Learning Unix for OS X Mountain Lion
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Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X
1 Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X "Most ideas come from previous ideas." Alan Curtis Kay The Mac OS X operating system represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have often resisted each other in the past. A good example is the cordial relationship that exists between the command-line and graphical interfaces in Mac OS X. The system is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X exemplifies how a capable system can result from the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and, of course, individuals. Apple has been around since 1976, and many accounts of its history have been told. If the story of Apple as a company is fascinating, so is the technical history of Apple's operating systems. In this chapter,[1] we will trace the history of Mac OS X, discussing several technologies whose confluence eventually led to the modern-day Apple operating system. [1] This book's accompanying web site (www.osxbook.com) provides a more detailed technical history of all of Apple's operating systems. 1 2 2 1 1.1. Apple's Quest for the[2] Operating System [2] Whereas the word "the" is used here to designate prominence and desirability, it is an interesting coincidence that "THE" was the name of a multiprogramming system described by Edsger W. Dijkstra in a 1968 paper. It was March 1988. The Macintosh had been around for four years. -
Compproj:311 - SL7 DICE Environment
SL7DICEEnvironment < DICE < TWiki https://wiki.inf.ed.ac.uk/DICE/SL7DICEEnvironment TWiki > DICE Web > ResearchAndTeachingUnit > SL7DICEEnvironment (04 Mar 2015, GrahamDutton) CompProj:311 - SL7 DICE Environment Project homepage for porting of the DICE environment software packages to the LCFG SL7 platform. The Observations section is also (occasionally!) updated. This page was referred to during the SL7Meeting20150106. CompProj:311 - SL7 DICE Environment 2015-02-22 - Alpine gripes 2015-02-19 - Display blanking 2015-02-18 - Switch flipped! 2015-02-18 - Development meeting talk 2015-02-10 - Towards a usable desktop 2015-01-27 - "Remaining" Tasks 2015-01-25 - New environment package lists 20 Nov 2014 - More login ramblings 12 Nov 2014 - Update 09 Nov 2014 - The Display Manager 07 Nov 2014 - More notes 04 Nov 2014 — Observations on SL7 so far 07 Oct 2014 - Notes on KDE 29 Sep 2014 - Proposal 24 Sep 2014 - discussion 1. What is the _env list for? 2. What constitutes "environment"? 2015-02-22 - Alpine gripes A roundup of two irritating issues with alpine ("updated" to 2.11 but I haven't checked its provenance yet; this is not a release from the original UW maintainers) as I found it on SL7: The packaged "default" speller hunspell (actually an RPM dependency), seems very poor in its default mode of operation. It's tripping over contractions and all sorts of words it should be able to avoid (and the SL6 speller has no problem with). attempts to open links in my web browser of choice (a custom w3m wrapper) fail because apparently the $HOME in my mailcap file (alpine uses mailcap's text/html entry) isn't being evaluated any more. -
Introduction to Xgrid: Cluster Computing for Everyone
Introduction to Xgrid: Cluster Computing for Everyone Barbara J. Breen1, John F. Lindner2 1Department of Physics, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon 97203 2Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (First posted 4 January 2007; last revised 24 July 2007) Xgrid is the first distributed computing architecture built into a desktop operating system. It allows you to run a single job across multiple computers at once. All you need is at least one Macintosh computer running Mac OS X v10.4 or later. (Mac OS X Server is not required.) We provide explicit instructions and example code to get you started, including examples of how to distribute your computing jobs, even if your initial cluster consists of just two old laptops in your basement. 1. INTRODUCTION Apple’s Xgrid technology enables you to readily convert any ad hoc collection of Macintosh computers into a low-cost supercomputing cluster. Xgrid functionality is integrated into every copy of Mac OS X v10.4. For more information, visit http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/xgrid/. In this article, we show how to unlock this functionality. In Section 2, we guide you through setting up the cluster. In Section 3, we illustrate two simple ways to distribute jobs across the cluster: shell scripts and batch files. We don’t assume you know what shell scripts, batch files, or C/C++ programs are (although you will need to learn). Instead, we supply explicit, practical examples. 2. SETTING UP THE CLUSTER In a typical cluster of three or more computers (or processors), a client computer requests a job from the controller computer, which assigns an agent computer to perform it. -
Mac OS X and PDF: the Real Story
