunity • • • • • . • • • • 93 The Rhodes• Policy of Cooperation • • • • • • • 96 Bechuanaland. the Macedonia of South Africa ·•. g8 The Trade Route to the North •••••••••• 99 German Dreams of a Transcontinental Empire • 104 The Intervention of Grandmamma • • • • • Io8 CHAPTER V THE TauNJt LINE Faox CAPE Towx TO CAJao The Railway. a Thermometer of Colonial Expansion • 110 The Railway Crisis of 1888 • . • • . . Ill The Solution: The Bechuanaland Railway Project . us CHAPTER VI ToE CAKPAIGM Foa THE CHAR.TEK Painting the Zambezia Country Red • . • . • • • • 120 Launching the Campaign for a Chartered Company 124 The Contest Between Boer and Briton • . • 126 Portuguese Ambitions • • • • • . • • • u8 The Parlous Condition of Nyasaland • • • 132 Plans for a British Central Africa • • • • 133 The German Bogey • • • . • . • • . . 136 The Influence of the Cape-to-Cairo Idea • • • 138 The Contest for the Charter • • • • • • 139 Persuasive Promises • . . • • . • . • 146 The New Imperial Trading Company • 147 Fulfilling Pledges • • • • • • . • • . 148 CHAPTER VII .. THE FoawAilD PoLICY .. IN SouTH AFRICA The Heyday of Imperialism . - - . . • . 151 Launching the Transcontinental Telegraph Company. . JS2 Short Cuts to the Sea • • . . •.•.... · ISS Growing Impatience with Kruger"s "Pin Pricks •• • 161 Planting the British Flag in Zambezia • • - • . • - . I6S TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER VIII PAINTING CENTRAL AFRICA RED Imperial Projects ...... I70. Penetrating Northwards •••••.•.. I7I The Nyasaland Protectorate •.....• 173 Operations of the Chartered Company •. I74 Agreements and Disagreements . I75 The Race for Manicaland . . • • . • • • 178 The Portuguese in • . . . . . I79 Barotseland Under the Chartered Company • I79 Rivalry Over the Katanga Region • • • • . 181 The Peak of Rhodes' Success • • . . . • • 181 CHAPTER IX THE RAID AND ITs CoNSEQUENCES Critical State of Affairs in the Transvaal •. 183 Fear of a German-Boer Coalition .. 184 The Disastrous •• 185 Rhodes Under Suspicion .•.. I87 The Incident . ISS Rhodes' New Preoccupation with Cape-to-Cairo. Schemes 198 An International versus an " All-Red" Line 202 Embarrassed Sympathy for Rhodes' Projects • . .· • • • 205 CHAPTER X THE FINAL STRUGGLE FoR SouTH AFRICA Troubled Conditions in South Africa • • • • • • • 207 The Anglo-German Rapprochement, I8g6 to I8g8 207 's Predicament: Creditors and Colonies. • •. 209 England and Germany to the Rescue • • . • • • 211 Growing Friendship Between England and Germany • • 214 Cooperation in Africa Threatened by Conflict in the Pacific • . 214 Entente Between Rhodes and the Kaiser. . • • • . • . • ; • 216 The Second Threat to the Rapprochement: The Boer War • . 225 The Triumph of British Arms • . . . . . • • • • . • • • • · • 232 CHAPTER XI INTO THE HEART oF THE DA:aJC CoNTINENT Breaking Paths Along the Cape-to-Cairo Route • 233 : " The Pearl of Africa" • • • 237 The Independent Congo State • . • . . • 238 The Attempt to Cork the Congo Bottle . 241 The Congress • • • • • . • . • 242 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE CHAPTER XII THE GERMAN BARRIER ACROSS THE CAPE-TO-CAIRO ROUTE Anglo-German Spheres of Influence in East Africa •. Emin Pasha and the Rival Empires . . . . • The First Surrender: The Agreement of 1887 . German Penetration Into the Lake Region .• The Ibea Company Protects Imperial Interests • The Repercussions of the Witu Incident • . • . Effective Occupation versus the Hinterland Doctrine The Bargain. . • • • . • • . . Paper Annexations and Practical Problems •

CHAPTER XIII UGANDA, THE KEY TO AFRICA British Interests and Obligations in Uganda •• Troubled State of Uganda . . • . • • . • • . . Financial Predicament . . . . • • • . . • . . The Uganda Crisis: Abandonment or Retention. Rhodes and Rosebery to the Rescue . . . • The Portal Mission and the Protectorate • . .

CHAPTER XIV THE SoUTHWARD MARCH FRoM EGYPT British Imperial and Commercial Interests in Egypt . 280 The First Link in a Long Chain •. 282 The Veiled British Protectorate . 283 Trouble in Egypt's Hinterland .. 28-t Evacuation of the . • • • . 286 The Southward March Resumed 288

CHAPTER XV GuARDING THE VALLEY Guarding Egypt's Hinterland ••••••.•••. 294 The Congolese Penetration Towards the Nile Valley .. 297 The Cape-to-Cairo Corridor in the Agreement of I890 299 French Dreams of Empire • 30I The Idea of a Buffer State • • • • • . . . • • • • • • 304 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVI THE SuRRENDER OF THE CAPE-To-CAIRO CoRRIDOR England's Dilemma. 307 The Solution: Lease of the Bahr-ei-Ghazal to King Leopold. 307 The Cape-to-Cairo Corridor . . . . • 309 Opposition of France to the Anglo-Congolese Agreement 3i2 Opposition of Germany to the Corridor Clause . 3I6 The British Surrender • • • • • 320 Survival of Cape-to-Cairo Dreams • . . . • • 324 CHAPTER XVII PLOTS LAID IN The Approaches to the Nile Valley ••..••••.•••••• 325 The Preponderant French Influence in Ethiopia and Somaliland . 325 Russian Collaboration • 326 French Schemes for Penetration Into the Nile Valley • • • . 328 Italian Colonial Aspirations . . • • • . . • • • • • 329 The Treaty of Uccialli and the So-called Italian Protectorate • • 330 British Support for Italian Scheme ...... • • 33I The Clash Between the Italians and King Menelik • • 334 The Crushing Defeat at Adowa • . · • • 335

CHAPTER XVIII THE RECONQUEST OF THE SuDAN Paper Claims to the Nile Valley • • . . • • • 337 French Preparations to Occupy the Valley. . 3.18 Growing Alarm in England • . 340 The British Warning 344 Unsuccessful Negotiations. . • 350 The March Into the Sudan • . 351

Kitchener, the Cecil Rhodes of the North. J • 356 Conquering the Desert by Rails • • 357 Continued Bargaining with France • • • • 359 From Dongola to • . • • • • • 36o

CHAPTER XIX THE FASHODA CRISIS Making Paper Claims Effective . • • • • • • • 363 French Plans to Approach Nile Valley From the East . • 363 The British Counter (nfluence in Ethiopia • • • • • • • 366 British Plans for a Northward March From Uganda • . 368 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE French Occupation of the Bahr-el-Ghazal 370 Meeting Between Marchand and Kitchener • • 373 The Fashoda Crisis •••••••••••••• 374 The Weakness of the French Position •••• 377 The Evacuation of Fashoda •••••••• J8I The Anglo-French Agreement of 1899 • • • • • J8z

CHAPTER XX

THE EPILOGUE The Influence of the Cape--to-Cairo Idea • • • 384 Obstacles Surmounted ••••• 387 Railway Plans After 1898 • 393 Present and Future • 398 Nons .• ... 407 BIBLIOGilAPBY 473 IKDEJ[ ••• ~ • • • 489 MAPS

All the maps were drafted by Mr. F. I. Burnham of Georgetown University. I am grateful for his assistance and careful work. The map on " European Expansion in Africa, 1820 to 1936" was drawn on a eumorphic equal area projection with the kind permission of Mr. S. W. Boggs of the State Department, Washington, D. C. PAGE European Expansion in Africa, 1820-1936 ...... • 42 Trunk Lines in Cape Colony, 1888 .. • ...... I II European Expansion in Africa South of the Congo, 1866-1914 .....• 181 Anglo-German Treaty, 1890 . . • ...... • ...... • 264 Anglo-Congolese Treaty, 1894 • ...... • . . . . . • . . • ...... • 310 Cape-to-Cairo Railway System and Lateral Lines, 1936 ...... • 399

ILLUSTRATIONS Cecil Rhodes ...... , . . . • . Frontispiece A drawing by the Duchess of Rutland, reproduced with the kind permission of the Rhodes Trustees, Rhodes House, Oxford, England. President •••••••.•.•.•••...... •••.•.• , . • . • . • • • • • . . • 86 Photograph reproduced with the ·kind permission of the Legation of the , Washington, D. C. The Railway Bridge near . . . . . • . • . . . • . • • • . • • . • • • • • 205 Photograph reproduced with the kind permission of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration. Lord Rosebery addressing the House of Lords . • ...... • . . . . •.. • • . • • 277 Photogrii!Ph reproduced from Coates, F. C., Life of Lora Roseber;y, vol. ii, with the kind permission of E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York. Lord Kitchener ...... • . . . • . . . • . • . . . . • • • . . . . . • • . • . . • . . • ...... • • . • 356 Photograph reproduced from Weinthal, Leo, The Stor;y of the Cape to Cairo Ra4lwa;y and River Route, 1887-1922, vol. i, with the kind permission of the Pioneer Publishing Company, Ltd., London. 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

SouRCES Belgium A. Ministcre des Colonks. Expose de Ia Question des Chemir.s de Fer, , 1911. Notes et Documents rilatif d Ia Politique des Chemins de Fer, Brussels, 1914- B. Administration de Fonds Special. Notes sur Ia Question des Transports en AfriqiU!. Pr&edees d'un RapPOrt au Roi par le Briey, administrateur du Fonds special, Brussels, 1918. France Documents Diplomatiquu. Ajfaires du Haut-Nil el du Bahr-EI-Ghasal r897-r81)8. Germany Du Grosse Politik der Ettropijischen Kabinette, I87I-I9I4. Great Britain A. British Documents on the Origir.s of the War, edited by G. P. Gooch and H. Temperley, H. M. Stationery Office, 1!)26-1934- B. Parliame114ary Debates. Hansard, 1885-1901. Series 3, vols. 291-355. Series 4. vols. 1-97. C. Parliamentary Papers, 1865-1!)06 (given in the footnotes as Ac- counts and Papers). · D. Reports. (I) Records of the British South African Company, C. 0. 468 covering the period I889-18g8. (2) Reports on African Railways, Rhodesia. Acworth, Com­ missioner; Report of William Acworth on the subject of Railway Questions in Southern Rhodesia, , Argus Printing and Publishing Co., Ltd., 1918; Hammond, Frederick Dawson, Brigadier-General, Rail­ road System of Southern Rhodesia, Salisbury, Rhodesia, Government Printer, 1!)26. E. Hertslet, Sir. E., The Map of Africa by Treaty, revised and completed to the end of 1908 by R. W. Brant, Librarian and 475 BIBUOGRAPHY

Keeper of the Papers and H. L. Sherwood of the Foreign Office, vols. i, ii and iii and collection of maps, London, H. M. Stationery Office, Igog. F. Peace Hmulbooks prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, I92Q. Vol. IS, The Partition of AfrictJ. Vol. 97, British Somali/and and SokotrtJ. Vol. g8, The Anglo-EgyptiatJ Soudan. Cape Colony A. Colonial Dispatches; C. 0. 48 series, nos. :zso-su covering the years I84S-I88S. B. Entry Books, C. 0. 49 series, nos. 4I-SJ covering the years I848-I8S7. C. The Records of the Cape LegiskJture, C. 0. 51 series, nos. 93-265 covering the years 1854-I88g includes: (I) Minutes of the Legislative Council. (2) Votes and proceedings of the House of Assembly. (3) Appendices to the proceedings of Parliament. These appendices often contain valuable material for the history of railway development in the Colony. They include reports of select committees, the reports of railway managers, reports of surveys, etc. D. The Cape Hansard, 18go-18g8.

SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

I. GENERAL

Baker, Sir Samuel White, The Alberl N'ya~tza, Great Basi11 of the Nile, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1870. --,!11 the Hearl of Africa, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, 1884- --,Jsmailia, 2 vols. A narrative of the expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, Macmillan Co., London, I874- Barre, Paul, Fachoda ef Le Bahr-el-Gha:Jal, , Librairie Plon, I8g8. Beer, George Louis, African Question.r at the Paris Peace Conference, Macmillan Co., 1923. Beyens, Le Baron, ancien ministre de Belgique a Berlin, La Ques1io11 Africaine, Brussels and Paris, Van Oest et Cie, 1918. Bourdairie, Paul, Fachoda-La Missimt Marchmul, Imprimerie, Paris, F. Leve, 18gg. · Bourgeois, :&tile, Manuel Historique de Politique lktrangere, r8;8-I9I9- Vol. 4. Librairie Oassique Eugene Belin, Paris, Belin Freres, 1926. Bourgeois et Pages, Les Origines et les Respuruibilitis de ltJ Guerre, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1921. BIBLIOGRAPHY 477 Buckle, George Earle, The Letters of (series 2), vol. iii, 1879-1885, Longmans Green & Co., New York, 1928; (series 3), vol. i, ; 1886-1890, John Murray, London, 1930; vol. ii, 1891-1895, John Murray, London, 1931; and vol. iii, 1895-1901, John Murray, London, 1930. Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1866-1919, vol. iii, edited by Sir Adolphus W. Ward and G. P. Gooch, The Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, 1922-1923. Commerce and Industry. A historical review of the economic conditions of the British Empire from the Peace of Paris in 1815 to the declar­ ation of war in 1914. based on Parliamentary Debates, edited by William Page, London, Constable and Co., Ltd., 1919. Crabites, Pierre, The Winning of the Sudan, London, George and Sons, Ltd., 1934- Cromer, Earl of, Modern Egypt, vols. i and ii, Macmillan Co., 1go8. Cunningham, William, The Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Move­ ment, London, C. J. Clay and Sons, 1904- Darcy, Jean, France et f Angleterre, Cent Annees de Rivalite Coloniale, Librairie Academique Didier, Perrin et Cie, Paris, 1904. Earle, Edward Mead, Turkey, The Great Powers, and the Bagdad Rail­ way, New York, Macmillan & Co., 1923. Egerton, H. E., A Short History of British Colonial P~licy, London, Methuen & Co., 1897. Eliot, Sir Charles, N. E., The East Africa Protectorate, Edward Arnold, publisher to H. M. India Office, London, 1905. Fraisse, Gustave, Situation lnternationale des Pays Tributaires de Bassin du Congo. These pour le Doctorat. lmprimerie Andre Gabelle, Carcassone, 1904- Freycinet, Charles Louis de Saulces de, La Question d'2gypte, Paris, Calmann-Uvy, 190S. Friedjung, Heinrich, Das Zeitalter des lmPerialismus, 3 vols., Berlin, Verlag Neufeld und Henius, 1919. Giffen, Morrison Beall,' Fashoda. The Incident and Its Diplomatic Setting, The University of Chicago Press, 1930. Gibbons, The New Map of Africa, New York, The Century Co., 1918. Gooch, G. P., History of Modern Europe, :,8;8-1919, New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1923. . Grey, Viscount, Twenty-Five Years, vol. i, New York, Frederick Stokes & Co., 1935. Hall, William E., A Treatise on International Law, edited by Pearce Higgins, Oxford, The Oarendon Press, 1917. Hallberg, Charles W., The Sues Canal, Its History and Diplomatic Im­ portance, Columbia University Press, 1931. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hanotaux, Gabriel, Le Partage de f Afrique, Fachoda, Ernest Flammerion, Paris, 1909. Hauser, Henri, Histoire Diplomatique de fEu.rope, 1871-1914, 2 vols., Les Presses Universitaires, Paris, 1!)29- Hobson, Charles Kenneth, Erport of Capital, London, Constable and Co., Ltd., 1914- Jessett, Montague G., The Key to South Africa, Delagoa Bay, London, T. Fisher Unwin, 18gg. Johnston, Sir Harry H., British Central Africa, London, Methuen & Co., I8g8. , ' -, History of the Colomzatio11 of Africa by Alie11 Races, in Cam­ bridge Historical Studies edited by G. W. Prothero, Cambridge University Press, 1913. · Keith, Arthur Berriedale, The Belgia11 Congo and the Berlin Act, Oxford, Oarendon Press, 1919. Keltie, ]. Scott, The Partition of Africa, London, Edward Stanford, 1893. Kiewiet, Cornelius Willem de, British Colonial Policy and the Soutlt Africall Republics, 1848-1872, published as no. 3 in Imperial Studies, London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1929- Knowles, L. C. A., The Economic DeveloPment of the British Overseas Empire, London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1924- Langer, W. L, European Alliance and Alignments, A. A. Knopf, New York, 1931. Lacerda e Almedia, Francisco Jose Maria de, The Lands of Caznnbe, Lacerda's Journey to Cazembe in 1798. Tr. and annotated by Captain R. F. Burton. Published by the Royal Geographical Society, ]. Murray, London, 1873. Livingstone, David, Missionary Travels and Researches, ]. Murray, London, 1899. Lovell, Reginald Ivan, The A1PUlo-Germa11 Estrangement, 1894-1895. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Harvard University. --, The Struggle for South A/rica, 187k-1899, New York, Macinillan Co., 1934- Lugard, Captain F. D., The Rise of Our East African Empire, 2 vols., Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood & Sons, 1893. McDermott, P. L, assistant Secretary of the Imperial British East Africa Company, British East Africa or Ibea. A history of the formation and work of the Imperial British East Africa Company, London, Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1893. Milner, Viscount, Englatld in Egypt, Edward Arnold, publisher to H. M. India Office, London, 1904- Moon, Parker T., Imperialism and World Politics, New York, Macmillan Co., 1930. BIBLIOGRAPHY 479 Neuman, W. A., Dean of Cape Town, Biographical Memoir of lolm Montague during his administration as Colonial Secretary, 184J-1853· Cape Town, Harrison, London and Robertson, 1855. Newton, A. P. and Ewing, J., The British Empire since 1783, London, Methuen & Co., 1929· Nys, Ernest, The Indepmde'llll State of the Congo and ImernatioMl Law, ]. Lebegue & Cie, Brussels, 1!)04. Politician's Handbook. A Review and Digest of the State Papers,­ Diplomatic Correspondence, Reports of Royal Commissions, Select Committees, Treaties, Consular Reports, Sessions 1900 and 1901, etc. by H. Whates, Vacher & Sons, Westminster, London. Prout, Major H. G., Province of Kordofan, General Report, published by the Egyptian General Staff, Cairo, 18i7. Rose, J. Holland, Develupment of the European. Nations, 187o-1900, 2 vols., G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, Knicker­ bocker Press, 1905. Rodd, Sir ]. Rennell, Socwl ·and Diplonwtic Memuirs, 1894-1901 (second series), vol. ii, London, Edward Arnold & Co., 1923. Sanderson, Great Britain in M udem Africa, London, Seeley & Co., 1907. Smuts, General J. C., Africa and Some World Problems, including the Rhodes Memorial Lectures delivered in Michaelmas Term, 1929, Oxford, the Oarendon Press, 1930. Stanley, Henry Morton, In Darkest Africa or the Quest, Rescue and Retreat of Emin Governor of Equatori4, 2 vols., New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 18go. Stanley, H. M., W. T. Stead, F. D. Lugard, J. Scott Keltie, Henry Norman, A/rica. Its Partition and Its Future, New York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 18g8. · Tucker, Alfred R., Bishop of Uganda, Eighteen. Years in. Uganda and East Africa, Edward Arnold, publisher to the India Office; 19n. Walker, Eric A., , Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., 1928. --,Lord De Villiers and His Times. South Africa, 1842-1914, London, Constable & Co., Ltd., 1925. Wauters, A. ]., L'tktat Independent du Congo, Brussels, Librairie Falk Fils, 18gg. Williams, Gardner F., The Dwmond Mines of South A/rica, 2 vols., New York, B. F. Buck & Co., 1905. Woolf,· Leonard, Commerce and Empire in Africa, London, G. Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1919. Work, Ernest, Ethiopia: A Pawn. in Europea"' Diplomacy, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1935. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Worsfold, Basil, Lord Milners Work in South Africa, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., London, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1913. Zimmermann, The of Central Africa, New York, George H. Doran & Co., 1918. ll. HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN AFRICA Baltzer, Franz Adolph Wilhelm, Die Erschliessung Afrikas durch Eisen­ bahnen, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 1913. -,Die Kolomalbahnen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung-Afrikas, G.]. Goschen Verlagshandlung, Berlin, 1916. Berge,]., Le Chemin de Fer Transafricain de l'Algerie au Cap, Extrait du correspondent avec quelques notes supplementaires, Louis de Soyle, Imprimeur, Paris, 1912. Bourrat, Charles, Les Chemins de fer en Afrique et Leur role dans ferpansion Coloniale, Perpignan, ]. Martz, 1910. Meyer, H. de, Die Eisenbahnen in tropischen Afrika, Leipzig, 191)2. Renty, E. A. de, Les Chemins de fer Coloniaur en Afrique, Paris, 1904 Roumens, L'Imperialisme fratl{ais ef les Chemins de fer trans-Africains, Plon-Nourrit et Cie., Paris, 1914- Van der:·Poel, Jean, The Railway and Customs Policy of the South African States and Colonies, I885-1910, Imperial Studies Series, Longmans, Green & Co., London. Talbot, Frederick A., The Railway Cunquest of the World, W. Heinemann, London, I9II. Weinthal, Leo, editor of The Story of the Cape to Cairo Railway and River Route, 1887-1922, 4 vols., with a collection of maps. Contains accounts of railway, telegraph and commercial development in Africa by men who were, and some of whom still are, active in prom

Ill. BIOGRAPHIES A. AlfmJ Beit Seymour, Fort G., Alfred Beit, A Study of the Man and His Works, London, Ivor, Nicholson and Watson, I9J2. B. JosePh Chamber/ailS Garvin, ]. L., The Life of , 2 vols., London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1932· C. Emin Pasha Schweitzer, Georg, Emin Pasha. His Life and Works, compiled from his journals, letters, scientific notes and from oflicial·docu­ ments, 2 vols., Westminster, London, Archibald Constable & Co., 18911. D. Gordon, Colonel Charles Achille Bioves, Gordo,. Pacha, Albert Fontenoing l!diteur, Paris, 1907. Abdullah, Achmed, Dreamers of Empire, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1929. Briefe wul Tagebuchbliitter des Generals Charles of Khartoum ausgewahlt und iibersetzt von Dr. Max Goos, Hamburg, Guten­ berg-Verlag, 1go8. Hill, George Birkbeck, Colonel Gordon in Centr~l Africa from original letters and documents, Thos. de La Rue & Co., London, 1881. E. The Second Earl Granville. Fitzmaurice, Lord Edmund G. P., The Life of Granville Leveson Gower, Second Earl Gra1'11Ville, K. G., r8IS-I89I, 2 vols., London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1go6. F. Sir William Harcourt Gardiner, A. G., The Life of Sir William Harcourt, 2 vols., London, Constable & Co., Ltd., 1923. G. Jan Hofmeyer Hofmeyer, J. H., The Life of Jan Hendrik Hofmeyer, "Onse Jan," Cape Town, Van de Sandt-de Villiers Printing Co., Ltd., 1913. H. Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston Johnston, Alexander, Life and Letters of Sir Harry Johnston, Lon­ don, J. Cape, 1929. Johnston, Sir H. H., The Story of My Life, London, Chatto and Windus and also Dobbs-Merrill Co., Ltd., 1923· BIBliOGRAPHY

I. Kitchener Arthur, Sir George, Life of Lord Kitchener, 3 vols., The Macmillan Co., 1!)20~ Ballard, Brigadier-General Colon Robert. Kitchener, London, Faber & Faber, Ltd., 1930. Davray, Henry D., L'Oell'lff'e et le Prestige de Lord Kitche'flef", Paris, Plon-Nourrit et Cie, 1917. Grew, Edwin S., Kitchener, 2 vols., London, Gresham Publishing Co., 1916. Rye, James B., Kitchnter ;,. Hu Dum Words, London, F. Fisher, Unwin, Ltd. (undated but written sometime after Kitchener's • death). J. Paul K"'ger The Memoirs of Paul Knger, 2 vols., London, F. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., 1902- K. David LivingstOM Blaikie, William Garden, The Personal Life of , New York, Harper & Bros., 1881. L Cecil Joh" Rhodes I have cited both monographs and periodical articles in this list in order to keep tAe Rhodes material together. Abdullah, Achmed, Dreamers of Empire, New York, Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1929- Baker, Herbert. Cecil Rhodes by his Architect, London, Oxford University Press, 1934- --, "Reminiscences of Cecil Rhodes," The Nineteenth Cenhwy and After, voL 87, 1920, pp. 88-102. Bourelly, General, "Cecil Rhodes," Le Correspondent, n. s. 162, 190, pp. 572-5!)9. Cust, H., "Cecil Rhodes," North America" Review, vol. 175. ]I.­ Dec., 1902, pp. 99-114- Decle, Lionel, "The Fashoda Question," Fortnightly Review, n. s., vot 64, 1898. Dicey, Edward, "Cecil Rhodes in Egypt," Fortnightly Review, vot 77, 1!)02. --, "Rhodes Redivivus," Fortnightly Review, n. s., vol. 64, 1898. Fuller, Sir Thomas E., The Right Honourable Cecil John Rhodes, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1910. Garrett, F. Edmund, an editor of the Cape Times, "The Character of Cecil Rhodes," Contemporary Review, vol. 81, Jan.-June, Ig02, pp. 761-779- BIBLIOGRAPHY

