The SAGE Guide to Curriculum in Education EDITORIAL BOARD Editors Ming Fang He Georgia Southern University Brian D. Schultz Northeastern Illinois University William H. Schubert University of Illinois at Chicago Editorial Board Susan Huddleston Edgerton Lance T. McCready Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts University of Toronto Bernardo P. Gallegos Madhu Suri Prakash National University Pennsylvania State University Jesse Goodman Patrick A. Roberts Indiana University Northern Illinois University Annette Henry David Stovall University of British Columbia University of Illinois at Chicago Tiffany S. Lee P. Bruce Uhrmacher University of New Mexico University of Denver The SAGE Guide to Curriculum in Education Editors Ming Fang He Georgia Southern University Brian D. Schultz Northeastern Illinois University William H. Schubert University of Illinois at Chicago Copyright © 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc. FOR INFORMATION: All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including SAGE Publications, Inc. photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval 2455 Teller Road system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. Printed in the United States of America. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road ISBN 978-1-4522-9224-3 (hardcover) London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacifi c Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson Editorial Assistant: Jordan Enobakhare Developmental Editor: Shirin Parsavand Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Reference Systems Coordinator: Anna Villaseñor Typesetter: Hurix Systems Pvt. Ltd. Copy Editor: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Tricia Currie-Knight Indexer: Marilyn Anderson Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Teri Williams 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BRIEF CONTENTS About the Editors xvii Acknowledgments and In Memoriam xxi Prelude xxiii PART I. SUBJECT MATTER AS CURRICULUM 1 Interlude 2 PART II. TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM 151 Interlude 152 PART III. STUDENTS AS CURRICULUM 231 Interlude 232 PART IV. MILIEU AS CURRICULUM 301 Interlude 302 Postlude 455 Resource Guide 461 Index 487 CONTENTS About the Editors xvii Acknowledgments and In Memoriam xxi Prelude xxiii PART I. SUBJECT MATTER AS CURRICULUM Interlude 2 1. Deciding Aims and Purposes of Subject Matter 3 Wesley Null Subject Matter as a Means or as an End 4 Views on the Purposes of Subject Matter 6 Subject Matter and Contemporary Trends in Curriculum Making 8 2. Subject Matter as Experience 11 Thomas P. Thomas and Peter B. Hilton Orientations to Subject Matter as Experience 12 Contemporary Concerns 16 Forms of Inquiry 17 3. Subject Matters of Literacy 19 Aria Razfar Literacy as Technology: Historical Context 19 Defining Literacy 20 4. Subject Matters of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 27 Russell Tytler, Dalene Swanson, and Peter Appelbaum Contemporary Concerns 29 Context 31 Theoretical Perspectives 32 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 33 5. Subject Matters of Social Studies 36 Yoonjung Choi and Kathryn Wegner Contemporary Concerns About the Social Studies Curriculum 37 Context 39 Theory 40 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 41 Conclusion 42 6. Subject Matters of the Arts 45 Rachel L. S. Harper and Jorge R. Lucero Contemporary Concerns 46 Context of the Subject Matters of the Arts 48 Theory of Subject Matters of the Arts 49 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 50 Conclusion 51 7. Subject Matters of Humanities 53 Edward Podsiadlik III Contemporary Concerns About the Subject Matters of Humanities 54 Context of the Subject Matters of the Humanities 56 Theory of Subject Matters of Humanities 57 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 59 Conclusion: Need for Continuous Reflections 59 8. Subject Matters of Language, Culture, Identity, and Power 61 Guofang Li Subject Matters of Language, Culture, Identity, and Power as Sites of Struggle 62 Welcoming and Unwelcoming Contexts 64 Theoretical Perspectives 65 Key Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 67 Conclusion 67 9. Subject Matters of Physical Education 70 Paul M. Wright and David S. Walsh A Brief History of PE in the United States 71 Contemporary Concerns 72 Contextual Forces 74 Theory in PE 75 Forms of Inquiry in PE 75 10. Organization and Sequencing of Subject Matters 78 Zongyi Deng Understanding Curriculum Making in Contexts 79 Orientations, Approaches, and Curriculum Ideologies 79 Social and Political Issues 82 Questions and Forms of Curriculum Inquiry 84 Conclusion 84 11. Subject Matters of Digital Technology and Computing Science Curriculum 87 Catherine Adams Contexts of Digital Technology as Curriculum 