Mac OS X and PDF The Real Story Leonard Rosenthol Lazerware, Inc. Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Overview •Mac OS X •PDF • Where’s the overlap? Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. You are here because… • You’re currently working with Mac OS and are interested in what Mac OS X brings to the table. • You’re curious about what Apple’s latest hype is all about. • You’re already awake and had to find something to kill time. • You’re a friend of mine and wanted to heckle Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. How I do things • You should all have copies of the presentation that you received when you walked in. • There is also an electronic copy of this presentation (PDF format, of course!) on my website at http://www.lazerware.com/ • I’ve left time at the end for Q&A, but please feel free to ask questions at any time! Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Mac OS X Overview Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Darwin • “Core OS” (Kernel) – Solid Unix foundation • FreeBSD 3.2 & Mach 3.0 • Memory protection, preemptive multitasking, etc. – High performance I/O • Firewire, USB, etc. • Open source Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Graphics •Quartz – Adobe Imaging Model (PDF) • Includes full anti-aliasing and opacity/transparency • OpenGL – Industry standard 3D engine used by Quake & Maya • QuickTime Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Graphics Demos - Quartz Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Graphics Demos – OpenGL Copyright©1999-2001, Lazerware, Inc. Application Frameworks • Classic – Compatibility “box” for existing Mac OS applications. • Carbon – Modern versions of Mac OS applications prepared for Mac OS X. -
How to Disable Gatekeeper and Allow Apps from Anywhere in Macos Sierra
How to Disable Gatekeeper and Allow Apps From Anywhere in macOS Sierra Gatekeeper, first introduced in OS X Mountain Lion, is a Mac security feature which prevents the user from launching potentially harmful applications. In macOS Sierra, however, Apple made some important changes to Gatekeeper that seemingly limit the choices of power users. But don’t worry, Gatekeeper can still be disabled in Sierra. Here’s how. Stand out at the party or promote your business with colorful powder coated and custom engraved Yeti tumblers from Perfect Etch. Traditionally, Gatekeeper offered three settings of increasing security: anywhere, App Store and identified developers, and App Store only. The first choice, as its name describes, allowed users to launch applications from any source, effectively disabling the Gatekeeper feature. The second choice allowed users to run apps from the Mac App Store as well as from software developers who have registered with Apple and securely sign their applications. Finally, the most secure setting limited users to running apps obtained from the Mac App Store only. While the secure options were good ideas for less experienced Mac users, power users found Gatekeeper to be too limiting and typically sought to disable it by setting it to “Anywhere.” In macOS Sierra, however, the “Anywhere” option is gone, leaving “App Store” and “App Store and identified developers” as the only two options. Disable Gatekeeper in macOS Sierra The Gatekeeper settings can be found in System Preferences > Security & Privacy > General. The Gatekeeper options are located beneath “All apps downloaded from:” with the choice of “Anywhere” missing. Thankfully, the “Anywhere” setting can be restored to Gatekeeper in Sierra with a Terminal command. -
When You Can't Be There in Person
When You Can’t Be There in Person Virtual visitation can open a door into your child’s world BY CHRISTINA S. GLENN & DENISE HALLMARK eparation and divorce will change a parent’s lifestyle in a multitude of ways, but most profoundly, in the amount of time spent with children. With so many divorces in the United States and so many couples deciding to have children, S Published in Family Advocate, Vol. 38, No. 1, but not to marry, more and more children will live apart from at least one parent, (Summer 2015) p. 19-21. © 2015 by the more commonly the father, at some point in their lives. The growth in the number of American Bar Association. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved. This information noncustodial fathers (that is, the parent who lives apart from the children) has been or any portion thereof may not be copied or disseminated in any form or by any means or accompanied by concerns that a father’s absence can have severe and long-lasting stored in an electronic database or retrieval consequences for a child’s well-being. A noncustodial parent’s access can be even system without the express written consent of the American Bar Association. more problematic when the child lives far away. The good news is that modern technology, in the form of virtual parenting time, offers at least a partial solution to the problem of long-distance parenting. Virtual parenting time allows a parent to stay connected with his or her children electronically through e-mail, instant messaging, texting, phone calls, and video conferencing. -
Open Directory Administration for Version 10.5 Leopard Second Edition