Grogan, Ewart Scott, "Cecil Rhodes," World's Work, vol. i, Nov.,, 1goo-April, 1!)01, pp. 367-371. Hensman, Howard, Cecil Rhodes, William Blackwood &. Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1!)01. Imperialist, Cecil Rhodes. A Biography and Appreciation by Im~ perialist with Personal Reminiscences by Dr. Jameson, Chapman · & Hall, Ltd., London, 1897. Ivan-Miiller, E. B.," Cecil John Rhodes," The Fortnightly Review, vol. 77, May, 1902, pp. 741-761. . Jadot, Louis," Cecil Rhodes," La Nouvelle Revue, n. s. 15, March- April, Igo2, pp. 457-470. • Jourdan, Phillip, Cecil Rhodes, His Private Life by His Private Secretary, John Lane Co., London and New York, 1911. Krause, Gustav, "Gesprache mit Cecil Rhodes," Deutsche Revue, Jahrig, 24, July-December, 1899, pp. 11.2-119. Lockhart, John Gilbert, Cecil Rhodes, London, Duckworth, 1933. Low, Sidney, " Personal Recollections of Cecil Rhodes," The Living Age, vol. xv, April-June, 1902, pp. 577-587. Le Sueur, Gordon, Cecil Rhodes. The Man and His Work, John Murray, London, 1913. Macdonald, J. G., Rhodes, A Life, Phillip Allen & Co., Ltd., London, 1927. Michell, Sir Lewis, The Life of the Right Honourable Cecil John Rhodes, 1853-1902, 2 vols., Edward Arnold, London, 1910. Millin, Sarah Gertrude, Cecil Rhodes, Chatto & Windus, London, 1933 " Mr. Rhodes, Lord Ros~bery and Mr. Gladstone.· A Page of Unwritten History," The Outlook, London, vol. ii, January, 1899, p. 780. Plomer, William C. F., Cecil Rhodes, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1933· Stead, W. T., "Cecil John Rhodes," American Monthly Review, vol. xxv, Jan.-June, 1!)02, pp. 548-56o. --, '' Character Sketch. Cecil Rhodes of Africa," Review. of Reviews, vol. xx, Jl.-Dec., 1899, pp. 451-462. --, The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes with elucidatory notes, edited by W. T. Stead, Review of Reviews Office, London, 1902. Sauer, Hans, " Cecil Rhodes," Empire Review, May, 1!)02, pp. 363~ 378. Warren, Charles, "Cecil Rhodes' Early Days in South Africa,'' Contemporary Review, vol. 81, Jan. to June, 1902, pp. 643-654. Weinthal, Leo, The Story of the Cape to Cairo Railway and Riwr Route, 1887-1922, vol. i, Sketches about Cecil Rhodes by Walford BIBliOGRAPHY

Dowling, Manfred Nathan, Sir Percy Fitzpatrick and General Smuts. Williams, Basil, Cecil Rhodes, Henry Holt&: Co., New York, 1921. Verschoyle, F., under the pseudonym Vindex, Cecil Rhodes. His Political Life and Speeches, 1881-1900, Chapman and Hall, London, 1900. Viallete, Achille, "Cecil Rhodes," Rewe de Paris, vol. ii. 1900, pp. 47-71. M. Lord Rosebery Coates, Thomas, F. G., Lord Rosebery. His Life and Speeches, 2 vols., E. P. Dutton&: Co., New York, 1900. Crewe, K. G., Marquess of, Lord Rosebery, New York, Harper Bros., 1931. The Foreigts Policy of Lord Rosebery. Two Chapters in Recent Politics 1886 and 1892-1895· With extracts from Lord Rosebery's Speeches, Arthur L Humphreys, Piccadilly, London, 1901. N. The Marquis of Salisbury Cecil, Lady Gwendolyn, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury by his daughter, vols. i-iv, Hodder and Stoughton, Ltd., London, 1921-1!)32. Whates, H., The Third Salisbury Administration, I895-1900, with maps, treaties and other diplomatic papers, Vacher &: Sons, Westminster, London, 1900. 0. Stanley, Henry Mort0ts The Autobiography of Henry M. Stanley, edited by his wife, Dorothy Stanley, Houghton Miffiin Co., The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1909- IV, NEWSPAPERS A. South Africa The South Africats Commercial Advertiser, 1845-I8S6. The Gowrnmenl Gazette. The Cape Argus. B. England The London Times. The EcOJSomist. Herapath's Railway atrd Commercial Journals.

V. PERIODICALS Black, ]. Boisse de, " Statistique Concernant Les Trafics des Reseaux Africains. Leurs Possibilites D'Avenir," Journal de Ia Societe de Statistique de Paris, vol. 61, May, 1920, pp. 12J-IJ4. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Britislt Soutlt Africa. Information of the Country an& Press Notices, a convenient collection of press extracts about the Chartered Com- , pany, 1889. Collection kept in the Royal Empire Society library. ' Cammaerts, N. E., "Le Cap au Caire. Sa Situation Actuelle," Bulletin de Colonisation Comparee, no. 8, August 20, 1912, pp. 338-342. Caix, Robert de," Les Allemands et le Cap au Caire," Bulletin Menstul du Comite de I'Afrique Fral!foise et du Comite du Maroc, fonde par Harry Alis, vol. 23, September, 1913, pp. 317-319. Christy, C.," The Cape to Cairo Railway," Scottish Geographical Maga­ zine, vol. 40, November, 1924, pp. 331-334- Demangeon, A., "The Cape to Cairo Dream," The Living Age, vol. 335, January, 1929, pp. 365-368 and 398. Dicey, Edward, "The Future of Egypt," Nineteenth Century, vol. ii, August, 1877, pp. 1-14- Diplomaticus, "The Anglo-German Agreement," Fortnightly Review, vol. 64. London, 18g8, pp. 627-634- Earle, E. M., "Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War," Political Science Qoorterly, 1926, vol. xli, pp. 52o-545· Freeman, Lewis R., "Rhodes' 'All Red' Route. The War's Effect upon the Cape-to-Cairo Railway," The World's Work, vol. 27, ·London, 1916, pp. 159-177. Gladstone, W. E., "Aggression on Egypt and Freedom in the East," Nineteenth Century, vol ii, August, 1877, pp. 149-166. Johnston, Sir H. H., "Railway Projects in Africa and the Near East," The Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 72, London, 1912, pp. 558-569. Johnston, Alex., "Fresh Fields for African Railways," Journal of the African Society, April, 1903, pp. 271-28o. Langer, William L., "The Struggle for the Nile," Foreign Affairs, Janoory, 1936, vol. xiv, pp. 259-273. Lewin, P. E., " Cape to Cairo Railway," African World, vol. xxiv, London, 1911, pp. 863-864- Mcllwraith, Malcolm, "The Delagoa Bay Arbitration," Fortnightly Review, vol. 74. London, 1900, pp. 41o-42g. Metcalfe, Sir Charles, H. F., " Railway Development of Africa, Present and Future," Geographical Journal, vol. 27, London, 1916, pp. 3-20. Renty, E. de;," Deux Transafricains Anglais," Questions Diplomatiques, vol. xiv, 1910, pp. 471-473. Ricarde-Seaver, Major F. J. and Metcalfe, Sir Charles, "The British Sphere of Influence in South Africa," Fortnightly Review, vol. 51, tt. .r., March, 1889, pp. 351-352. Sivewright, James, "South African Telegraphs," ]oUI"tW,l of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, vol. viii, 1879, pp. 177-212. Paper read at the seventy-sixth ordinary general meeting of the society, March, 26, 1879· BIBUOGRAPHY

Sharpe, Sir A., "Back-bone of Africa," Geographical Journal, vol. 52, 19I8, pp. 141-157· Shepstone, H.].," Cape to Cairo Railroad," Westminster, vol. 2I, August, 19I2, pp. 83-9I. Stem, W. B., "The Treaty Background of the Italo-Ethiopian Dispute," The American Journal of International Law, vol. 30, no. 2, April, 1936, pp. 18g-203. Streit, Oarence K., "Britain Gave Italy Rights Under Secret Pact in 189I to Rule Most of Ethiopia," N. Y. Times, July 22, I9JS, p. 1 columns g and p. 9, columns b, c, d, e and f. Vernon, S. P., "Cape to Cairo Railway," Liberia Bulletin, no. I6, 1899, pp. J0-40. Williams, Judith B., "The Development of British Trade with West Africa," Political Science Quarterly, vol. 1, June, I93S, pp. I94-2I3. Woolbert, Robert Gale, "Italy in Abyssinia," Foreign Affairs, vol. xiii, no. 3, April, 1935, pp. 499-5o8.

VI. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY Old Series, vol. ZI, I877, pp. I6-Ig. Address of Sir Rutherford Alcock, president of the society, at the opening of the forty-seventh session. Mentions prospects of a telegraph line from Khartoum to the Diamond Fields. Old Series, vol. 2I, I877, pp. 388-396. African Exploration Fund. Re­ marks about the International Conference at Brussels, September, I8]6. Old Series, vol. 21, I877, p. 6oi. Meeting of the African Exploration Fund Committee, July 19. Old Series, vol. 2I, I877, p. 6o6. Remarks by Sir Rutherford Alcock on the prospective Overland Telegraph. Old Series, vol. 2I, I877, pp. 613-6I5. Proposals of Sir H. Barkly concerning the opening of Central Africa and remarks by ·Kerry Nichols concerning the proposed Overland Telegraph. Old Series, vol. 2I, 1877, pp. 6I6-632, Minute of a Conference concerning the feasibility of a line of Overland Telegraph through Africa to connect the lines in South Africa with those of Egypt. Old Series, vol. 22, 1878, pp. 7-28. Address of the president at the open­ ing· of the session, November 12, 1877. Remarks on the International Conference at Brussels and on the prospects of an Overland Tele­ graph through Africa. Old Series, vol. 22, I878, pp. 224-225. Remarks by R Frewen, Esq., on " spanning the as yet unconnected link between the Cape of Good Hope and the Mediterranean Sea," and Remarks by St. Vincent · Erskine. Old Series, vol. 22, I878, p. 254 Remarks of Stanley on penetration into the heart of Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Old Series, vol. 22, 1878, pp. 473-475. Remarks of Colonel Grant, Sir Harry Verney and Frewen on the Overland Telegraph. New Series, vol. I, 1879, p. 63. Keith Johnston's East African Expedition. Relationship of that expedition to plans for the proposed Overland Telegraph. New Series, vol. I, 1879, pp, I2J-I24- "Overland Telegraph through Africa." History of the part taken by the Royal Geographical So­ ciety in promoting the project. New Series, vol. I, I879, pp. 217-218. Correspondence concerning the Overland Telegraph. New Series, vol. I, 1879, pp. z64-27I. Report of a conference "to con­ sider the feasibility of a line of Overland Telegraph through Africa, to connect the lines in South Africa with those of Egypt."

VII, PAMPHLETS Nicholls, pamphlet listed under the name Nicholls in the library of the . Royal Geographical Society. Contains memoranda by Edwin Arnold, Kerry Nicolls and Colonel ]. A. Grant on the Overland Telegraph. Metcalfe, Sir Charles, The Cape-to-Cairo Line. How the War may solve a Problem. South Africa, Dec. I9, 1914- Pamphlet 4x4 in the Library of the Royal Empire Society. Pamphlet Z. 68., IJ in the library of the Royal Geographical Society. Contains reports and correspondence concerning the Overland Tele­ graph project. INDEX

Abbas Pasha I, Suez railway pro­ Ahmed, Mohammed, see Mahdists posal, 32 Akasheh, railway to, 358 Abercom, Fort, see Abercorn, Albert, Lake, see Albert Nyanza Duke of Albert Nyanza, Lake Albert: agree- Abercom, James Hamilton, 2d ment of 18Qo, 299-300: eX()lor­ Duke of, 148, 180, 148, nr 12, 428 ation of, 37, 234 Aborigines Protection Society, 101, (Albert} Edward, Lake, see Ed­ 143 ward, Lake Abu Hamed, railway to, J(io, 361 Albuquerque, Major Mousinho da, Abyssinia, see Ethiopia Portuguese loan, 210 . Addis Ababa, Captain Qochette at, Alcock, Sir Rutherford, Overland 328, 329, 363, 364; Rodd Mission Telegraph scheme, 55; transpor­ to, 366, 367; Russian Missions tation in Africa, 45 to, 327 Alexandria, bombardment of, 281 ; Aden, Red Sea por.t, 31, 6o, 64. 61 railway from, 31-32; Telegraph Adowa, Italian defeat at, 336, 354; to, see Overland Telegraph Italian occupation of, 335 Amandebele tribe, see Amatongaland, annexation of, 8g, Aeroplane flights, Dail;v Telegraph, 184 1120, 413, n67, 471 Amba Allagi, Italian defeat at, 354 Africa: anglicizing, dreams of, 23, Ambabo, French foothold at, 325 66-70, 201.-202; awakening in­ America, see United States of terest in, 34-44. 47-48, 51-52, 54- America 55, 104-107, 129, 237-238, 253- Amiens, Treaty of, .see Treaties 254: British expansion in, 21, 25- and Agreements 34. 40-41, 67-68, 7G-71, 8Q, 100, Anderson, Sir Percy, Africa, in­ 109-112, IIS, 12G-122, 126-128, terest in, 133; Anglo-German 1130-136, 149, 165-16g, 17o-182, treaty of 18go, 259, 26o, 265, 317: 232-238, 244-.268, 269-279. 28o- Cape-to-Cairo corridor, 316, 317, 286, 288-298, 307-312, 323, 329- n68, 449 333. 337-338, 351-362, 363. 366- Anglo-Boer relations, .see Trans­ 383.390-393 ;communications with, vaal 44-46, s8-6o, m, 412; explora­ Anglo-Congolese Agreement of tions in, 29, 34-38, 51-56, 129, 131, 1894. see also, Treaties and 170, 171-173, 181, 199, 200, 233- Agreements : Agreement of 18go, 241, 244-246, 25o-2s6, 259, 28o- relation to, 29!)-J'OI ; Bah11"-el­ 283, 2g8, 301-304, 325, 328, 338- Ghazal, lease of, Article II, 218, 339, 34G-J41, 363-366, 368-371, 3o8, 312-31'5, 320-322; British 397-398; indifference to, 25, 377- defense of, JII, 312, 314-315, 378 319-320; British sphere of in­ African International Association, fluence in, 307, 3o8, 310, 323; 238-239 Cape-to-Cairo Corridor in, Article African Lakes Company, 170, 173- III, 23, 309-3II, 313-317, 319- 174 320, 323, n55, 458; French op­ Afrikander Bond, effect of raid position to, 312-315, 338; Ger­ on, 2o6; influence of, 82, 83; man opposition to, 313, 316-320; Rhodes' cooperation with, 84-85, Telegraph clause in, Article V, 206 310, 324 INDEX

