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Polio Oz News Volume 8, Issue 4 PolioOz News D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 8 — Summer Edition By Jan McDonald, Geelong Polio Support Maximising Independence, Chair Dancing, Group (Vic) Finances, Making Mosaics, Early Polio Memories, and more. Well, didn’t we have another amazing Retreat!!! This year’s annual Polio Health and Wellness Sunday’s offering was around “The Spirit”. Retreat was held at the beautiful seaside town of Maryann Liethof, Polio Australia’s National Glenelg, just out of Adelaide. Program Manager, took us on a journey exploring “What makes your whole body light up?”. This Winnie, Denise with her husband, Doug, and I provoked quite a discussion amongst us – God, took the trip West from Geelong. Once again, we music, nature, art, family, what?? We then had a were treated to 3½ days filled with information, choice of discussion groups on Christianity, friendship, and fun. Buddhism, and Aboriginal Spirituality. The site of the Retreat was also the venue for A highlight of the weekend was the Celtic Music the annual “Walk With Me” event to raise money Club of South Australia, which entertained us for the work of Polio Australia. So on Thursday with tunes while we had dinner on Saturday afternoon we lolloped, tottered, strode, wheeled, night. and shuffled our way along the delightful waterfront, and thoroughly enjoyed the Of course, we did arrive back home utterly camaraderie along the way. exhausted. We thoroughly enjoyed the days, and emerged armed with a few more hints and tools Each one of the three main days had a different to help us feel “well-rounded” physically, focus; the Body, Mind and Spirit. mentally and spiritually. Friday’s ‘menu’ centred on “The Body”. We had a A Retreat like this also makes us aware that choice of several sessions including Myofascial without the planning, commitment and goodwill Release, Balance, Breathing and Stretching of Polio Australia organisers, as well as our local Exercises, Meditation, Hydrotherapy, Fatigue, group leaders, we would not have this, and all Muscle Loss, Foot Care, Sleep Health, Partnering the other help we get. Without the cohesiveness Polio . the list goes on. of all polio survivors, our voice will become silent, and we could easily become conveniently On Saturday, it was time to focus on “The Mind”. forgotten by government. So, a BIG thank you to This included activities to keep our minds all who do their bit to allow us to be recognised. activated, as well as having fun. Such a variety; 2018 Retreat and “Walk With Me” participants wearing orange bandanas. All Retreat photos can be viewed online here. National Patron: Dr John Tierney, PhD, OAM Page 2 Polio Oz News Polio Australia P r e s i d e n t ’ s R e p o r t Representing polio survivors As December and in every state and territory. throughout A u s t r a l i a rolls around it In the last six months, there have is time to been eight well-attended reflect on the Community Information Sessions Suite 605, 89 High Street year’s on the Late Effects of Polio in Kew Victoria 3101 achievements, Victoria and South Australia, with PO Box 500 enjoy some more to come in 2019 in these Kew East Victoria 3102 down time over states as well as Tasmania. Phone: +61 3 9016 7678 the holidays Funding is currently being sought E-mail: [email protected] and, through to employ a second Community Websites: www.polioaustralia.org.au both processes, Development Worker to service www.poliohealth.org.au get New South Wales. Gillian Thomas www.australianpolioregister.org.au reinvigorated to do it all again next year! We reached a significant milestone this year, celebrating Contacts Having received some funding our tenth anniversary in August. President—Gillian Thomas from both the Department of In 2005, when I first proposed [email protected] Health and Spinal Life Australia, it the idea of a national body to the Vice President—Brett Howard was a pleasure to start 2018 with State Polio Networks, little did I [email protected] staff available to expand our know that we would be thriving in services in the directions we had 2018. Secretary—Jenny Jones long dreamed of. At our team [email protected] meeting early in the year, the Our Polio Health and Wellness meat was put on the bones of the Retreat in October returned to Treasurer—Alan Cameron 2018-2020 strategic plan South Australia. In a first this [email protected] developed by the Board at our year, we held our AGM and a 2017 AGM. To recap, our strategic Walk With Me event in National Program Manager priorities are: conjunction with the Retreat. Maryann Liethof Walk With Me is our major [email protected] Education (raising public fundraising drive each year, with awareness of, and educating