Mac OS X Server Open Directory Administration For Version 10.5 Leopard Second Edition Apple Inc. © 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. The owner or authorized user of a valid copy of Mac OS X Server software may reproduce this publication for the purpose of learning to use such software. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes, such as selling copies of this publication or for providing paid-for support services. Every effort has been made to make sure that the information in this manual is correct. Apple Inc., is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. Apple 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino CA 95014-2084 www.apple.com The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Apple, the Apple logo, iCal, iChat, Leopard, Mac, Macintosh, QuickTime, Xgrid, and Xserve are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Finder is a trademark of Apple Inc. Adobe and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Other company and product names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products. -
Lumina-DE: Redefining the Desktop Environment for Modern Hardware
Lumina-DE: Redefining the Desktop Environment for Modern Hardware Author: Ken Moore [email protected] PC-BSD/iXsystems Lumina Desktop source repository: https://github.com/pcbsd/lumina Date: Nov 2014 Abstract: As computers continue to advance into every aspect of our daily lives through the pervasiveness of cell phones and tablets, the traditional “desktop computer” is gradually being shifted to a smaller subset of the total systems in use. This presents a problem for open source operating systems, as the available open source graphical environments are increasingly designed for systems with powerful hardware or traditional mouse/keyboard inputs – resulting in a much lower percentage of devices that are physically capable of utilitizing the OS. The open-source Lumina desktop environment is designed to solve these problems by meeting its goals of being a highly flexible and scalable interface that runs with relatively little hardware requirements. The project also provides a simple framework for integrating OS-specific functionality directly into the interface for ease-of-use without causing conflict with the underlying system or affecting portability. This paper will take a top-level view of the Lumina desktop project, breaking it down to its components, explaining the framework and methodology, and listing the work that is still yet to be completed to achieve its goals. Please note: for all intents and purposes, there is no distinction between laptops and box-based desktop computers when it comes to the capabilities and distinctions of a graphical interface, so for the purposes of this paper they will both be considered “desktop” systems. The Problem: Smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers all utilitize graphical interfaces to provide the user access to the capabilities of the device, but laptops and desktop computers are the only ones with fully open source desktop environments available. -
Tour of the Terminal: Using Unix Or Mac OS X Command-Line
Tour of the Terminal: Using Unix or Mac OS X Command-Line hostabc.princeton.edu% date Mon May 5 09:30:00 EDT 2014 hostabc.princeton.edu% who | wc –l 12 hostabc.princeton.edu% Dawn Koffman Office of Population Research Princeton University May 2014 Tour of the Terminal: Using Unix or Mac OS X Command Line • Introduction • Files • Directories • Commands • Shell Programs • Stream Editor: sed 2 Introduction • Operating Systems • Command-Line Interface • Shell • Unix Philosophy • Command Execution Cycle • Command History 3 Command-Line Interface user operating system computer (human ) (software) (hardware) command- programs kernel line (text (manages interface editors, computing compilers, resources: commands - memory for working - hard-drive cpu with file - time) memory system, point-and- hard-drive many other click (gui) utilites) interface 4 Comparison command-line interface point-and-click interface - may have steeper learning curve, - may be more intuitive, BUT provides constructs that can BUT can also be much more make many tasks very easy human-manual-labor intensive - scales up very well when - often does not scale up well when have lots of: have lots of: data data programs programs tasks to accomplish tasks to accomplish 5 Shell Command-line interface provided by Unix and Mac OS X is called a shell a shell: - prompts user for commands - interprets user commands - passes them onto the rest of the operating system which is hidden from the user How do you access a shell ? - if you have an account on a machine running Unix or Linux , just log in. A default shell will be running. - if you are using a Mac, run the Terminal app. -
Mac OS X Technology Overview
