Index ablation see disbudding Angola, ancestral palms, 147 basal stem rot see Ganoderma abnormal flowering of clones, 212–215 production and exports, 5, 12–13, 15 Beauveria, 406, 452, 453 effect of culture media, 213 prospection, 154 Benin, climate, 55, 62 testing for abnormality, 215, 224 Angola pisifera cf. AVROS, 199 import of palm oil, 20 abortion, 121–124 animal fats-world production, 7 irrigation, 304 effect of fruiting activity, 118 animal feed, from by-products, 482 production, area, yield, exports, 5, 12–15 effect of planting density, 280 kernel cake, 464 smallholders, 24 preferential abortion, 123–124 anisidine value, 476 best management practice, 326–327 timing, 121–123 anthracnose, 400 Binga breeding material, 150 abscisic acid, possible effect on sex anti-palm oil campaigns, 519 origin, 145–146 ratio, 120 ants, leaf-cutting, 438 biochar, 396 stomatal closure, 110 Apanteles sp, 449 biodegradable plastics, 223, 481 abscission, fruit, 49, 132, 182, 310 aphids, 438 biodiesel, 507–518 leaves, 34 apical meristem, 34 carbon balance, 513–514 acid sands, 85 Apiospora sp, 408 characteristics, 511 acid sulphate soils, 75 Apogonia, 439 effect on demand for oils, 484 drainage, 254–255 Arecaceae, 30 energy balance of production, 512 nutrient deficiencies, 391 Armillaria, 400 ethics of production, 517 active weeks: yield forecasting, 135 ASD Costa Rica, 148, 152 see also food supplies, 515–517 additive variation, 164 Costa Rica fuel security, 518 Adoretus, 439 Asia and Oceania: production, area, future demand, 535 advanced planting material, 238, 278 yield, 12 land-use change, 513–514 aerial application of fertilisers, Aspergillus niger: brown germ, 401 production methods, 510–511 302, 397 assisted pollination, 307 subsidies and incentives, 514 aerial spraying of insecticide, 450 Asystasia gangetica, 291 World production and demand, 515 Africa, climate projections, 498 Asystasia intrusa, 459 biodiversity, 29 palm oil imports, 19, 27 available water and water potential, 63 loss from deforestation, 526, 529 production costs, 19 available water capacity, 56 plantations, 528–529 production, area, yield, 12 Malaysian soils, 57 biogas from effluent, 509 soils, 84 site selection for plantation, 243 biological control, caterpillars, 448–550 African spear borer, 443 AVROS pisifera Ganoderma, 423–524 Agrobacterium, 224 comparison with other pisiferas, 198 leaf miner, 451 agroclimatic zones, 63 origin, 143–144 rats, 455–457 agroforestry, 529 biomass, 92 albescens, 31, 153 Bacillus thuringiensis, 448 by-products, 480 carotene content, 187 bacteria in rhizosphere, 344 change with palm age, 501 albino seedlings, 184 COPYRIGHTEDbagworms, 449 MATERIALeffect of removal on yield, 480 algal leaf spot, 400 Bah Jambi pisifera cf. AVROS, 199 energy source, 507–508 allelopathic effects of weeds, 291–292 Bajo Upia wilt, 427 forest, 500–501, 513 aluminium toxicity, 393 bakery fats, 490 grassland, 513 Alurnus humeralis, 438 Bamenda breeding material, 153 relation to biodiversity, 527 amplified fragment length polymorphism Barcella odora, 30 removal affects nutrient balance, 388 (AFLPs), 167 barn owl: rat control, 455, 456, 457 roots, 93, 341 andromorphic inflorescence, 47 basal decay, 400 standing biomass, 91 The Oil Palm, Fifth Edition. R.H.V. Corley and P.B. Tinker. © 2016 R.H.V. Corley and P.B. Tinker. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 627 0002603177.indd 627 9/15/2015 4:37:12 PM 628 Index birds see also barn owl annual cycle, 116 carbon dioxide, effects on dry matter pests, 457 change with age, 116 production, 112, 505 predators on E. kamerunicus, 458 correlation with bunch weight, greenhouse gas, 495–496 Birthosea bisura, 448 127, 173 rate of photosynthesis, 99 blast disease, 403 effect of irrigation, 304 super-critical CO2 for oil extraction, bleachability, 476 effect of planting density, 280 471 BOD of effluent, 386, 478 heritability, 174 carbon payback time, biofuels, 513 Bogor palms, 6, 139 bunch transport, 312–313 carotene, composition in palm oil, boiler ash as cement replacement, 481 costs, 315 463–464 boron deficiency symptoms, 352 labour requirements, 315 extraction, 477 Brabanta, ancestral palms, 146 mechanisation, 316 genetic variation in content, 187 breeding values, 192 bunch weight, 49 importance in diet, 493 branched palms, 34 bunch analysis, 161 synthesis, 223 Brazil, agroclimatic zones, 64 change with age, 116 Castnia daedalus, 454 breeding programme, 152 components of bunch, 125 castration see disbudding deforestation, 523–524 correlation with bunch number, cation antagonism, 360 development of industry, 21 127, 173 exchange capacity, 83–84, 86–87 E. oleifera collection, 154 dry weight estimation, 94–95 center of diversity of oil palm, 1 palm groves, 1, 3 effect of irrigation, 304 Central America see