the beneficiaries being both Polio health professionals and polio Australia and the State Polio Inside this issue: survivors about, the Late Effects Networks who participate. of Polio); Bound For South Australia 1 Capacity Building (future Other highlights of the year President’s Report 2 proofing Polio Australia to included: ensure sustainability); Revamping the Polio Australia From The Editor 3 Partnership Development and Still Here websites to keep NDIS Survey 3 (enhancing internal and external them topical, interesting, and World Polio Day 4 relationships); and easier to navigate; Program and Survey Updates 5 Advocacy and Visibility Expanding our social media Conferences 7 (lobbying and advocating, whilst activity and building a solid and creating positive visibility in the engaged following through Supporting Polio Australia 8 community). regular posts and discussion Walk With Me 2018 Highlights 9 starters; Dare To Dream 10 Our work throughout 2018 Launching the Next Generation furthered these priorities. Report on Motor Scooters 11 Polio Survivors project Changes To Accessibility 12 Forty-three Clinical Practice (including a new Facebook Housing Standards Workshops were held, providing Group); and Accessing Palliative Care 14 education to more than 580 In 2019, we hope to introduce health professionals, across every our fun, new ‘Splish, Slosh, Sister Kenny’s Memorial 14 state and territory. The impact of Splash’ education activity to Growing Up with Polio In 1950’s 15 the training on the lives of schools across Victoria—see Book Review 16 Australia’s polio survivors is p23. inestimable. As polio survivors we News From Abroad 17 should encourage our own health What a difference 10 years of Polio This Week 22 professionals to attend a effort, a growing funding base, and increased staffing can make! workshop when it reaches our “I love how summer just area. Entries on the Health In closing, on behalf of the Board, wraps its arms around you Professionals Register also grew I wish you all a very Merry like a warm blanket.” apace – there are now 197 Christmas, and a healthy and entries, across many professions peaceful New Year. ~ Kellie Elmore ~ Gillian Unless otherwise stated, the articles in Polio Oz News may be reprinted provided that they are reproduced in full (including any references) and the author, the source and Polio Australia Inc are acknowledged in full. Articles may not be edited or summarised without the prior written approval of Polio Australia. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Polio Australia, and any products, services or treatments described are not necessarily endorsed or recommended by Polio Australia. Page 3 Polio Oz News F r o m th e Blue skies, longer days, Patrons, see p4. Steph was also invited warmer weather, beaches, to speak to around 70 participants at crazy-hot cars, flies, bush Polio Network Victoria’s annual Polio fires, drought . Aahhh, Day. summer in Australia! There are many more program areas We were lucky to have a taste we’ve been working on, including a of this in Adelaide for Polio makeover of the www.stillhere.org.au Australia’s annual Health and website. Take a look! Wellness Retreat and Walk With Me fundraiser in A couple of articles will be of interest to people Maryann Liethof using motors scooters on p11, or anyone Editor October—it’s not too late to donate! 64 polio survivors and requiring accessible housing on p13—and who doesn’t? their family/friends joined us from across Australia, as well as New Zealand and Taiwan! Dr John Tierney has been busy in his Jan McDonald’s article on p1 provides an ‘retirement’, submitting two articles on p14-15; overview, whilst you will see more photos of our one on his visit to Sister Elizabeth Kenny’s ’walkers’ on p9. All photos of the Retreat are Memorial in Nobby, Queensland; and the other online here: www.polioaustralia.org.au/retreat- on his experience of growing up with polio in the 2018/. In October 2019, the Retreat will return 1950’s. to New South Wales; details will be updated on our website, as they become available. Many people may have read about the ‘polio-like’ illness that is sweeping across the USA. Whilst Throughout this edition, you will see how Paul, it’s definitively not the poliovirus, the condition is Polio Australia’s Clinical Health Educator, and just as frightening—see p18 for an update. Steph, our Community Engagement Officer, are both contributing to educating health There is also an inspiring look at how 3 polio professionals, and the community, respectively. survivors are now helping to eradicate polio in You can read the results of a survey on the use Pakistan on p20, and a link to a report on PNG’s of orthoses, as well as participate in a current polio outbreak response on p21.