Anglo-Congolese relations, see Austria: Boer War, conduct dur­ Congo, Independent State of ing, 232; Jameson Raid, reaction Anglo-French relations, see France to, 193 Anglo-German relations, see Ger­ Awards: Berne, 158, 16o, 2II; many MacMahon, 128 Anglo-German Treaty of 18go, see aLso, Treaties and Agree­ Bagamoyo, Emin Pasha's arrival ments: Cape-to-Cairo corridor, at, 25S; Peters' expedition from, 23, 26o-266, n68, 449; Caprivi's 245. 246 finger in South Africa, 265; ef­ Bagdad Railway, Rhodes' sugges­ fect on British policy, 276, 337- tion, 220, n61, 442 338. 356 ; French reaction to, Bahr-el-Ghazal and Ubangi Re­ 267-268. 356, 383; Heligoland gions : Anglo-Congolese agree­ bargain in, 264; Lake District ment of 1894. Article II. 307· in, 18o-181, 26o-264; negotiations 3o8, 31o-31S; Anglo-French over, 259-264; Nile Valley, re­ rivalry over, 301~304. J07-3o8, cognition of British sphere of 31o-315, 338-362, 363, 368-383; influence, see Nile Valley Anglo-French Treaty of 1899. Anglo-Italian protocols of 1891 see Treaties and Agreements ; and 1894, See Treaties and Belgian explorations in, 298, Agreements 299-301, 305; British claims to, Anglo-Italian relations, see Italy 363, 372-374; Dinka and Shilluk Anglo-Portuguese Agreement of tribes of, 369, 370; Franco­ 1884. see Treaties and Agree­ Congolese rivalry over, 304-300, ments 307, 313; Franco-Congolese Treaty of 1894 concerning, see Anglo-Portuguese relations, S'ee Portunl Treaties and Agreements; French plans for, 302-304. 328- Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 18g1, 329. 338-339, 34o-341, 363-366, see Treaties and Agreements 37o-371; Leopold'9 schemes for, : Anl!'lo-German rivalry 218, 298, 352-353; Marchand's over. 213 ; Hinterland of : Anglo­ expedition to, 340, 341, 37o-371 ; Portuguese rivalry over, 26, 42: sudd in, 370, 388-389 railway plans for, 45. 46 Bain, Thomas, mining canoession Angra Pequeiia, German flag to, 120 hoisted over, 104 Baker, Sir Samuel White, Over­ Arab Slave War, 132, 135 land Telegraph, 5. 57: Sudanese Arnold. Sir Edwin: Cape-to-Cairo, expeditions of, 35, 234-235 dreams of, 21, so, 52, ni, 409: Balfour, Lord, First Lord of Overland Telegraph, so-s4 Treasury, Macdonald expedition, Arnot, Katanga belt, 181 369 Bangweolo, Lake, Anglo-German Ashmead-Bartlett, Sir E., Cane-to­ rivalry over, 18o Cairo Movement, 296. 343, 344 Banket Conglomerate, gold rush Assab, Italian foothold at, 329 to, 39 Atbara River, Battle of, 361.378; Barberton, gold discoveries near, 39 source of Nile flood, 325, n3, 454 Baring, Sir Evelyn Ol!ter Lord Atchinoff, expeditions of, 326 Cromer}, British Agent and Atherstone, Dr., Overland Tele­ Consul General, 283-284; British graph, so Commissioner of the Public Austin, Captain, expedition of, Debt, 28o; gauge, J6o; Nile pier 369"370 on. 390. 396 Austral Africa Company, Loben­ Barkly West, Rhodes a member gula's kraal, 122 from, 73, 200 INDEX 491 Barney Bamato, Rhodes' struggle Berbera: 329-330 with, 71-1:1 · Berlin, see Germany Barotseland: Anglo-Portuguese Berlin Congress: General Act of, Agreement of 18g1, concerning, 242-243 ,313-314; summoning of, see Treaties and Agreements; 241-242 chartered company in, 179; Berne Award, see Awards . Pinto's expedition through, 42, 129 Bertie, Mr., Anglo-German rela­ Bathoen and Sebele, surrender of tions, 229-230 railway strip, 162-163 Bia and Francqui, expedition of, 181 Beach, Sir Michael Hicks : Fashoda Birmin.qham Post, campaign: for Crisis, 375; Overland Telegraph, charter, 141 s8 Bismarck, Prince: Anglo-Portu­ Bechuanaland, see also, British guese Agreement of 1884, 241 ; Bechuanaland and Bechuanaland colonial policies of, 104-105, ;241; Protectorate: administration of, Em in Pasha expedition, 254; n78, 421; Anglo-Boer rivalry Heligoland, 259 over, 42, 87, 98-109; fear of , Bishop of, opposi­ German expansion in, 42, 104~ tion to charter, 143; railways to, 1o8; gold in, prospects of, 42; II2-II3 importance of, 87, 98-99, us, 148, Blue, John, Bechuanaland railway, n49, 420; Mackenzie's plans for, n6-n8 101, 143-144; Railway through, Blue Nile, source of Nile flood, III-II9, 125, I48-ISO, n26, 423; 325, n3, 454 Warren expedition to, 1o8-109 , see Transvaal Bechuanaland Exploration Com­ Boer War, see also Transvaal: pany, Ltd., see also, Exploring attitude of outside power during, Company, Ltd.: railway project Austria, 226, 227, 232; France, of, see Bechuanaland; Rhodes, 226, 227, 23o-231; Germany, 226, cooperation with, n8-n9, 124; nn8, 444; Italy, 227; Portugal, rivalry with Goldfields of South 231; Russia, 226, 227, 229-231; Africa, Ltd., n8-n9 United States, 227, 231; dispute Bechuanaland Protectorate, see between Rhodes and Stead over, also Bechuanaland: British sphere 77; outbreak of, 221, 226 of influence, n78, 421 ; chartered Bonchamps, expedition under, 365 company in, see British South Africa Company; railway Bond, see Afrikander Bond through, III, II5-II9, 125, 146, Borckenhagen, invitation to Rhodes, 148-150, 162-164 82 Bechuanaland Railway, see Bechu­ Boshee, withdrawal from, 29Q-291 analand and Bechuanaland Pro­ Brazza, Le Comte Savorgnan de, tectorate reopening the Egyptian question·, Beira Railway, construction of, 302; rivalry with Stanley, 24G- 155-156, 18o, n2I, 430 24I, n30, 446 Beit, Alfred: railway plans, op­ Brisson Ministry, 212, 377 . position to, 394-395 ; Rhodes, co­ British Association, Kilimanjaro operation with, 71, 79, 187, n1 1:2, expedition, 52, 244 · 428; trust fund, ni4, 416 British Bechuanaland: Crown Belgians, King of, see Leopold Colony in, n78, 421 ; railway in, Belgium, Anglo-Belgian Treaty JII-II9, 124-126, 146-147, 148- of IgOO, see Treaties and Agree­ 150, 162-164; transfer question, ments III-II5, n26, 423 Bell, Moberly, friendship with British Central Africa, see Central Rhodes, 78 Africa · Bennett, Gordon, Stanley's expedi­ British commerce, see British in­ tion, 51 dustry and trade 492 INDEX British East Africa Association. Campbell, Sir George, opposition to see Imperial British East Africa charter, 144-145 Company Cape Argus, Rhodes' influence British East Africa Company, see over, 75 Imperial British East Africa Cape Colony: annexation of Company , 41; British British lndusrty, Trade and Com­ Bechuanaland question, see merce, condition of, 24. 25, 42- British Bechuanaland ; cable 44. 46; international competition question, 62-64; cooperation of, in, 24. 25, 43, 44. 46; weapon in in purchase of P o r t u g u e s e fighting slave trade, 34. 35, 36 possessions, 159-16o; coopera­ British South Africa Company, tion of, in railway and telegraph the Chartered Company: Anglo­ schemes, 62-64; growth of, German Treaty of 189o, 262-263; 27-28, 39, 41, n1, 417; mineral Board of, 148, n112, 428; discoveries, 39-41 ; Overland campaign for charter, :;8- Telegraph, interest in, 6

Emin Pasha, olso Ed o u u d 329; Fnnch intrigues with Schnitzer: British rescue mis­ Mahdists, 364. 368; French sion. 248-255; early history of, treaty of 1843, see Treaties and 247; effect of Mabdist revolt on, Agreements; Italian sphere of 247-248; enlistment of, in Ger­ influence over, 329-335; Italo­ man service, 255-256; German Ethiopian War,335-336; Menelik, relief mission, 253-255 ; policies 327, 33G-331, 334-335, 364-367, of, 247-249. 254-255 389-390, 391 ; rivalry over Harrar England, see Great Britain trade, 326, 330, 333-334; railway ErJglisla Meclaonic, Strangway's agreements with, J27, 389-390; articles in, so Rodd mission to,366-368; Russian English Review of Reviews, 7'5, 78 activity in, 326-327, 342-344; Equatorial Africa: Anglo-Con­ strategic importance of, 325; golese rivalry in, see Babr-el­ Uccialli treaty, see Uccialli, Ghazal, Congo, the Independent treaty of, and Treaties and State of the, Anglo-Congolese Agreements Agreement of 1894 and Nile ~tienne, Monsieur, colonial policies Valley; Anglo-French rivalry in, of, 302-303 see Babr-el-Gbazal, Fashoda and Europe : commercial rivalry of Nile Valley; Anglo-German European Powers, 43. 44; need rivalry in, see Anglo-German of better communications with, Treaty of 189o, Emin Pasha and 47. 48, 49 Lake District; Emin Pasha's Exploring Company, Ltd.: amalga­ activities in, see Emin Pasha; mation of, 125-126; Bechuana­ explorations in, 233-237; Franco­ land railway project of, see Congolese rivalry in, see Babr­ Bechuanaland; founding of, us; el-Ghazal ; French policies in Rhodes, 124; rivalry with Gold­ regard to, see Babr-ei-Ghazal, fields of South Africa, Ltd., 122- Nile Valley and Sudan; Gor­ 124 don's plan for, see Gordon, Colonel Charles; Khedive's pro­ vinces in. 234-236, 247-255, 284- Fashoda: British claim to, 363; 285; Leopold's schemes, see Crisis of, reaction to in: Eng­ Leopold; Major Owen's expedi­ land, 374-376. 381-382, n52, 467, tion, 337; Menelik's claims to, France, 376-378, Germany, 378- 379. Italy, 378, Russia, 377-378; 364-367; Stanley's plans for, 250 evacuation of, 381 ; French plans Eritrea, Italian expansion in, 329, concerning, 302-303; Marchand 33G-331 Erlanger, Baron Emile Beaumont d', expedition to, 363, 38o Beira, distance to, n17, 429; Ferguson, Sir John: chartered British South Africa Company, company in: Gazaland, 179. Manicaland, 178-179; Khedive's i9 Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Adowa, battle and Sultan's rights in Sudan, zgz- of, see Adowa; Anglo-Ethiopian 293 treaties of 1897 and 1902, see Fife, Duke of: Director on board Treaties and Agreements ; Anglo­ of Chartered Company, 148, nnz, French treaty of 1888, see 428; Fort Fife named after, Treaties and Agreements; Anglo­ 18o-181; opposition to Charter, Italian cooperation in, 326, 331- 143 334; Anglo-Italian protocols of Foreign Office, see Kimberley 1891 and 1894, see Treaties and Rosebery and Salisbury Agreements ; Expeditions from, Forlni.qlatly Re'Uiew: article by Sir 1owards Nile Valley, see also, Charles Metcalfe in, 137-138; Nile Valley, 328-329, 342-344. Verschoyle, 78 363-366; French activity in, 325- Forward Policy, see Imperialism INDEX 497 Franoe: colonial activity of, 338- War, Anglo-German agreement 339, J42, 382-383; Empire in of 1890, see Anglo-German agree­ Equatorial, North and West ment, Anglo-French negotiation, Africa, 301-302, 343-344: Im­ 339, 348-349, 351-352, 359, 38o- perial policies of, 302-304; rail­ 381, 382-383, Anglo-French re­ way plans of, see Railways; re­ lations in Egypt, see Egypt, lations with: Bahr-el-Giw.zal: Ang to, s6. 62, 63, 6s see Ethiopia, railway concession, J27, rivalry over Harrar trade, Galloway Bey, British engineer, 326, 334; Germany: Anglo-Ger­ man agreement of 189o, see Suez railway, 31 Anglo-German Agreement, co­ Garrett, Edmund, 72, 75. ni7, 416 operation with, in: opposing Gazaland, see also Portugal, Anglo­ Anglo-Congolese Agreement, see Portuguese . rivalry over, 129, Anglo-Congolese Agreement, 179-18o summoning Berlin Congress, 241- Geo.Qraf1hische Nachrichten, Von 242, Franco-German rapproche­ Weber's article in, 1o6-107 • ment, 191, 2o8, 212; Great German Colonial Society, see Britain: Anglo-Congolese agree­ Society for German Colonization ment of 1894, see Anglo-Con­ : Anl!"lo-Ger­ golese Agreement of 1894, Anglo­ man agreements of 1886 and French agreement of 1894, fail­ 18go, see Anglo-German treaty ure of, 339, Anglo-French agree­ of 1890 and Treaties and Agree­ ment of 1862, 1888, 1897 and mtents ~ Cape-ito-Ca:iro corridor 1899, see Treaties and Agree­ question, see Cape-to-Cairo move­ ments, Anglo-French commercial ment: Cape-to-Cairo railway, rivalry, 43, Anglo-French rivalry negotiations for, see Cape-to­ in Sudan, see Sudan, Anglo­ Cairo Raliway : Cape-to-Cairo Italian treaty of 1894. see telegraph, negotiations for, see Ethiopia, Anglo-P o r t u g u e s e Transcontinental telegraph: Ger­ agreement of 1884, see Berlin man East Africa Company, oper­ Congress, Boer War, see Boer ations in, 245-246, 254. 257-258 INDEX

