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Protections for the Antarctic Peninsula Are Critical for Marine Life Climate Change, Concentrated Fishing Threaten Krill and Their Predators

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Protections for the Antarctic Peninsula Are Critical for Marine Life Climate Change, Concentrated Fishing Threaten Krill and Their Predators A chartbook from Oct 2018 pilipenkoD Protections for the Antarctic Peninsula Are Critical for Marine Life Climate change, concentrated fishing threaten krill and their predators Overview The waters off the western Antarctic Peninsula and the Scotia Sea are home to In October, the Scientific Committee of the Commission for the Conservation of diverse and abundant marine life. People who travel to this region are likely to Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) will consider a proposal by Chile encounter orcas and humpback whales, fur and crabeater seals, and some of the and Argentina to protect many of the region’s critical areas and thereby alleviate 1.5 million pairs of Adélie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins that nest and forage some of the strains on marine life posed by a changing climate and fishing. It there. But they are unlikely to spot what these species depend on for survival: calls for prohibiting krill fishing in a zone that covers the coastal foraging ranges huge swarms of the tiny shrimplike crustaceans called Antarctic krill. of penguins and other krill predators in two of the peninsula’s most biologically important areas: the Bransfield and Gerlache straits. The proposal also includes The peninsula region is also one of the most rapidly warming places on Earth, a permanent, large no-fishing zone in the Bellingshausen Sea along the western and the impacts of the changing climate threaten marine life. As temperatures Antarctic Peninsula that is known to be an important spawning and nursery area continue to rise, sea ice—critical habitat for penguins, seals, and other Antarctic for krill. And it calls for fully protecting important spawning and nursery habitats species—is shrinking. Krill also rely on sea ice: These small creatures use it to for commercially and ecologically valuable fish species, including toothfish, breed, and juveniles feed off dense seasonal algae that grow beneath it. If krill icefish, and silverfish. It is critical that these protections include reference areas populations plummet, it would have a devastating effect on the rest of the region’s where fishing would be banned, so scientists could fully distinguish the impacts of food web. climate change from those of fishing in this biologically rich region. As valuable carbon sinks, krill are helping to mitigate climate change. Each year, they are able to store and move to the bottom of the ocean an amount of carbon equivalent to that produced by 35 million cars. In addition to environmental changes, krill face increasing pressure from concentrated fishing in coastal areas throughout the peninsula. 1 Figure 1 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Proposal for the Area proposal Domain 1 MPA General Protection Zone (GPZ) Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone (KFRZ) Chile and Argentina submitted a Special Fishery Management proposal for the Domain 1 Marine Zone (SFMZ) Protected Area (MPA) to CCAMLR’s Existing CCAMLR MPA Scientific Committee in 2018. The MPA South Orkney Islands Southern would include three special zones: Shelf Marine Protected Area a general protection zone, where no Ice shelf fishing would be allowed except for South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) limited samples needed to better America Slope (3,000 to 6,000 m depth) understand the health of local krill Bransfield populations; a krill fishery research Strait zone where the effects of fishing on the Gerlache Strait ecosystem can be studied; and a special fishery management zone, which would allow for some commercial fishing of Weddell Sea krill as long as it adhered to CCAMLR Antarctic regulations. CCAMLR is working to Peninsula advance ecosystem-based fisheries management in this region to protect the diversity of animals that depend on Antarctic krill. 300 mi Source: Delegations of Argentina and Chile to 1 500 km Bellingshausen Sea CCAMLR (2018) © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 2 Figure 2 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Important bird areas Area proposal General Protection Zone (GPZ) Important bird areas (IBAs) are places Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone of international significance for bird (KFRZ) conservation. Scientists have identified Special Fishery Management Zone (SFMZ) terrestrial IBAs on the peninsula for Existing CCAMLR MPA the most critical breeding colonies of South Orkney Islands Southern several seabird populations, including Shelf Marine Protected Area several species of penguin, petrel, Ice shelf fulmar, and skua. Marine IBAs for South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) penguins—including chinstraps, Adélies America Slope (3,000 to and gentoos—recognize the most 6,000 m depth) Bransfield important foraging hot spots for key Marine IBAs Strait penguin colonies. Gerlache Terrestrial IBAs Strait Weddell Sea Antarctic Peninsula Sources: C.M. Harris et al., “Important Bird Areas in Antarctica”; and M.P. Dias et al., “Identification 300 mi of Marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas for Penguins Around the South Shetland and 2 500 km Bellingshausen Sea South Orkney Islands” © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 3 Figure 3 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Penguin and seal Area proposal foraging General Protection Zone (GPZ) Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone (KFRZ) Competition among krill predators Special Fishery Management in the western Antarctic Peninsula is Zone (SFMZ) high. Adélie, chinstrap, and macaroni Existing CCAMLR MPA penguins, as well as fur seals and other South Orkney Islands Southern animals, depend on the linchpin species Shelf Marine Protected Area as their main food source. Foraging Ice shelf ranges for all predators are calculated South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) by looking at the maximum distance a America Slope (3,000 to 6,000 m depth) predator will travel to obtain food. Bransfield Strait Krill predator foraging ranges Gerlache Adélie penguins Strait Chinstrap penguins Fur seals Weddell Sea Antarctic Peninsula Sources: David G. Ainley et al., “Geographic Structure of Adélie Penguin Populations: Overlap in Colony-Specific Foraging Areas”; Amanda Lynnes et al., “Conflict or Co-Existence? Foraging Distribution and Competition for Prey Between 300 mi Adélie and Chinstrap Penguins”; Kate Barlow et al., “Are Penguins and Seals in Competition for 3 500 km Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Krill at South Georgia?” © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 4 Figure 4 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Krill nursery Area proposal General Protection Zone (GPZ) Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone survive their first winter by feeding (KFRZ) on algae under the sea ice, making it Special Fishery Management Zone (SFMZ) key nursery grounds for larval krill. Ice Existing CCAMLR MPA algae production in early spring also South Orkney Islands Southern boosts the growth of adult krill after Shelf Marine Protected Area the winter, when food is scarce. As the Ice shelf sea ice retreats in the summer, krill feed South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) on phytoplankton blooms when they America Slope (3,000 to reproduce. The sequence and timing 6,000 m depth) Bransfield of these processes within the seasonal Krill Nursery Area Strait ice zone determine the health of krill Gerlache populations. Temperatures in the region Strait are rising faster than anywhere else on Earth, causing a massive loss of the Weddell Sea sea ice that krill cling to and the sea ice algae they eat. Antarctic Peninsula Note: The krill nursery is represented by areas with high densities for two stages of krill larvae: calyptopis and furcilia. 300 mi Source: Volker Siegel, ed., Biology and Ecology of 4 500 km Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Krill © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 5 Figure 5 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Priority areas for Area proposal conservation & General Protection Zone (GPZ) vulnerable marine Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone (KFRZ) ecosystems Special Fishery Management Zone (SFMZ) Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) Existing CCAMLR MPA include seamounts, hydrothermal vents, South Orkney Islands Southern cold-water corals, and sponge fields. Shelf Marine Protected Area These unique geographical features are Ice shelf areas of magnificent biological diversity. South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) Marine areas are guaranteed protection America Slope (3,000 to 6,000 m depth) by CCAMLR once they are classified as Bransfield VMEs. Strait Vulnerable marine ecosystems Domain 1 MPA proponents identified Gerlache Percentage of times area Strait prioritized for conservation priority areas to conserve in the 0-25 region using Marxan, a decision- 25-50 support tool. Marxan determines Weddell50-75 Sea conservation objectives for the region 75-100 Antarctic by integrating hundreds of data sets Peninsula on biodiversity, the environment, and human use. Conservation areas are determined based on the percentage of times an area has been prioritized for conservation across all model runs. 300 mi Sources: CCAMLR; Delegations of Argentina and 5 500 km Bellingshausen Sea Chile to CCAMLR (2017) © 2018 The Pew Charitable Trusts 6 Figure 6 South Orkney Islands Domain 1 Marine Protected Humpback whales Area proposal General Protection Zone (GPZ) Baleen whales, which filter their food Scotia Sea Krill Fishery Research Zone through baleen plates, including (KFRZ) humpback whales, are an important Special Fishery Management Zone (SFMZ) part of the Antarctic Peninsula’s marine Existing CCAMLR MPA food web. Hunted during the last two South Orkney Islands Southern centuries to the brink of extinction, Shelf Marine Protected Area these massive mammals—which feed Ice shelf almost exclusively on krill—are now South Shelf (0 to 3,000 m depth) on the rebound. Management of the America Slope (3,000 to Antarctic krill fishery must account for 6,000 m depth) Bransfield the needs of these recovering whale Strait Humpback whale behavior populations to minimize competition Traveling Gerlache for krill. Important humpback habitat Strait Most likely feeding was modeled based on tracking data for whales that were traveling or foraging. Weddell Sea Antarctic Peninsula 300 mi Source: Ben G.
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