Recommended publications
  • UQFL16 Elizabeth Kenny Collection
    FRYER LIBRARY Manuscript Finding Aid UQFL16 Elizabeth Kenny Collection Size 5 boxes, 4 parcels Contents Correspondence; file of testimonials from medical practitioners and others in the United States and Canada; reports on her treatment method and summarised lecture notes; some patient case histories; biographical papers and newspaper clippings. Biography Sister Kenny served as a bush nurse on the Darling Downs in Queensland, but became famous for her clinical management and teaching about the best treatment for paralysed children. In the great poliomyelitis epidemics of the 1930s and 1940s, her controversial methods of movement, warmth and passive physiotherapy proved to be the best treatment. She became an international cult figure in Australia, North and South America and Europe, prior to her death in Toowoomba in 1952. Notes Open access, except 1 restricted file Box 1 Folder 1 Journals The British Medical Journal pp841-842, Oct 22 1938. Attached The British Medical Journal pp851- 854, Oct 22 1938. Correspondence and 3 Attached Reviews Letter from A. Fryberg to A.E. Pye, 3.11.47. Attached review – Cole, W.H. and Knapp N.E. “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” reviewed in Journal of the American Medical Association, 7.6.1941. Attached review – Schwartz, R.P. and Bowman, H.D. “Muscle spasm in the acute stage of infantile paralysis” reviewed in Journal of the American Medical Association, 18.7.42. Attached review – Ibanez, J.S. “Experimental Study of Myoneuval Function in Biopsy Specimens Taken from Muscles of Poliomylitis Patients” reviewed in Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, ?.10.45. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Last updated: 10/08/12 © University of Queensland 1 FRYER LIBRARY Manuscript Finding Aid Correspondence, incoming and outgoing for the period 1939 to 1951.
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  • Sister Elizabeth Kenny
    SISTER ELIZABETH KENNY. 1880-1952. The lady with the blessed hands Elizabeth Kenny was born in Warialda in NSW and her father was a farmer who was known as a Bush Vet. In 1881the family moved to a property on the Darling Downs in Queensland. As a young girl, Elizabeth dreamed of becoming a Doctor but, at this time, it was an impossible dream. A local Doctor, Aeneas McDonald, employed her as an assistant and taught her about Bush Nursing. Nurses, at this time, did not always have formal qualifications and Elizabeth never became a registered Nurse. Her subsequent problems with the Medical Profession stemmed from this. Elizabeth never married. Her work was her life and always came first. Elizabeth had the responsibility of caring for her widowed mother and she adopted a young girl, Mary Stewart, who would care for Mrs. Kenny when Elizabeth was away. In 1901 the people on the Darling Downs had no Hospital and it was a long journey by horse drawn ambulance to reach Brisbane. In 1931 Elizabeth set up a small hospital at Clifton on the Darling Downs. It was here that she was called upon to treat a young girl, Amy McNeil, who had a fever and as this was not understood by Elizabeth she contacted a friend, Dr McDonald in Brisbane, who said that it could be Infantile Paralysis which was a rare disease that was infecting children and was impossible to treat. Polio had arrived in Australia. 1 A few months earlier Elizabeth had treated her brother who had suffered a form of paralysis and had eased his pain by soaking strips of blanket in hot water and applying them to his legs as poultices.
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  • Sister Elizabeth Kenny (1880-1952)
    Sister Elizabeth Kenny (1880-1952) Sister Elizabeth Kenny was born in the Australian Outback. Elizabeth was home schooled for a time and later attended school in New South Wales. She became interested in science, especially anatomy and physiology, while recovering from a broken wrist after a fall from a horse. Kenny trained as a nurse, not formally at a nursing school, but by apprenticeship with a local nurse midwife and with her mentor, Dr, Aineas McDonnell. She operated a clinic from her home and traveled to see patients by horseback. In 1911, she was first confronted with patients presenting with what turned out to be polio. She wired Dr. McDonnell asking for help and he answered, “…treat them according to the symptoms as they present themselves.” At the time, the treatment for polio involved encasing the patient in hard splints for long periods of time, with the hope of preventing deformity. Elizabeth Kenny noted that the muscles were very spastic, which she treated with heat, applied by way of heated, heavy woolen blanks wrapped around the spastic limbs. She developed a program of passive exercise to try to overcome paralysis. During WWI. Kenny served in the Australian Army nurse corps, where she was awarded the title of “Sister”. She used that title the rest of her life. After the war, she continued her community nursing and started to try to convince the medical establishment that her treatment methods resulted less often in paralysis after polio. The rejection of her methods was only partly due to suspicion of the actual technique.