German East AfJ"ica Company: Pasha, N)'!asaland contraversy, Emin Pasha relief expedition, see Nyasaland, Peters' expedi­ 251, 254; rivalry with lbea Com­ tion, see Peters, Dr. Karl, Samoa, pany, 256-258 2I5·2ZI, Anglo-German Treaty German Emperor, see Wilhelm II of 1899, see Treaties and Agree­ German Southwest Africa: pro­ ments; South Africa: Boer tectorate over, 104-105; tariff War, Germany's conduct during, duties in, 154 see Boer War; Southeast Africa: Germany: Colonial activity of, 42, Anglo-German convention of 98; Imperial policies of, see also 1899, see Treaties and Agree­ Bismarck and Hinterland Doc­ ments, Delagoa Bay Railway, trine, 393; relations with: Congo: see Delagoa Bay Railways, Por­ Anglo-Portuguese treaty of 1884, tuguese possessions, 2o8-214, see Treaties and AgTeements, Rhodes policies, objection to, Berlin Congress on, see Berlin 186, St. Lucia, see St. Lucia Congress, German-C o n g o 1 e s e controversy; Southwest Africa: agreement of 1884. see Treaties German protectorate over, I04- and Agreements; France: co­ Io8 ; Sudan: Anglo-German operntion with, in regard to, Treaties of 1890 and 1893, see Anglo-Congolese agreement of Treaties and Agreements, reper­ 1894, see Anglo-Congolese agree­ cussions of Witu controversy, ment of 1894. Anglo-Portuguese see Witu controversy; Russia, agTeement of 1884, see Treaties attempts at cooperation with: and Agreements, Berlin Congress, Boer War, see Boer War, Kruger 241-242, rapprochement with, Telegram, see Kruger Telegram; failure of, 191-212; Great Britain.: T ranS'Vaol: Boer-German coali­ Anglo-German alliance, 207-2o8, tion, possibility of, 42, 88-89, 104- 224. Anglo-Italian protocol of 108, 184-198, ngg, 444. Boer 1891, see Treaties and Agree­ War, German conduct ducing, ments ; cooperation with : British see Boer War, Kruger telegram, Egyptian policy, 209. 259, recon­ 18g-1g8, Kruger's toast, 185, quest of the Sudan, 207, 322, Netherlands South African Rail­ 378-379; E u r o ·Pea n concert, way, 92, 157-158, 184-185; 190-193, 318-319, Fa shod a United States, Germany's sug­ crisis, German neutrality during, gestion in regard to mediation 20i'-2o8, 378-379, 381-382, rap­ of, see Boer War; Rhodes' re­ prochement with, 207-208, 212- lations with : attitude towards, 214. 224-231, 378-379; rivalry see Rhodes, Cecil John, railway with in: commerce and trade, 43 ; and telegraph, negotiations with, East Africa, see also East see Cape-to-Cairo Railway and Africa: Anglo-German treaties Transcontinental T e 1 e graph, of 1886 and 18go, see Treaties and Samoa controversy, mediator for, Agreements, rivalry between 216-221 British and German companies Gesellschi!.ft fiir deutsche Koloni­ in, see German East Africa, Wi.tu sation, see Society for German controversy, see Witu contro­ colonizatioo versy ; Lake region: Anglo-Ger­ Giegler, C., Overland Telegraph man Treaty of 18go, see Anglo­ proposal, s6, 6s . German Treaty of 18go, British Emin Pasha expedition, see Gifford, 'Lord: Bechuanaland Ex­ Emin Pasha, Lake region, 137, ploration Company, 116; Char­ 175, Cape-to-Cairo corridor, see tered Company, 124-125, 126, 139, also Anglo-Congolese Treaty of 149, nn2, 428 1894 and Leopold, 393, Emin Gilmour, T. L, Cape-to-Cairo . Pasha's expedition, see Emin railway, 402 INDEX 499 Ginness, Egyptian victory at, 289 Grant, Colonel J. A., explorations Gladstone, William E., Anti-im­ of, 35, 53, 233-234 ; Overland perialism of, I5I, 023, 45I; Telegraph, sponsor of, 48, 5I, 53, British intervention in Egypt, 65; personality of, 53, ni5, 4I3 28I-282; Cape-to-Cairo prophecy Granville, Lord : German activities of, 282-283; Uganda Crisis, 274- in Southwest Africa, I07; Heligo­ 277, n23, 45I land, 259; Sudan, policy concern­ Gold: discoveries of, in: Mashon­ ing, 285-286, 292 aland, 39, II I ; Matabeleland, 39, Great Britain, H. M. Government: II I ; Tati, 39, 87; Transvaal, 39, Economic conditions, see British 42, III; effect of discoveries, industry and trade; Imperial 39-41,44 policies of, see Imperialism; re­ Gold Coast, British interests oo, 25 lations with: Bechuanaland: see Goldfields of South Africa, Ltd.: Bechuanaland, British Bechuan­ Bechuanaland Exploration Com­ aland, Bechuanaland Protector­ pany, rivalry with, u8-u9, I2I­ ate and Bechuanaland Railway; I24; Compaim for Cl$rtered Boers: see Transvaal; British Company, I26; importance of, South Africa Company: see 72, 73; Rudd concession, I2I-I22 British South Africa Company; Gondokoro, Baker at, 234; Over­ Congo: see Independelllt State of land Telegraph to, 56, 57, 58, 61 the Congo; Egypt: see Egypt; Gordon, Colonel Charles : death Ethiopia: see Ethiopia; France: of, 236, 287-289, 353-354. 355; see France; Germany : see Ger­ Emin Pasha in service of, 247; many; Imperial British East exploration of, 234-235; friend­ Africa Company: see Imperial ship with Rhodes, 8o; influence British East Africa Company; of, 287, 289. n22, 453; Leopold's Italy: see Italy; Natives: Bechu­ interest in, 298 ; mission to eva­ analand railway strip, securing cuate Sudan, 286-289; Overland of, 162-I64, Griqualand West Telegraph, 56, 236, 035, 4I4; controversy, 4I, Khama, 163, n40, plans concerning, East Africa, 43I, , I66-I68, 278, 235-236, Mahdi, 287, Uganda, Matabele Wars, I68-I6g, 205-200; 235-236, 247, Sudan, 295; Relief Portugal: see Portugal; Rhades: expedition to, 33, 235-236, 247, see Rhodes, Cecil John; Somali­ 287-289, 388; Rhodes, relation land: see Somaliland; Sudan: see with, So; Sudan, work in: Gov­ Sudan; Uganda: see Uganda; ernor of tribes of White Nile Zanzibar: see Zanzibar; Island of Basin, 235, Governor-General of, Grey Declaration, see Grey, Sir 235-236 Edward and also Nile Valley Goschen : anti-imperialism of, I33, Qeyo. Sir Edward: .Alllg1o-Con­ I35; British commissioner of golese Agreement of I894, Article Public Debt, 28o; Johnston's III, importance of, 322; Anglo­ mission, opposition to, I35 ; mobi­ Ethiopian Treaty of I897, 367'; lization of Flying Squadron, I07 Bagdad Railway, n61, 442; Cape­ Goschen, Republic of, disturbances to-Cairo line, 383 ; Grey Declar­ in, 99 ation: Hanotaux' protest against, Goshawk, H. M. S., St. Lucia 041, 462, occasion for, 344-346, Bay incident, 88 modification of, 349-350, signi­ Gouveia, activities in Manicaland, ficance of, 345~346, 347-350 I30 Grey, Earl : director of Chartered " Grandmamma," H. M. Govern­ Company, m I2, 428; opposition ment, see also Rhodes, Cecil to Charter, I43 John, ifl11leria! policies of, Bechu­ Grey, George, mineral discoveries analand intervellltion, I09 of, 200, 204, n43, 470 soo INDEX Griqua Chief Waterboer, see Hicks Beach, Sir Michael, see Waterboer Beach, Sir Michael Hicks Griqualand West, annexation of, 41 Hicks, General, expedition of, 285, Groblaar, Albertus, report on valid­ n68, 464 ity of Moffat treaty, 127 Herbette, Monsieur, Franco-Ger­ Groblaar, Piet, resident consul for man cooperation, 191 Matabeleland, 126-127 High Commissioner, see Loch, Sir Grosse Politik, Die, Rhodes' threats Henry and Robinson, S i r of secession in, 176-177 Hercules Guieyesse. instructions to Mar- . Hinterland, Hinterland doctrine in: chand, 340 Anglo-German understanding of Gungunhana, chief of Gazaland : 1887, 251-252, Anglo-German British South Africa Company, agreement of 18go, negotiations treaty with, 179; Lourenc;o Mar­ over, 261, Angola and Mozam­ ques, insurrection at, 16o; Por­ bique, Hinterland of, 26, 42, Witu tuguese. relations with, 129 controversy, 257-258; report of British Survey Committee. 1go6, Hall, William Edward, Cape-to­ 42 Cairo corridor, n5S. 458 Hofmeyr, Jan: Rhodes, relations Hammond, Hays, Transvaal re­ with, So, 83-84. 206; Sivewright, form movement, 197-198 opinion of, 6o Hanotaux, Gabriel: African ques­ Holland: Cape Town restored to, tions, negotiations over, 348-349; 27; Transvaal railway, see Anglo-Congolese agreement of Delagoa Bay Railway 1894, 312-314; Anglo-French Holstein, Baron Von, see Von agreement of 1894. negotiations Holstein, Baron over, see Anglo-Congolese Agree­ Hooper, cable proposal of, 6o ment; Anglo-German Treaty of 18go, 268, 347-348; Anglo-Italian protocol of 1894, 334; Cape-to­ Ibea Company, see Imperial British Cairo line. 383, ,386; Egyptian East Africa Company question, J42; Grey Declaration, llg, Monsieur, railway concession 347-349. 359, D41, 462; Mar­ of,J27 chand expedition, see Marchand; Imperial Airways, 399 Menelik, politico-religious en­ Imperial British East Africa Com­ tente with, 327; policies of, 212 pany, Ibea Company: agreement Harcourt, Sir William, anti-im­ between Leopold and Ibea Com­ perialism of, 151 ; Rhodes, rela­ pany in 18go, 299-301 ; Anglo­ tions with 85, 201-202; telegraph German Treaty of 18go, 262-263; to Uganda, 277 British East Africa Association, Harrar, Anglo-French treaty of Nascent Committee of, 245, 250; 1884. 326; Anglo-Italian treaty British South Africa Company, of 1894, 333-334; Bishop of, 327 modeled after, 147; founding of, Hartley ,Henry, gold discovery of, 52, 256; Imperial character of, 39 256, 270; Jackson expedition, Hatzfeldt. Count: Anglo-German 256; Johnston's concessions to, Treaty of 18go, 26o, 262, 264; 245 ; Lugard expedition, see European concert against Eng­ Lugard; Mackinnon, see Mac­ land, see Germany; Jameson kinnon; operations in: East Raid, 188-18g; Portuguese loan, Africa, 257-2•8, Uganda, 257, 211, 212-213 ; Rhodes' influeoce, 270, 274; Rhodes' offer to, 135, 217; Samoa, 216 173 ; Rivalry with German East Heligoland, see Anglo-German A f r i c a Company, 256-258; Treaty of 18go Stanley's treaties, see Stanley, INDEX 501 Henry Morton; Uganda Crisis, Jameson, Dr. Leander Starr: Boer see Uganda trekkers, 168; Lobengula's Kraal, "Imperial factor", see Rhodes, 167 ; Manicaland, 178; Raid, Cecil John leader of, 186-187, 197-198; Imperialism : era of : anti-imperial­ Rhodes, cooperation with, 124, ism, 25-33, 151-152, 351, im­ 162, 178; conspiracy, perialism, 25, 33, 296-297; for­ 187 ward policy, 151-152 Jameson Raid : precipitated by, India : British empire in, 30, 28o- 186-187: reaction to, in: Austria, 281; communications with, 49; 193, France, 191, Germany, 190, routes to: Cape route, 27, 30, 194, Great Britain, 195-198, Suez Canal route, 28o-281, Suez Italy, 193, Russia, 191-193, Trans­ Isthmus route, 3o-32; importance vaal, 189, 197-198, n99, 444; of: Egypt, 30, Muscat, 28, Somali Rhodes, effect on, 79, 85, 187-188, Coast, 329-330, Zanzibar, 28 198-199, 206, .219; Uitlanderst, , Boer attempt to se­ grievances of, 225 cure port on, 87-88; exploration Jibuti: French protectorate over, to, 42 325-326; railway from, 327 Indian Trade, see India , 39, 72 International Association of the Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton: Congo, Congo Association: British Central Africa: So, 133- founding of, 239-240; Status of, 136, 17o-175; Cape-to-Cairo 241-242; Stanley's work for, dreams of, 29, 33, 52, 133-134, 24G-241 245, 2g6, 384; Chartered Com­ Irish Party, Rhodes' gift to, 146, pany: 136, 174-175; Daily Tele­ 176, ·D'3, 417, niOI, 427 g,.aph, letters to, 52; German Ismail Pasha: Baker's service un­ trader, encounter with. 171-172; der, 234; Railway plans of, 32-33 I·bea Company, concession to, Italy: Colonial policies of, 329-331; relations with: Dervishes, 245; Kilimanjaro e:Jq)edition, 52, struggles with, 331, 336, 354; 244-246; Ki·rk, 29, 244-.245 ; Ethiopia: claims to a protector­ operations in: Nyasaland, 17o- ate over, 33o-335, support of 175, Tanganyika region, 172-173; Menelik's succession, 33o-331, Overland Telegraph, 33; Rhodes, Uccialli, Treaty of, see Uccialli, cooperation with, 77, 135-136, 152, Treaty of, war with Menelik, 170-175; Salisbury, 133-136, 17o- 335-336; Ff'ance: French intrigue, 171; Serpa Pinto, 171; sudd, 335-336; Gt'eat Britain: Anglo­ 388; Stanley, opinion of, 38; Italian cooperation in: Ethiopia, Times, article in, 134; work 331-335, n64. 463, Sudan, 326- continued by: Buchanan, 173, 332. 354-355; Anglo-Italian pro­ Sharpe, 172; Swann, 173, Thomp­ tocols of 1891 and 1894, see son, 172 Treaties and Agreements, Fashoda River, boundary between Crisis, 378, Jameson Raid, 193, British and Italian sphere, 332; recognition of British sphere in British expedition to, 368-370; Nile Valley, 331-332, 337; Somali­ Khedive's expedition to, 236 land: Eritrea established in, 329, Jiihlke, Dr. Karl, Kilimanjaro 330-331 treaties of, 246 Ivens, exploration of, 42, 129 Junker, Dr., Emin Pasha expedi­ Jackson, expedition to Uganda, 256, tion, 249, 254 261, 272 Jacobs, Erasmus Stephanus, Kaiser, see Wilhelm II O'Reilly diamond discovered by, Kansanshi Copper Mine, discovery 38 of, 200, 043, 470 INDEX