Latin America planted area, 21 effect of planting density, 280 Centrosema pubescens, 293 production, area, yield, exports, 5, genetic variation, 173 Cephaleuros virescens, 400 12, 14 heritability, 174 Ceramothyrium, 408 soils, 87–88 linked to molecular marker, 174 Ceratocystis paradoxa, 409, 432 breeding see also genetic variation oil/bunch, 318–319 Cercospora elaeidis, 400–401 crossing designs, 158 seasonal variation, 125 Chaetothyrium, 408 disease resistance, 413–415, 425, 434 stalk weight, 126 Chalconycles see Homophylotis mechanised harvesting, 316–317 time of determination, 126 charcoal base rot, 400 objectives, 187–188 bunch-end rot, 434 Chauliops bisontula, 459 programmes, 149–152 burning for land clearing, 256–259 see also China, palm oil imports, 27 time scale, 159 zero-burning Chemara pisifera, 144 trial designs, 158 Bursa Malaysia Derivatives chlorine, deficiency, 358–360 breeding population of restricted origin Exchange, 483 deficiency symptoms, 352 (BPRO), conservation, 155 bush crickets, 450 volcanic soils, 392 definition, 139 chlorotic ring, 400 breeding progress, CIRAD programme, cable system for fuit transport, 313 choke, 435 205 cadang-cadang viroid, 400 cholesterol in blood, 493 Deli dura, 204–205 Calabar, ancestral palms, 147 Chromolaena odorata, 291, 459 future possibilities, 206–207 comparison with AVROS, herbicide resistance, 299 increasing oil to bunch, 317–319 198–199 chromosomes, 41 theory, 203 calcium deficiency symptoms, 352 CIRAD-CP see also Ivory Coast breeding values, calculation, 166 Callosciurus spp., 457 breeding progress, 205 yield and bunch composition, 192 Calopogonium caeruleum, 293 history of breeding programme, 150 Brooksia, 408 Calopogonium mucunoides, 293 Indonesian breeding programme, 151 brown germ disease, 227, 399, 401 cambering–pulverising planting clarification of oil, 471–472 building materials from EFB, 481 system, 262 classification of palms, 30 bunch, development, 130 Cameroons, breeding programmes, 150 classification of soils, 68–69 dry weight, 104 development of industry, 20 clearing for planting, 256–262 growth rate, 126–127 production costs, 486 Clidemia hirta, 296 morphology, 49 production, area, yield, exports, 5, herbicide resistance, 299 nutrient content, 336 12–13, 15 climate, effect on oil/bunch, 320 bunch analysis, 159–163 prospection, 154 effect on yield, 128–129, 135 bunch failure, 124 smallholders, 20, 23 limitations to yield, 64–65 bunch index, 100, 164 canola see rapeseed site selection for plantation, 241 genetic variation, 116 canopy structure and leaflet climate change, 495–497 heritability, 183 arrangement, 97 climate models, 495–496 planting density, 195 carbohydrate storage in trunk, 105 economics, 506 bunch moth, 453 carbon balance, 499–500 effects on palm growth, 112 bunch number, 49 see also sex ratio, biodiesel, 513–514 projections, 497, 505–506 abortion land use change, 500–502 clonal propagation see tissue culture 0002603177.indd 628 9/15/2015 4:37:13 PM Index 629 clonal seed, 196–197, 220 effect of pruning, 113 Dabou Deli dura origin, 146 clone trials, 217 effect of water deficit, 109–110 Dami breeding programme, 152 clone × environment interactions, 218 copper, deficiency symptoms, 354 Dappula tertia, 449–450 clones, checking identity with molecular toxicity, 393 Darna spp., 447–448 markers, 168 Coragyps atratus, 457 Dasychira sp, 438 commercial planting, 220 coronary heart disease, 492–493 Dasymys incomtus, 454 dry matter production, 115 Corozo oleifera, 50 decanters, 472 flowering patterns, 218 Corticium solani, 400 decanter cake, 478 management of plantings, 218 Costa Rica, breeding programme, 152 deep frying, 490 profitability, 218 development of industry, 21 deficiency demand for nutrients, recycling through culture, 219 E. oleifera collection, 154 330–331, 366, 370–371 varying time of sex determination, 122 early breeding work, 148 deficiency symptoms, 351–352 cloud point, 487 production, area, yield, exports, 5, defoliation see also pruning cockchafers, 439 12–13, 15, 21 pest damage, 447 cocoa under oil palm, 273 soils, 88 deforestation, compared to oil palm cocoa butter, solid fat content, 487 costs, bunch transport, 315 expansion, 523–525 replacers, 490–491 change with time, 301 effect on climate, 499 coconut oil, uses, 491 establishment in grassland or Indonesia, 16 world production, 7 forest, 528 pathways to oil palm planting, 526 Codex Alimentarius code of practice, 472 field planting, 266, 288 Deli dura, breeding progress, 204–205 Coelanomenodera lameensis, 451 irrigation, 306–307 genetic diversity, 169, 199 collante, 402 land preparation for planting, 262 in Africa, 150 Colombia, agroclimatic zones, 64 milling, 475 origin, 6, 139–142 deforestation, 523–524 nursery, 238–239 sub-populations, 140, 169–170 development of industry,