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  • Sister Elizabeth Kenny 1880 - 1952
    SISTER ELIZABETH KENNY 1880 - 1952 A Pioneer in the Time of Polio Elizabeth Kenny was born in New South Wales to Mary Moore and Irish farmer Michael Kenny. She received limited education at small primary schools in New South Wales and Queensland. About 1910 Kenny was a self-appointed nurse, working from the family home at Nobby on the Darling Downs, riding on horseback to give her services, without pay, to any who called her. In 1911 she used hot cloth fomentations to treat puzzling new cases, diagnosed as infantile paralysis (poliomyelitis). The patients recovered. Kenny then opened a cottage hospital at Clifton. During World War I, she was appointed staff nurse in the Australian Army Nursing Service, serving on troop ships bringing wounded soldiers home to Australia. In 1917 she was promoted to Sister, a title she used for the rest of her life. After the war she resumed her home nursing and became the first president of the Nobby chapter of the Country Women’s Association. In 1927 she patented the ‘Sylvia’ ambulance stretcher designed to reduce shock in the transport of injured patients. In 1932 Sister Kenny established a backyard clinic at Townsville to treat long-term poliomyelitis victims and cerebral palsy patients with hot baths, foments, passive movements, the discarding of braces and callipers and the encouragement of active movements. Doctors and masseurs ridiculed her, mainly because they considered her explanations of the lesions at the site of the paralysis bizarre. The controversy raged at a time when there was no vaccination for poliomyelitis. The strong- willed Kenny was opposed by a conservative medical profession, which disagreed with her recommendation to discard immobilisation.
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  • 1 the Following Excerpt Has Been Taken from the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation Paralysis Resource Center Website. Http
    The following excerpt has been taken from the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation Paralysis Resource Center website. http://www.christopherreeve.org/site/c.mtKZKgMWKwG/b.4453219/k.CE80/PostPolio_Syndro me.htm Polio and Post-Polio Syndrome Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) has been eradicated from nearly every country in the world since the approval for use of the Salk (1955) and Sabin (1962) vaccines. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there are 12 million people worldwide with some degree of disability caused by poliomyelitis. The National Center for Health Statistics estimates there are one million polio survivors in the United States. About 433,000 of them reported paralysis resulting in some form of impairment. For years most of these polio survivors lived active lives, their memory of polio long forgotten, their health status stable. By the late 1970s, polio survivors were noting new problems of fatigue, pain, breathing or swallowing problems, and additional weakness – medical professionals called this the "post-polio syndrome (PPS)." Some people experience PPS-related fatigue as a flu-like exhaustion that worsens as the day progresses. This type of fatigue can also increase during physical activity, and may cause difficulty with concentration and memory. Others experience muscle fatigue, a form of muscle weakness that increases with exercise and improves with rest. Current research indicates that the length of time one has lived with the residuals of polio is as much of a risk factor as chronological age. It also appears that individuals who experienced the most severe original paralysis with the greatest functional recovery are having more problems now than others with less severe original involvement.