Kassala, Anglo-Italian protocol of Kirk, Sir John: Cape-to-Cairo, April, 1891, 332; Italian Dervish influence on, 29, 384: East Africa, struggle near, 354 244-245; Johnston, relations with, Katanga Company, expeditions of, 29, 244-245; Overland Telegraph, 181; Leopold's concessions to, 29, 33, 56, 57, 65; Zanzibar, 181, 395 British agent at, 28-30 Katanga District: Arnot's reports Kitchener, Lord, Cape-to-Cairo on, 181 ; Congolese claims to, .plans of, 356-358, 384; Egyptian 181 ; copper belt in, 200; Grey's army, 284; Desert railway, 357- di9Coveries, 200, 204, 043, 470; 358,361; Marchand, meeting with, Sharpe's expedition to, 181; 373-374: Oxford, honored at, Williams' prospecting rights in, 362; reconquest of Sudan, 356- 20.4. 394. D43. 470 362; Rhodes, cooperation with, 8o Kayser, Dr., Kruger telegram, 190 Knutsford, Lord: Bechuanaland Kelsey, Captain R. N., Cape-to­ Railway Company, 116, 117; cam­ Cairo expedition, nzo, 413 paign for Charter, 124. 125, 139. Kerch oven, Van, see Van Kerchoven nio8, 428; exploring company, Khalifa, successor of Mahdi: con­ 123-124 quest of territories of, J(i1, j62, Kraut, Dr., Anglo-German treaty 363, 372 of x8go, 26o Khama, Bechuanaland railway Kruger, Paul, also " Oom Paul " : strip, 163; British, cooperation Bechuanaland controversy, 104; with, D40. 431 Boer Trek, 167-168; Boer War, Khartoum: Anglo-Egyptian ad­ see Boer War; Customs Union vance to, 361, 363; Gordoo and Railway Conference, n2; killed at, 236, 287-288 Delagoa Bay Railway, 158-159; Khedives, see also Abbas Pasha I, influence of, 90; imperial policies Ismail Pasha and Mehemet Ali : of, 161, n99, 444; Jameson Raid, British influence over, 283-284. 18g, 197-1g8, n99, 444; Kaiser, 286 toast to, 185 ; Kruger telegram, Kilimanjaro District: Anglo-Ger­ 18g-1g8; railway policies of, Sg- man Treaty of 18go, see Anglo­ 95. JI2-II3, II4-II5; , German Treaty of 18go; German policy towards, 183-186, 225-226 settlements in, 245-246; Johns­ Kruger Telegram: authorship of, ton's expedition to, 52, 244-246; 18g, n33, 435; reaction to, in: Jiihlke, Dr., treaties of, 246; Austria, 193, France, 191, Ger­ Kirk's plans for, 243-244; many, 190, 194. Great Britain, · Mathews, treaties of, 245 195-198, Italy, 193, Russia, 192- Kilo and Moto Gold Mines, Cape­ 193, Transvaal, 190, 197-198; to-Cairo Railway, 397 Rhodes on, 219; wording of, Kimberley: diamond fields at, 38 ; D32, 435 Railway to, see Cape-to-Cairo Railway; Rhodes at, 71, 72, 200; Labouchere, Henry : Anti-imperial­ telegraph, 61 ism of, 151, 293, 296; Cape-to­ Kimberley, Lord: agreement be­ Cairo movement, opposition to, tween Leopold and lbea Com­ 2g6; Chartered Company, opposi­ pany of 18go, 301 ; Anglo-Con­ tion to, 145 golese Agreement of 1894, 3II, Lacerda, Brazilian explorer and 314-315, 319-320, 323-324; Bahr­ scientist, prophecy of, 26 el-Ghazal, French expeditions in, Lado Enclave: Anglo-Be 1g ian 341 ; Cape-to-Cairo policy, JZJ, treaty of 1go6, 391-392; Anglo­ n68, 449; German-Boer coalition, Congolese treaty of 1894, 3o8, 322 danger of, 185; Grey Declaration, Lagarde, mission to Menelik, 364- 349-350, 041, 462 365 . . INDEX 503 Lake Albert, see Albert Nyanza Leyds, Dr., m1ss1ons to Europe, Lake (Albert) Edward, see Ed­ 184, 228, 231 ward, Lake Liberal Party, 151 Lake Bangweolo, see Bangweolo, Liebert, General Van, see Van: Lake Liebert, General Lake Chad, see Chad, Lake Liotard, Missions of, 303, 372 Lake District, see also, Albert, Lisbon, negotiations at, 134-135, Lake; Edward Lake; Nyasa, 159-100 Lake; Tanganyika, Lake; Vic­ Livingstone, David: death of, 18o; toria, Lake : Anglo-German explorations of, 35-36; firearms, rivalry over, 247-264. 269-279; D49, 412; influence of, 35-37; Anglo-German Treaty of 18go, slavery, crusade against, 36, 49; see Anglo-German Treaty of Stanley, meeting with, 37 1890; explorations in, 53, 233- • Loanda, railway from, 46 240; importance of, 21-22, nJ, 409 Lobanow, Prince, Jameson Raid, Lascelles, Sir Frank: Anglo-Ger­ lgG-193 man alliance, 208; Rhodes' threats Lobengula : British protectorate of secession, 177 over dominions of, 167-168; con­ Lavigerie, Cardinal: Uganda, 271- cessions with : Bain, 120, Maund, 272 · 122-124. Rudd, 121-124, 165-166, Lavisse, Ernest, Anglo-Italian pro­ n49, 431; Matabele Wars, 168- tocol of May, 1894. 334 169; " Pioneers ", road granted Leontiff, influence of, in Ethiopia, to, 167; Queen Victoria, 123-124. 327. 343. 365-366 166-168; Rhodes, opinion of, Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 66; treaties with: Boers, 126; see also, Congo, Independent Moffat, 120-121 State of and Congo Region: Loch, Sir Henry: Boer Trek, 167; African International Associa­ Rhodes, relations with, 168-169; tion, 238-239; Agreement with Transvaal, relations with, 161- lbea Company of 18go, 299-301; 162, 184 Anglo-Belgian Agreement of London: Chamber of Commerce of, 19o6, see Treaties and Agree­ 143; convention of, 1884. 99-100, ments ; Anglo-Congolese Agree­ 126, 127, 185; Missionary Society ment of 1894, see Anglo-Con­ of, 143; Rhodes and Kitchener golese Agreement of 1894; in, 357 Anglo-Portuguese Agreement of Lourdel, Pere, Mwanga's treaty, 1884. 241 ; Bahr-el-Ghazal, 256, 272 schemes for, see Bahr-el-Ghazal; Louren~o Marques: Anglo-Boer British cooperation with, Jo6- rivalry over, 88-Sg; insurrection 307; Brussels conferences, 238- at, 160, 183; purchase of, 1·59- 240; Cape-to-Cairo r a i 1 w a y 161 ; railway from, 46 agreements, see Cape-to-Cairo Low, Sir Sydney: Rhodes, opinion railway; Cape-to-Cairo telegraph of, 68; Rhodes, relations with, agreement, see Transcontinental 78; Stanley's expedition, influence telegraph; Congo-State, founding of, 51, 52 . ' of, see Stanley, Henry Morton; Lualaba River, exploration of, 37 Emin Pasha, proposal to, 250, Liideritz, Herr : Southeast Afriea, 254, 2g8; Equatorial Africa, 88-89; Southwest Africa, 88, plans for, 250, 298-299, nr6, 455; 104-105 Katanga District, 181 ; Lado En­ Lugard, Captain F. D.: Imperial clave, 391-392; Stanley's work schemes of, 273, 2g6, 384; Nysa­ for, 238-241 ; Williams, Sir land, work in, 132; Uganda, Robert, 204-205, 390, 393-395, work in, 273-274, 276-277 n43, 470, n53, 471 , gold fields of, 39 INDEX

