Culture-Bound Elements in Youth Literature Case: Brand Names

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Culture-Bound Elements in Youth Literature Case: Brand Names HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Culture-bound Elements in Youth Literature Case: Brand Names Jenny Hurtola-Köykkä Pro gradu Thesis English Translation Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki April 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Jenny Hurtola-Köykkä Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Culture-bound Elements in Youth Literature, Case: Brand Names Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englannin kääntäminen Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro Gradu huhtikuu, 2016 71 s.+ liitteet 67 s. + suomenkielinen lyhennelmä 12 s. Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Opinnäytetyön aiheena on lasten- ja nuortenkirjallsuuden kääntämisen eroavaisuudet keskittyen brändinimiin. Näitä kahta kirjallisuudenlajia (lasten- ja nuortenkirjallisuutta) käsitellään usein yhtenä yksikkönä, vaikka ne ovat hyvin erilaisia. Tutkielman tarkoitus onkin selvittää esimerkkikäännösten avulla miten brändinimiä käännetään nuortenkirjallisuudessa. Tutkimuskysymykseksi olen asettanut, käytetäänkö nuortenkirjallisuuden kääntämisessä lastenkirjallisuudessa suosittua kotouttavaa käännösstrategiaa, vai käytetäänkö nuortenkirjallisuuden parissa useimmiten vieraannuttavaa strategiaa. Käännösstrategioita vertaillessa keskityttiin nimenomaan tiettyihin kulttuurisidonnaisiin elementteihin, brändinimiin. Pro Gradu –tutkielmassa analysoidaan viittä eri nuortenkirjaa ja niissä käytettyjä käännösstrategioita. Valitut kirjat ovat Prinsessapäiväkirjat, Rintsikoita ja luudanvarsia, Hanki elämä, Rachel Riley: traagisen tavallinen päiväkirja, Valehtelevat viettelijät: Kaivattu ja Gossip Girl – eliittinuoret. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään Jan Pedersenin tutkimusta ekstralingvistisistä kulttuurisista viittauksista (extralinguistic cultural references, ECR). ECR-viittaukset on jaoteltu kahteen alakategoriaan, jotka muistuttavat pitkälti Venutin kotouttavaa ja vieraannuttavaa strategiaa. Kulttuurisidonnaiset elementit (tässä tapauksessa brändinimet) jaotellaan nuortenkirjoissa kahteen ECR- alakategoriaan (source- ja target-oriented) käännösstrategioiden perusteella. Aineiston perusteella tutkitaan, käytetäänkö vieraannuttavaa vai kotouttavaa strategiaa enemmän juuri brändinimien kääntämisessä. Opinnäytetyössä havaitaan, että nuortenkirjojen kohdalla käytetään vieraannuttavaa käännösstrategiaa huomattavasti kotouttavaa strategiaa enemmän: aineiston kokonaismäärästä lähes 64 prosenttia brändinimistä on käännetty käyttäen vieraannuttavaa strategiaa. Kotouttavaa strategiaa puolestaan on käytetty noin 33 prosentissa esimerkeistä. Loput, noin kolme prosenttia, on käännetty käyttäen virallista vastinetta, joka ei Pedersenin jaottelussa kuulu vieraannuttavaan tai kotouttavaan strategiaan. Tutkimustuloksista voidaan päätellä, että nuortenkirjoissa suositaan vieraannuttavaa strategiaa, mikä poikkeaa lastenkirjallisuudessa käytetystä kotouttamisesta. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords nuortenkirjallisuus, kulttuurisidonnaisuus, ECR, brändinimi Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston kirjasto Helda / E-thesis Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Table of contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 2 Theoretical framework ............................................................................ 4 2.1 Defining children’s and youth literature ......................................... 4 2.2 Domestication and foreignization.................................................... 8 2.3 Translating proper names ................................................................ 9 2.4 Brand names and product placement ............................................. 11 2.5 Translating culture-bound elements .............................................. 15 2.5.1 Realia...................................................................................... 16 2.5.2 Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECR) ............................ 18 3 Material and method ............................................................................. 21 3.1 The selected texts and their translations ........................................ 21 3.2 Translation methods ...................................................................... 22 4 Results and analysis .............................................................................. 24 4.1 ECR translation strategies ............................................................. 24 4.1.1 Source-oriented strategies (foreignization) ............................ 28 4.1.2 Target-oriented strategies (domestication) ............................. 37 4.1.3 Official equivalent .................................................................. 43 4.2 ECR by category ........................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Food and drink ....................................................................... 45 4.2.2 Fashion ................................................................................... 47 4.2.3 Media...................................................................................... 48 4.2.4 Tobacco, alcohol, and medication .......................................... 50 4.2.5 Transportation ........................................................................ 52 4.2.6 Premises ................................................................................. 54 4.2.7 Household items ..................................................................... 56 ii 4.2.8 Electronics .............................................................................. 58 5 The validity of research ........................................................................ 60 6 Conclusions and discussion .................................................................. 63 Primary Sources ........................................................................................... 65 Secondary sources ........................................................................................ 66 Appendix 1: Percentages of each ECR ....................................................... 72 Appendix 2: List of double tokens .............................................................. 73 Appendix 3: Complete list of tokens ........................................................... 75 Appendix 4: Lyhennelmä: Brändinimien käännökset nuortenkirjoissa .... 139 iii Figure 1: The continuum between foreignization and domestication (Davies’s (2003) taxonomy as presented in Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė, 2009: 33).............................................................................. 11 Figure 2: ECR transfer strategies. (Pedersen, 2011: 75). .................. 18 Figure 3: The distribution of translation strategies in all five novels counting tokens. .................................................................................. 25 Figure 4: The distribution of strategies in novels separately. ............. 28 Figure 5: ECR transfer strategies using source-oriented method. ...... 29 Figure 6: ECR transfer strategies using target-oriented method. ....... 37 Figure 7: Distribution of translation methods in food and drink. ....... 45 Figure 8: Distribution of methods in fashion. ..................................... 47 Figure 9: Distribution of methods in media. ....................................... 49 Figure 10: Distribution of methods in alcohol, tobacco, and medication........................................................................................... 50 Figure 11: Distribution of methods in transportation category. ......... 52 Figure 12: Distribution of methods in premises. ................................ 54 Figure 13: Distribution of methods in household items. .................... 56 Figure 14: Distribution of methods in electronics. ............................. 58 List of Tables Table 1: The total number of all tokens in all novels. ........................ 26 Table 2: The number of tokens per page. ........................................... 26 Table 3: The list of most mentioned brand names. ............................. 27 Table 4: Examples of retention in food and drink. ............................. 30 Table 5: Examples of fashion using retention. ................................... 31 Table 6: Examples of retention in premises. ...................................... 32 Table 7: Examples of premises using specification strategy. ............. 33 Table 8: Food and drink in specification. ........................................... 34 Table 9: Specification and fashion. .................................................... 35 Table 10: Direct translation in premises. ............................................ 36 Table 11: Generalization in food and drink. ....................................... 38 Table 12: Generalization in household items. .................................... 39 Table 13: Generalization in tobacco, alcohol, and medication. .......... 40 Table 14: Examples of substitution. ................................................... 41 Table 15: Examples of omission......................................................... 42 iv Table 16: Examples of official equivalent. ......................................... 44 Table 17: Examples of food and drink. .............................................. 46 Table 18: Examples of fashion. .......................................................... 48 Table 19: Cases of media. ..................................................................
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