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  • Polio Oz News
    Volume 2, Issue 4 Polio Oz News December 2012 — Summer Edition Polio Plus . by Jill Mather by ambulance and sat in a make saddle close by. My boots, my www.jillmatherbooks.com.au - shift chair - c u m - b e d , riding bowler and other overlooking the paddocks. Then paraphernalia. One never after an hour it was back to knows. I did ride again but an hospital for another long two unfortunate spill put pay to years. Both legs affected and that. one was never to regain its use and the other only 50%. It By 1958, calliper, crutches and could have been worse. all, I married. I was pretty spry at getting around and really I was just 15 years old and my never considered how much my whole life stretched before me. disability hampered me because What was I to do? In the 1950’s it really didn’t. there were no answers and not much help once one was By 1960 I gave birth to a son. A discharged. After assistance delightful child who gave me from the Ambulance boys who much joy even though it took me under their wing and changed my life and location carted me around to various when my husband was critically social outings, I gained work on injured at football. the local Emergency Switch Board. I have hated the violence of the game ever since. Faced with Eighteen months later, a career single parenthood I had little 1952 was not a good year change to the Arbitration Court option, and money to do for polio sufferers.
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  • {TEXTBOOK} Healing: a Womans Journey from Doctor To
    HEALING: A WOMANS JOURNEY FROM DOCTOR TO NUN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Sister Dang Nghiem | 120 pages | 12 Nov 2010 | Parallax Press | 9781888375961 | English | Berkeley, United States : : Healing: A Woman's Journey from Doctor to Nun Then the patient "really has to think about health care as a commodity," Sister Mary Diana said. For example, "if they need an orthopedic surgeon, I have nowhere to send them," unless she can find a doctor who will agree to provide services for free. Like many health care providers, Sister Mary Diana is concerned about drastically weakened conscience protections being written into federal law. With this could come more obstetrics, gynecology and nursing programs effectively hanging out the "no Catholics need apply" shingle, by requiring all residents to learn abortion procedures. Send your thoughts and reactions to Letters to the Editor. Learn more here. Join now. Dominican nun, doctor strives to heal the whole person Oct 28, Dominican Sr. As both a sister and medical doctor, she continues the legacy of Catholic health care that has been firmly rooted in Middle Tennessee since the Daughters of Charity founded St. Join the Conversation Send your thoughts and reactions to Letters to the Editor. Dominican nun, doctor strives to heal the whole person. Dec 14, Why I gave my wedding dress to Carmelite monastery Dec 14, Rediscovering expectancy this Advent Dec 14, Pope's planned trip to Iraq raises coronavirus worries Dec 14, Sisters adapt food ministries to cope with pandemic, surge of those in need Dec 14, By what authority? May you take good care of yourself.
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  • Elizabeth Kenny: Manual Therapy Innovator
    FINGERPRINT VOLUME 23 JANUARY 2020 Elizabeth Kenny: Manual Therapy Innovator by Debra Curties ’84 It is almost impossible for us to imagine the dread and panic caused by the recurring polio epidemics in the first half of the 20th century. They appeared randomly in the summer/fall, sometimes returning to the same locations, sometimes not. There was no understanding of the vector, no vaccine or cure, and no effective treatment. Children and young adults fell ill, some dying, some recovering well, many left with significant permanent disability. Working with Pat Benjamin to edit her wonderful book, The Emergence of the Massage Therapy Profession in North America: A History in Archetypes, refocused me from history-indifferent to recognizing how important it is for a profession to engage with its evolution story and the key themes that underlie its role and sense of purpose. One of the fascinating memes in manual therapy is the undertrained hands-on genius with a difficult personality who emerges in a moment of great need to challenge the prevailing medical approach and inspire real progress. Elizabeth Kenny is such a person. Kenny’s Formative Years Elizabeth Kenny (1880-1952) was born on her family’s farm in an outback area of Queensland, Australia. She was reportedly an independent, tomboyish child who meandered the bush country on foot and horseback. She received a limited education from homeschooling and small rural schools. As a teenager she fractured her wrist in a fall from her horse and was treated by a regional doctor in Toowoomba; she seems to have stayed at or near his clinic for some weeks as she recovered.