Macdonald, Colonel : expedition of, Massawa, Italian protectorate over, 368-370 329 Mackenzie, John: Bechuanaland, Massouw, 99 campaign for, IOI; Charter, op­ Matabeleland: Anglo-Boer rivalry position to, I43-I44; Rhodes, over, 86, I26-Iz8; gold in, 39. quarrel with, 76, IOI, IOJ-I04 III; Matabele Wars, I68-I69, Mackinnon, William: Brussels Con­ 20S-206; Rudd concession, see ference, 238; Emin Pasha Mis­ Rudd concession sion, 250, 2S2 ; Ibea Company, Mathews, General, Kilimanjaro 2SO, 252 treaties of, 24S Macmahon Award, see Awards Matin, Le, Fashoda crisis, 376 McMurdo, Colonel Edward: De­ Mauch, Carl, gold discovery of, 39 lagoa Bay railway, ~3. g6, IS7-Is8, I6o Maund concession, see Maund, E. A. Madagascar: cable with, 49; French Maund, R A., concession of, I22- protectorate over, 268, 342 I24. DI I, 424; rivalry with Mafeking: telegraph from, I4I, I46 Rhodes, I22-I24 Maguire, Rochfort: Lobengula's Mauritius, communications with, Kraal, I22; Lourenc;o, Marques, 49. 64 negotiations for, IS9; Rudd con­ Mediterannean, communications to, cession, I21-122 see Cape-to-Cairo Railway, Over­ Mahdists: Anglo-Egyptian con­ land Telegraph and Transcon­ quest of, 361, 362, 363, 372; tinental Telegraph Gordon, killed by, 236; Moham­ Mehemet Ali, railway to Suez, med Ahmed, .28S; Sudan, revolt 3I, 32 . in, zBs-289 Meline Ministry, fall of, 212; Majuba, battle of, 8g Marchand's instructions from, 340 Makalolo, Serpa Pinto's encounter Menelik, King of Kings of with, 171-172 Ethiopia, see Ethiopia Malet, Sir Edward : Anglo-Ger­ Merriinan, Lourenc;o Marques, man Treaty of I8go, 262; negotiations over, IS9; Overland Rhodes', offensive language, 154; Telegraph, 62 Transvaal, "Black Spot," I8S­ Mesopotamia, Rhodes' suggestion, I86 220, n61, 442 Manchester: 36, 49, 290 Metcalfe, Sir Charles, Bechuana­ Manicaland, Anglo-Portuguese land Railway, negotiati0115 for, rivalry over, I74-I8o. u6-u9; Cape-to-Cairo railway, Mankoroane, 99. I03 sponsor of, II6-II7, II9, ISS; Marchand, Captain, se e a l s o Rhodes, cooperation with, u8- Fashoda: Bahr-el-Ghazal, occu­ II9, I2S, I37-I38, ISS. I99, 203- IJQtion of, 37o-372; British 204 policy towards, 372-376, J8o-J8I, Michell, Sir Lewis, Cape-to-Cairo n!i2, 467; expedition, nature of, railway, 403; Rhodes' popularity 34G-342. 34S. 3SS. 372, 38o; in the House, 74. 028, 4I6 Kitchener, meeting with, 373-374 Milner, Viscount, British occupa­ Max schall, Von, see Von Marschall tion of Egypt, 282; Cape-to-Cairo Mal tyr, Major, expedition of, J(ig­ line, 402-403 ; Rhodes, friendship JiO, 388 with, 8o Mashonalad: Anglo-Boer rivalry Missionaries' Road, see Roads over, I67-I68; Anglo-Portuguese Mizon, Lieutenant, Ethiopian ex­ rivalry over, I3G-I31, I7S; British pedition of, 3.28 activities in, I67-I69, 17S; Char­ Moffat, ]. S.: Moffat Treaty: con­ tered Company, operations in, clusion of, III, 12o-I2I; Por­ nS8, 432; gold in, 39, I II tuguese protest against, I30; INDEX sos validity of, 127; Rudd concession, effect on, 39, 42; railway dis­ defense of, 166 cussions, 40; Rhodes' landing in, Moffat Treaty, see Moffat, ]. S. 71 ; Zulu!and, annexed to, 89 alld also Treaties and Agree­ Netherlands South Africa Railway ments Company, see also Delagoa Bay Mohammed Ahmed, see Mahdists Railway: gz; German interests Mollison, Mrs. Amy Johnson, flight in, 92, 157 of, n67, 471 McMurdo's company, rivalry with, , Gordon's J)lans, 236; Railway from, see Uganda Rail­ 93, 157-158; Transvaal interest way in, 92 Monomotapa, Portuguese treaties New Republic, see Zululand with, 128 New York Herald, African ex),>l.or­ Monson, Sir Edmund: Cape-to­ ation, 51 Cairo J)Oiicy, 374; Chad, negotia­ Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, see tions over, 359; Fashoda crisis, Russia 376, 377-378; Grey declaratiou, 346, 359; Khalifa's territory, Nicholls, Kerry: Overland Tele­ British conquest rf, 372 graph scheme, 48, 49, 5I, 53, 54. Monteil: Fashoda, French occupa- Niekerk, J. G. Van, .see Van tion of, 302-303 Niekerk, J. G. Montsioa, 99, 104 Nile Basin, see Nile Valley Moshette, 99 Nile River, see Nile Valley Mouravieff, Count, Fashoda Crisis, Nile Valley: agreement between 377-378 Leo:I)Old and Ibea Company of Mozambique Com:l)any: 130, 178 18go, see Treaties and Agree­ Mozambique, Province of: cable, ments ; Anglo-Congolese rivalry negotiations·, 64; Hinterland of : in, 299-301 ; Anglo-French 26 ; Johnston, Consul to, 134; rivalry in, 307-324. 328-329; purchase of, 209-213; cai!way British conquest of, see Sudan; plans for, 45, 46; telegraph from, British s:l)here of influence in, see Overland Telegra-ph 344-350; recognized by: France, Mtesa, Monarch of Uganda: 382, Germany, 26o, 264-265, 315, British letters to, 237-238 ; Gor­ 337, 383, Italy, 331-332, 337, don's contact with, 235; Mission Leopold, 307-3o8, JIO, JZI-324, to England, 238; SJ)eke, relation 337, m6, 455; ex:l)editions to, 298- with, 234 299, 328-329, 363-366. 397'-398; Murray, R. V.: Bechuanaland Rail­ im:I)Ortance of, 294-295, 355-356; way, u6-u9; Chartered Com­ Leo:I)Old's schemes for, zg8, 352- pany, 124 353; Menelik's claims in, 364- Mwanga, Monarch of Uganda: 366; Nile River: importance- of, Jackson, a:I)J)eal to, 272 ; J)Oiicies 22, 294. OJ, 454. sources of, of, 271-273; Queen Victoria, 233-234, 325, OJ, 454; railway letter to, 278, 045, 452 ; treaties J)lans, 327, 331, 3B9-392, 396 with: Lugard, 273, Peter, 256, Nyasa, Lake, see Nyasaland 272 Nyasa!and: African Lakes Com­ pany in, 170; Anglo-German Namaqualand, see Damaraland and rivalry over, 258-259, 261 ; Anglo­ Namaqualand Portuguese rivalry over, 131- Na:I)O!eon, Egy:l)t, evacuation of, 31 136; Arab Slave War in, 132- Natal, Colony of: Customs Union 134; British protectorate over, and Railway Conference, nz; 173; British settlements in, 35, cable from, 64; gold discoveries, 170, 258, 261 ; explorations in, so6 INDEX 170; Johnston's working, see exJ)P.dition, 254-256; German Johnston, Sir Harry; Lugard's Colonial Society, 1o6; Mwanga, work in, see Lugard, Captain treaty with, 256 F. D. ; Portuguese settlements Pinto, Serpa: expedition to Shire in, 129-130; railway to, 131-132 Highlands, 131; expedition to Nyasaland Protectorate, see , 42, 129, I7I; Johnston, Nyasaland I7I-I72; Makololo, 172 "Pioneers,'' Mashonaland, 16;-169 Obok, 325-326 Pirie, Sir John, railway proposal, 32 Omdurman, Ang'lo-Egyptian vic­ Pittius, van, see Van Pittius tory at, 361, 362, 378 •Pius IX, Pope, 53 "Oom Paul," see Kruger, Paul Ples~on, Baron von, see Von : Customs Union Plessen, Baron· and Railway Conference, 112; , Midland Trunk claims to: Bechuanaland, 42 ; system .from, 40 Griqualand West, 27, 40, 41 Portal, Sir Gerald : Mission to Uganda, 277-279 O'Reilly, discovery of, 38 Porte, the, see Turkey Osman Digna, see also Dervishes, Portugal : African Empire of: 290 42, 129-130; Anglo-Portuguese Ottoman Empire, see Turkey Agreements of, see Treaties and Overland Telegraph: authorship, Agreements; Anglo-Portuguese question of, 49, so; Cable fiS. rivalry over: Gazaland, 129, 179, Telegraph, 58-64; Cape Colony, Manicaland, 128-IJI, I7I-I72, interest in, 6o-63 ; Cape-to-Cairo 175-18o, Mashonaland, 128-I31, movement, relation to, 47, 48, 65; Nyasaland, 131-136; Boer War, Brussels Conference, 54. SS ; conduct during, 231 ; Delagoa H. M. Officials, attitude of, s8- Bay Railway: Berne Arbitra­ 6o; influence of scheme, 65 ; tion, Is8; concessions to: Boer need of, 46-48; opinions on, delegation, 91-92, McMurdo, go; 29, JJ, 48, 49, ~4, c6-64, 236 j Railway, seized by, 157; Jameson Royal Geographical Society, in­ Raid, conduct towards, 194; terest in, SS-57: sponsors of, 49- possessions, purchase of, 207- 54. SS-57; Transcontinental Tele­ 213; Anglo-German rivalry over, graph, 61 207-211 ; British pre-emptive rights over, I8o, 210; railway, Pall Mall Gazette, 75-78, 140, plans of, see Railways; Trans­ 142, 148 vaal, protest against, 8;-88 Palmerston, railway construction in Press : Boer War, reactioo to, in Egypt, 31 German, .226; campaign for Paris, Treaty of, see Treaties and charter in, 139-142, 148, n2I, 424; Agreements Cape.-to-Cairo ideas in, 139-142; Parnell, Rhodes' gift to, 176, D3, Chamberlain's speech on Anglo­ 417, DIOI, 427 German Alliance, reaction against, Paul Kruger, see Kruger, Paul 224; Fashoda, crisis reaction to, Pauling; Messrs., railway construc- see Fashoda crisis; Rhodes' in­ tion by, ISS fluence over, 75-78 Pender, James, cable, 64 , see also Transvaal, tele­ Pender, John, cable, 64 graph from, 61 Peninsular and Oriental Steamship , see Treaties Company, 31-32 and Agreements Peters, Dr. Karl: East African Pretorius, President of the Trans­ expedition, 245-246; Emin Pasha vaal : policy of expansion, 87-88 INDEX

Prince of Orange, Table Bay, 2'/, to Nyasa!and, need for, 132, ni3, 410 Colesburg to Free State, II2-II4. Prince of Wales: Admiral von Durban to Transvaal, 40, Uganda Senden, objections to, 224; Railway, 269, 274; Egyptian: Kaiser's correspondence with, Alexandria · to Suez, see also 228-229 ; Rhodes' letter to, 221 Cape-to-Cairo System, 31-32; Protective System at the Cape, French: Jibuti to Nile, 327, Rhodes' defense of, 84-85 , 4S, Transsaharan, 4S, Prout, Colonel, Cape-to-,Cairo 46; German, Bagdad railway, railway, 401-402 220, n61, 442; lnternatWnally Pungwe River, railway from, 15li, owned lines: Benguella to Tenge, 180 395, 403, n21, 430, Cape-to­ Cairo system, see above, Delagoa Quai D'Orsay, see France Bay, see Delagoa Bay Rail­ Queen, the Great White, .ree Victoria way, Katanga, 204-205, 394- Queenstown, railway to, 40 395, 404; Portuguese: Delagoa Bay to Transvaal, see Delagoa Radolin, Prince, Jameson Raid, Bay Railway, Loanda to' Embaca, 192-193 45, 46; Transvaal: see Delagoa Raid, the, see Jameson Raid Bay Railway, 45 Railways: Agreements: Anglo-, Red Sea : French naval base along, Congolese of 1894 and 1!)06, see 325-326; importance of: 30, 31; Treaties and Agreements, Anglo­ Red Sea ports, British policy of Ethiopian of 1902, see Treaties protection for, 286, 291, 330 and Agreements, Anglo-,Portu­ Rejaf, Martyr's expedition to, guese of 18g1, see Treaties and 370, 388 Agreements, Rhodes' agreement Reitz, F. W. ~ Bond, 83 with the Kaiser, 204-2os, 218- Rennell Rodd, Sir James, mission 224. Agreements with Leopold, to Ethiopia, 366-368 204-205, 218, 393-395; boom in Renty, E. de : imperial significance South Africa, 40, n7, 422; ex­ of the Cape-to-Cairo railway, 386 tension issue in 1888, no-113, Reports of: British survey com­ n7, 422; gauge, question of, 33, mittee, 41 ; Royal commission on 357, 36o; lines: Cape-to-Cairo trade depression, 44; Royal Geo­ system, Abu Hamed to Khar­ graphical Society on the Over­ toum, the Desert Railway, J

Mackenzie, 76, 101 1 103-104, tion, 238-239; Grant, awarded Maund, 123, Metcalfe, H8-U9, medal by, 53 ; Livingstone, 36; Mil111er, 8o, The Press, 75-78, Overland Telegraph, SS-57, 58, Robinson, So, Rosebery, 8o, 346- 59. 6o 347, Rothschild, 77, 78, i"9, 135, Ro~al Society, Kilimanjaro expedi­ 146, 159, Salisbury, 8o, Sive­ tion, 52, 244 wright, 6o, 61, Stead, 7'5-78, Rubattino Steamship Company, n40, 417 Assab purchased by, 329 INDEX

Rudd Concession: Lobengula's re­ 132-136, 170-172, Portuguese pudiation of, 165-166, n49, 431; Loan, 212-214, Princiople of ef~ negotiations for, 121-122, nn, 424 fective occupation, 261, 337, re­ Rudd, Charles Dunell, see Rudd conquest of the Sudan, ::151-362, Concession 363, 372, Rodd Mission, 366-368, Rudot.ph, Lake, Captain Austin's Samoa controversy, 216-217, expedition, 369-370 Transvaal railway plan, 228, Ruo River: Serpa Pinto's ex1.)edi­ tri.ple alliance, 18g, Uganda, 269, tion to, 171-172 274, Witu, zs8; relations with: . Russia: African questions, indiffer­ Johnston, 133-136, 170, Rhodes, ence to, 343, 377-378; Boer War, 8o, 135-136 conduct duril!lg, 229-231 ; British Samoan Islands : Anglo-German Cape-to-Cairo policy, fear of, treaty of 18g8, 221 ; controversy over, 215-221, n35, 441 ; Rhodes' 192; Franco-Russian Alliance, mediation, 217-221 342; Ethiopia, activities in, 326- Sarras, Railhead at, 33, 358 327, 342-344. 365-366; Jameson Scanlen, Thomas, Bechuanaland Raid, reaction to, 191-193 controversy, 102-103, n6o, 420 Schnitzer, Edouard, see Emin Pasha St. lames Gazette, 78 Scotsman, campaign for the St. Lucia Bay controversy, 88-8g Charter, 141 Salisbury, Lord: Agreements and Selous, F. C.: 170, 178 Treaties, share in : agreement be­ Senegal, railway in, 45 tween Leopold and lbea Com­ Senden, Admiral Von, see Von pany, 1890, 299-301, Anglo-Con­ Senden, Admiral golese agreement of 1894, 31l- Serpa Pinto, see Pinto, Serpa 312, Anglo-Ethiopian treaty of Sharpe, Alfred: Arab slave trad­ 1897, 367-368, Anglo-French treaty of 1899, 38o-382, Anglo­ ers, 132; Johnston, 172; Katanga German agreement of 1886, 246, expedition, 181 Anglo-German treaties of 18go Shaw, Miss Flora, Rhodes, cooper­ and 1898, z6o-z66, Anglo-German ation with, 78 understanding of 1887, 252-253, Shay, Mr. and Mrs. Felix, Cape­ Anglo-Portuguese treaties and to-Cairo trip, 400 agreements of 18go and 1891, 175· Shilluks, see also, Dinkas and 181 ; policies in regard to: Anglo­ Shilluks, Eg)'lPtian allegiance, German understanding, 189, 371 ; Macdonald expedition, 369; Cape-to-Cairo corridor, 251-253, Marchand's treaty with, 37o-371 26o-266, 384, n6, 432, n7o, 449, Shippard, Sir Sidney, Bechuana­ Central Africa, 130, 133-13·5, 170, land Railway, n8, 148, n49, 420 Chartered Company, So, 139, 142- Shire Highlands, see Nyasaland 143, Delagoa Bav controversy, Shoa, Province of, French rela­ 158, Dongola Expedition, 351~ tions with, 326 356, Egypt, 284, Fashoda Crisis, Sierra Leone, Anglo-French rivalry 374, 376, 380-381, forward policy, over, 342; Anglo-French agree­ 2rp, Gazaland, 179, Grey Declar­ ment of, 349 ation, 346, 359, Jameson Raid, Sivewright, Sir James: Cable, 64; 189-190, 194-1rp, Kruger Tele­ Overland Telegraph project, 49, gram incident, 194-197, hinter­ so, 56, 6o-6z, 65 ; Rhodes, co­ land doctrine, 258, 259, 261, operation with, 6o, 61, 159 Manicaland, 13o-131, Mashona­ Slave trade: crusade against, 34- land, 13o-131, Nile Valley, z67, . 36, 44. 45. 49. 62, 2159-270 ' 337, 346, 351-356, 359, 363. 367- Sobat River, Ethiopian expedition J()S, 372, 374, 38o-383, Nyasaland, at, 364-365; Kitchener's expedi- SIO INDEX