88 Contemporary Concerns About Digital Technology as Curriculum 89 Theory of Digital Technology as Curriculum 91 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 93 Conclusion: Need for Continuous Questioning 93 12. Integrated, Holistic, and Core Subject Matters 96 Wade Tillett Contemporary Concerns 97 Context 97 Theory 98 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 100 Conclusion 101 13. Currere as Subject Matter 103 Marla Morris Currere 103 Theories of Autobiography 106 Types of Autobiography 107 Autobiographies in the Field 108 14. Multicultural Currere as Subject Matter 110 Hongyu Wang Contemporary Concerns 111 Context 113 Theory 114 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 116 15. Critical Race/Feminist Currere 119 Denise Taliaferro Baszile Contemporary Concerns 120 Context 121 Theory 122 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 124 16. Curriculum Imagination as Subject Matter 127 Robert L. Lake Imagination in the Present Context 128 Curriculum Imagination as Subject Matter 128 Sensing Gaps as a Form of Inquiry 129 Arts-Based Education and Metaphor 131 Need for Continuous Questioning 132 17. Popular Culture as Subject Matter 134 Greg Dimitriadis Contemporary Concerns 135 Context 136 Theory 138 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 140 18. Critical Media Literacy in the Digital Age 142 Julie Maudlin and Daniel Chapman Critical Media Literacy in Context 143 From Network to Networked: Critical Media Literacy in Theory 144 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Representation 144 Toward a Critical Media Literacy Curriculum and Pedagogy 148 PART II. TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM Interlude 152 19. Teacher as Curriculum 153 Candace Schlein and Gretchen Schwarz Contemporary Concerns About Teacher as Curriculum 153 Context of Teacher as Curriculum 154 Theory of Teacher as Curriculum 155 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 156 Modes of Expression About Teachers as Curriculum 157 Conclusion: The Curriculum Is a Living Experience 158 20. Teachers as Activists 160 Crystal T. Laura and Aisha El-Amin Contemporary Concerns and Contexts of Teachers as Activists 160 Theory of Teachers as Activists 161 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 162 21. Teachers and Pedagogy for Communal Well-Being 165 Nathalia E. Jaramillo Pedagogy in the Age of Standardization, Fear, and Profit 166 The Global Context of Pedagogy Coloniality: The Enduring Logic of Social Differentiation 168 Progressive, Critical, and Decolonial Pedagogies 170 Forms of Inquiry 171 22. Teacher Bashing and Teacher Deskilling 174 Isabel Nuñez Contemporary Teacher Deskilling 175 Teacher Bashing in Context 177 Theorizing Teacher Bashing and Deskilling 178 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 179 23. High-Stakes Testing and the Evaluation of Teachers 183 Wayne Au Contemporary Concerns 183 Contexts 185 Theories 186 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 188 24. Teachers as Cultural Workers 190 Matthew Knoester and Min Yu Contemporary Concerns 190 Current Challenges 191 Research on Teachers as Cultural Workers 192 Forms of Inquiry on Inspiring Teachers 193 25. Teacher Education Curriculum 198 Jennifer L. Milam Contemporary Concerns 199 Theory to Practice and Practice to Theory 203 Teacher Education Inquiry and Modes of Expression and Representation 204 26. Culturally Relevant Pedagogy 207 Keffrelyn D. Brown, Anthony L. Brown, and Racheal Rothrock Theorizing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy 208 Historical Movements That Engender Culturally Relevant Pedagogy 209 Contemporary Concerns: Origins, Reflections, and Innovations 210 Modes of Inquiry and Forms of Expression 212 27. Black Teachers as Curriculum Texts in Urban Schools 215 H. Richard Milner IV Contemporary Concerns 217 Context: “Urban” Black Teachers as Curriculum 218 Theory: Black Teachers as Curriculum 219 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 220 Conclusion: Need for More Research 221 28. Teachers as Improvisational Artists 223 Lasana Kazembe and Avi Lessing What Is Improvisation? 224 Improvisation as Uninhibited Exploration 225 How Is Improvisation Manifested? 225 Challenges and Complexities 228 Some Closing Thoughts 229 PART III. STUDENTS AS CURRICULUM Interlude 232 29. Students as Curriculum 233 William H. Schubert and Brian D. Schultz Contemporary Concerns About Students as Curriculum 234 Context of Students as Curriculum 235 Theory of Students as Curriculum 235 Forms of Inquiry and Modes of Expression 238 Conclusion: Need for Continuous Questioning 239 30. Students’ Experiences as Curriculum 241 Kristien Zenkov and Christine DeGregory Theory and History of Students’ Experiences as Curriculum 242 Why “Students’ Experiences as Curriculum” Now? 243 Forms