Mac OS X Technology Overview 2006-06-28 Finder, Safari, Spotlight, Tiger, and Xserve Apple Inc. are trademarks of Apple Inc. © 2004, 2006 Apple Computer, Inc. Adobe, Acrobat, and PostScript are All rights reserved. trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the U.S. No part of this publication may be and/or other countries. reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, Intel and Intel Core are registered mechanical, electronic, photocopying, trademarks of Intel Corportation or its recording, or otherwise, without prior subsidiaries in the United States and other written permission of Apple Inc., with the countries. following exceptions: Any person is hereby Java and all Java-based trademarks are authorized to store documentation on a trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun single computer for personal use only and Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other to print copies of documentation for countries. personal use provided that the OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon documentation contains Apple’s copyright Graphics, Inc. notice. PowerPC and and the PowerPC logo are The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Inc. trademarks of International Business Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo Machines Corporation, used under license (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes therefrom. without the prior written consent of Apple UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open may constitute trademark infringement and Group unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada. No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology Even though Apple has reviewed this document, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR described in this document. -
Make a Bootable USB Drive OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Recovery
Make a Bootable USB Drive of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion from the Recovery Hard Drive On every OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion there is a hidden partition to enable a method for Mountain Lion OS to be reinstalled on the machine, it is known as the Recovery Par- tition or drive and is 650mb in size. If you bought a new machine from Apple you have OS X 10.8 already installed – but no back up disk! and since you haven’t bought the OSX Lion 10.8 App from the App store you can’t re-download it – so thats why you have the recovery drive as a parti- tion in your main hard drive, to boot from it you need to restart the machine and when it starts to boot hold down “command” + “r” keys. From the Recovery Partition Hard Drivr you can run Disk Utility, access the com- mand line, get online help and do a restore from a Time Machine backup and re-in- stall Mountain Lion leaving all your other files intact – it just replaces the core oper- ating system. You can make a bootable USB drive or disk from the Recovery Partition 2 ways – the easy way and on the Terminal The Easy Way 1) Download OSX Recovery Disk Assistant and uncompress and launch it 2) Attach the USB drive that you want to copy the Recovery Partition to. 3) Select the drive and continue (All contents on it will be erased) That’s it one external bootable Recovery Drive – this works on both OSX 10.7 and 10.8 The Terminal Way 1) Launch Terminal from /Applications/Utilities and run: diskutil list The main drive in this list is No.2 with the “Identifier” of disk0s2, the boot Recovery HD drive is disk0s3 disk-util-list-drives We can also identify the Recovery drive by the name and the size – set at 650mb 2) Mount the drive by its Identifier: diskutil mount /dev/disk0s3 Output should be: Volume Recovery HD on /dev/disk0s3 mounted Now the Recovery HD is mounted in the Finder and you can see it in the sidebar un- der Devices Navigate to it from the sidebar – Recovery HD/com.apple.recovery.boot/BaseSys- tem.dmg recovery-finder-osx-lion 3) Doubleclick BaseSystem.dmg to mount it also in the sidebar. -
Debian and Ubuntu
Debian and Ubuntu Lucas Nussbaum lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 1 / 28 Why I am qualified to give this talk Debian Developer and Ubuntu Developer since 2006 Involved in improving collaboration between both projects Developed/Initiated : Multidistrotools, ubuntu usertag on the BTS, improvements to the merge process, Ubuntu box on the PTS, Ubuntu column on DDPO, . Attended Debconf and UDS Friends in both communities lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 2 / 28 What’s in this talk ? Ubuntu development process, and how it relates to Debian Discussion of the current state of affairs "OK, what should we do now ?" lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 3 / 28 The Ubuntu Development Process lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 4 / 28 Linux distributions 101 Take software developed by upstream projects Linux, X.org, GNOME, KDE, . Put it all nicely together Standardization / Integration Quality Assurance Support Get all the fame Ubuntu has one special upstream : Debian lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 5 / 28 Ubuntu’s upstreams Not that simple : changes required, sometimes Toolchain changes Bugfixes Integration (Launchpad) Newer releases Often not possible to do work in Debian first lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 6 / 28 Ubuntu Packages Workflow lucas@{debian.org,ubuntu.com} Debian and Ubuntu 7 / 28 Ubuntu Packages Workflow Ubuntu Karmic Excluding specific packages language-(support|pack)-*, kde-l10n-*, *ubuntu*, *launchpad* Missing 4% : Newer upstream