tion to, 374; source of Nile flood, "Star of South Africa," discovery 325, nJ,454 .. of, 38 Society for German Colontzahon, Stead, W. T.: imperial federation, 1o6, 246 • 77; influence of, 75, 76; Rhodes, Somaliland: Anglo-Itahan proto­ relationship with, 7S-i8, 1140, 417 col of 1894. see Treaties and , Republic of: 99, 103 Agreements; British influence in, Stephenson, railway proposal, J2 329-330; Egyptian occupation Stevenson Road, see Roads of 329-330; French influence in, Strachey, General, Charter, 139 J2S-326; Italian influence in, Strangway, H. B. T., Overland 329-331 Soudan, see Sudan Telegraph, so South Africa: Boer War in, see Suakin, Anglo-Egyptian victories Boer War; British ex·pansion in, near, 289 25-28, 38-41 ; diam!Jnds ~d go!~ Submarine telegraph, see Cable in, 38, 39, 44i rallways m, 40, Sudan: Agreements concerning, telegraph in, see Overland. Tele- see Treaties and Agreements ; gra.ph and Transcontmental Baker in, 234-235 ; British policies Telegraph • in regard to, 289-293, 294-298, South African Committee, oppos1- · evacuation of, 284-288, n68, 464. tion to the charter, 143 Red Sea ports, defense of, z86, , see 291, 330, reconquest of, 289-324, Transvaal 351-362, 366-370, 372-383, n68, South Africa War, see Boer War 464; Christy, concessioJ! of, 398; Southey, Robert, Griqual31!1d West Emin Pasha in, see Emm Pasha; controversy, 41 explorations in, 53, 233-237, 302- Soveral, Senor Luis de, Nyasaland 304; Hick's disaster in, 285, n68, Agreemen.t, 1888, 134; Portu- 464; importance of, 22, 250, guese loan, 209-211 • 29o-291 ; international rivalry Spectator compaign for charter, 141 in: Anglo-Congolese, 3-325; agreement regarding Nile Valley, Rhodes' attitude towards, 69, 70 1899, 382-383, Amiens. treaty of, 2i7, n54, 414; Transcontinentai 27, Paris, treaty of, 30; Anglo- 512 INDEX

G""""': agreement. 1886, 246- 29()-JOI; lohMton'.s Kilimaniaro 247. aueement concerning boun­ and Taveita Treaties, 245; Ma,.­ dary line. 1887, 251-253, agree­ chartd'.s treaty with Shilluks, ment concerning Heligoland and 1898, 370; Peters' treaty with Africa, 189o, 23, 18o-181, 25()- M wanga, 256, 272; Rhodd 268. 295, 300, 337, 348-349, 383, agreements with the Kaiser: 384. agreement concerning Sudan. railway agreement, 222, telegraph 1893. 337, agreement regarding agreement, 222-223 Portuguese loan, 1898, 213-214. Tsar, see Nicholas II 379. agreement regarding Samoa, Turkey: claims of, in Sudan, 292'- 221; Anqlo-ltalian: protocols, 293, 313-314. 352 r891, 332-333. 390-391, protocol, 1894, 333-334; Anqlo-Natiw: Ubangi Region, see Bahr-el­ Moffat treaty, 1888, 120-121, Ghazal and Ubangi regions Umzilikazi, treaty with, 1836, Uccialli, Treaty of, see also 120; Anglo-Portuguese: agree­ Treaties and Agreements: con­ ment concerning mouth of the clusion of, 33o-331; dispute over Congo, 1884. 241-242, abortive Article XVII, 33o-331, 334-335; agreement concerning Nyasaland, Menelik's denundation of, 335 1889, 134-135, abortive agree­ Uganda : Anglo-German rivalry ment. 18Qo, 175-178, .Modfls over, see Emin Pasha; Anglo­ Vi'V1!11di. 1891, 156, 178-179, treaty German Treaty, 189o, see Anglo­ concerning Southeast Africa, German Treaty of rB9o; British 1891, 179-18o, convention con­ protectorate over, 279; crisis in: cemin~ Boer War, 1899. 231; Lugard's campaigu for, 276-277, Ff'etteh: Ff'anco- Co" go lese : M wanga's letter, n45, 452; Portal agreement, r885, 304-305, agree­ Mission, 277-279. Rhodes' cam­ ment, 1887, 304-305, aueement, paign, 153. 277. n23. 451, Rose­ 1894, JZI, 338; Ff'anco-Ethiopian: bery's campaign, 275-277: ex­ treaty with King of Shoa, 1843, peditions to: Baker, 234-235, Emin Pasha, 247, Gordon, 235- J26; unpublished treaty, 1897, 365; 236, Jackson, 256, Lugard, 273, G""""': Gennan Congolese: Peters, 256, Speke, 234. Stanley, agreement, 1884, 316, D55. 458; 237-238; Ibea Company, oper­ Italian: Ucdalli, Treaty of, ations in. 271-274; religious fac­ 1889, JJG-331, 334-335; Pori... tions: British Protestants, \Va­ guese: treaties with Monomo­ Englesa, 271-273, French White tapa, 16cY7 and 1630, 128-129 Fathers, Wa-Franzas, 2?'1-273. secret railway agreement with Mohammedans, 271 ; Sudan, re­ Transvaal, 91-92; R r~ s s i a: conquest of, 356, 368-370; Tele­ Franco-Russian alliance, 1895, graph to, 152-153; Uganda rail­ 342 ; T ,.aJIUfi(Ja/: treaties with way, 269. 274 Lobengula, 1853 and 1887, 126; Uganda Railway, see Uganda Tf'eatie.s with Private irtdivid­ Uitlanders, Uitlander-Boer con- ual.s or companies: British troversies, see Transvaal S-rh Africa Company: Gun­ Ujiji: 70 gunhana Treaty with, 179. Umtassa, treaty with, 178 Lobengula's treaty with, .see United States of America: Anglo­ · Rudd Concession, Umtassa's American commercial rivalry, 43, treaty with, 178; East l11dia 44; Berlin Congress, 242; Boer Company: treaties in Somali­ War, 227, 231; Congo AS60cia­ land, 329; lbea Company: tion, 241-242; McMurdo's claims, Mwanga's treaty with Lugard, rsB, t6o; Samoa, 215; Union 27,3, Leopold's treaty with, 189o, with Great Britain, 66 INDEX 513 Uni1ed States of South Africa: Von Plessen, Baron, Anglo-German Boer conception of, 83, 86, 161 : spheres of influence, 251-25:t Rhodes' conception of, 81, 82, Von Senden, Admiral, abjections 156-157, 186 to, 224 Universities Missions, 36 Von Tirpitz, Samoan Islands, 215- U nyoro, 234-235, 247, 337 216 Von Weber, Ernest, German Em­ Van Kerchove, expedition to Nile .pire in Africa, 105-107 of, 298 V ry•burg, Railway through, see Van Laun, railway concessions• of, Railways 156 Van Liebert, General, Cape-to- Wadelai, 247, 337 Cairo railway, interes.t in, 217 Wadi Half a: Egyi~tian bounda.ry, Van Niekerk, ]. G., 99, 104 285, 288, 289; Gordon Re!.ief Ex­ Van Pittius, 99, 104 pedition, 288; railway from, 33, Verschoyle, Rev., John, 78, 13'5 36o-361 ; telegraph to, see Over­ Victoria Falls, railway at, 205, 395 land Telegraph and Transcon­ Victoria, Lake, see also Lake Dis- tinental Telegraph trict : Anglo-German rivalry over, Walfish Bay, duties on German see Lake Di91:rict; exploration of, goods, 154 37, 233-234; railway to, see Wankie Colliery, discovery of, 204 Uganda Railway; telegraph to, 61 Ware Concession, Rhodes.' purchase Victoria Nyanza, see Victoria, Lake of, 179 Victoria, Queen: Anglo-German Warren, Sir Charles, Bechuana­ Treaty, 18go,267; Charter g.ranted land e~peditiotl', 1oS-1og; report by, 147; Kaiser: letters to, 1g8, of Warrens men, 120 visit with, 224; Kruger Telegram, Water·boer, Griqua chief. claims 18g; Leopold's Sudanese pro­ of, 41 posal, 352-353; Lobengula, Pro­ Watson, Thomas, Overland Tele­ clamation of Protectorate over graph, so territories of, 167-168; Missions Weber, Ernest Von, see Von to : Bathoen, Sebele and Khama, Weber, Ernest 163-164. Maund and lndunas, Wemher, Beit and Company, 123-124, Mtesa's envoys, 238; Rhodes, cooperation with, 79 M wanga's letter to, 278, tl4'5. 452; White Fathers: influence over Rhodes' interview with, 177-178; M wa111ga, 271-272; settlement in Rudd concession, approval of, 166 Uganda, 238 Von Biilow, Prince Bernhard: White Nile River: explorations on, Anglo-Italian protocol of 1894, 234; source of, 22, 234, n3, 454 333-334; Boer War, 227-229; Wilhelm II : Anglo-German rela­ Fashoda Crisis, 379; Franco­ tions, 2o8, 378-379, 381-382; German cooperation, 208-.209; Boer War, conduct during, 226- Italy, 193; Portuguese posses­ 231, nn8, 444; Emin Pasha, re­ sions, 208-209; Rhodes, interview lations with, 255; European·con­ with, 220; Samoa, n35, 441 cert, 19Q-193. 208, 209; Kruger Von Holstein, Baron: American telegram, 18g-1g8; Rhodes, mediation, 227; Jameson Raid, negotiations with, 204-205, 217- 193 221, 049, 441, 1154. 442, n61, 442, Von Marschall : Anglo-Congolese n75, 443; Triple Alliance, 189 agreement of 1894, 316-319; Willi34tls, Basil: Rhodes, loyalty Anglo-German agreement of of, xi"()-177; Rhodes, influence of, J&go, 264. n68, 449; Frnnco­ 74. 75 . German cooperation, 191; Jame­ Williams, Sir Robert: Beira Rail­ son Raid, policy of, 190, 194-195 way, 199; concessions to, 199. INDEX

204, 394-395, n43, 470; explor­ Zambezia, see Zambezi Region ations of, 156, 199, n43. 470; Zambezia Ex.ploring Company, Ltd., interviews with Cromer and R!hodes' concession to, 199 Chamberlain, 396, Leopold, 204, Zambezi Region popularly called, 394-396. U53. 471 ; railway plans Zambezia: see also Mas!honaland of, 390, 396-398, 403; Rhodes, and Matabeleland: British ex­ 199, 204-205, 393-395 pansion .in, 81; explorations in, Windsor, Kaiser's visit at, .n4 25, ,36, 42; Zambezi •iver, source Wissman, Delagoa Bay, requisition of, 22 of men for, 194; Emin Pasha, Zambezi River, see Zambezi Region instructions to, 255-256; Emin Zanzibar, bland of: Anglo-French Pasha Relief Ex-pedition, 254 treaty of 1862, 28, 268; Anglo­ Witu controversy, Anglo-German German treaty of 189<>, 267-268; rivalry, 257-258, 260, 265 British influence in, 25, 28-30; w.itwaotersrand reef, gold discov­ Cape-to-Cairo movement, rela­ eries along, 39 tion to, 29; communications with: Wolseley, Lord, Gordon Relief ex-· cable, 59, 64, telegraph, 49, 56, pediltion, 288-289 57, 59, 6r; Sultan of, 245, 2·46, World War of 1914, Ga.pe-to-Cairo 247; universities mission found­ Corridor, 392-393' of in, 36 Worms, Baron de, see De Worms, Zulula.nd, Anglo-Boer ·rivalry in, Baron 88-89 VITA

THE author was born January 26, 1900. She received her A.B. degree from Wellesley College in 1922 and her A.M. degree from Columbia University in 1925. While at Columbia University, she attended a seminar in French His­ tory in the Nineteenth Century conducted by Professor Charles Downer Hazen. She also attended a seminar course in. British Imperialism conducted by Professor Robert Liv­ ingston Schuyler. The author spent a year in London mgaged in study and research. While there, she attended a seminar . on British Imperialism conducted by Professor Arthur Pen;Jval Newton at the Institute of Historical Re- , search as well as lecture courses on British Imperialism and South African History, given by Professor Newton at Kings College.

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