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  • Florence Kendall and the Facts About "Sister" Kenny
    PIVOTAL MOMENTS: FLORENCE KENDALL AND THE FACTS ABOUT “SISTER” KENNY. Elizabeth Kendall McCreary Post-Polio Sequelae Monograph Series NY: random harvest, 2017 As early as 1931, Henry Kendall of Baltimore’s Children’s Hospital School recognized that immobilization of polio survivors with splints and casts was preventing muscle contractions and joint deformities but was not allowing muscles that still had functioning motor neurons to move again. With his wife, physical therapist Florence Kendall, the Kendalls recommended that initial splinting be followed by gentle massage of muscle spasms, stretching and careful muscle training. But in 1940 a self-taught “nurse,” Australian Elizabeth Kenny, came to America with a “new concept” for the cause and treatment of polio that she said was “diametrically opposed to those accepted throughout the medical world.” Thus Kenny was welcomed to America wielding misinformation about polio the disease and unnecessary boiling, blistering hot packs. Elizabeth Kendall McCreary, the Kendall’s daughter, recounts the battle between the Kendall’s scientific studies and clinical expertise versus the media’s extolling Kenny’s “alternative facts” about polio. Dr. Richard L. Bruno, Editor Florence Kendall and Elizabeth Kendall McCreary I want to share with you some stories of pivotal moments in Florence Kendall’s professional career. You may know her as “The Physical Therapist Elizabeth Kendall McCreary page 2 of the Century,” the #3 orthopedic physical therapist in the world (#1 in America, #1 woman), the recipient of numerous honorary doctorates and of all the top awards in her profession. But all the accolades, fame, celebrity, celebrations and applause that are associated with Florence Kendall weren’t always there for Florence or for her husband, Henry.
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  • Lectures in Queensland History Series
    Selected lectures on Queensland History from the Lectures in Queensland History Series 30 November 2009 – 27 February 2012 Lectures in Queensland History Townsville City Council Published by Townsville City Council, PO Box 1268, Townsville, QLD, 4810 Published February 2013 Copyright Townsville City Council and the respective authors of each lecture. This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the Publisher. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9807305-6-2 Editor: Annette Burns 2 Contents Acknowledgements 4 Foreword 5 The Visual Heritage of Australian South Sea Islanders ................................................. 7 Professor Clive Moore .................................................................................................... ‘Beautiful one day, perfect the next…’ Becoming Queensland 1859-1909 .................. 33 Professor Anna Haebich ................................................................................................. Exploration and Empire: Imperial rhetoric in published accounts of exploration of eastern Australia 1770-1860 ....................................................................................... 41 Dr Judith Jensen ............................................................................................................. Fencelines and Horizon Lines: Queensland in the Imaginary
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  • Conquering the Crippler: Canada and the Eradication of Polio
    Conquering the Crippler CANADA AND THE ERADICATION OF POLIO Conquering the Crippler CANADA AND THE ERADICATION OF POLIO Christopher J. Rutty, PhD Historical Consultant, Health Heritage Research Services, Toronto Contact: www.healthheritageresearch.com Luis Barreto, MBBS, MD, MHSc Vice-President Public Affairs, sanofi pasteur ltd., Toronto Contact: [email protected] Rob Van Exan, PhD Director, Immunization Policy, sanofi pasteur ltd., Toronto Contact: [email protected] Shawn Gilchrist, BSc, MD, DTM&H, MSc Senior Medical Advisor, Public Policy, sanofi pasteur, Lyon, France Contact: [email protected] Publication of this insert to the Canadian Journal of Public Health was supported by sanofi pasteur ltd. The Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) is a national, independent, not-for-profit, voluntary association representing public health in Canada with links to the international public health community. CPHA’s members believe in universal and equitable access to the basic conditions which are necessary to achieve health for all Canadians. CPHA’s mission is to constitute a special national resource in Canada that advocates for the improvement and maintenance of personal and community health according to the public health principles of disease prevention, health promotion and protection and healthy public policy. CPHA publishes the bi-monthly Canadian Journal of Public Health (CJPH). The CJPH is a professional, peer-reviewed journal carrying a wide variety of in-depth articles on all aspects of public health, including epidemiology, nutrition, family health, environmental health, sexually transmitted diseases, gerontology, behavioural medicine, rural health, health promotion and public health policy. Canadian Public Health Association 400 - 1565 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON, Canada K1Z 8R1 Tel: (613) 725-3769 Fax: (613) 725-9826 E-mail: [email protected] © Canadian Public Health Association, 2005 I-2 CANADA AND THE ERADICATION OF POLIO “There’s a Biblical story that says when the Israelites remembered God, they prospered.
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  • The Effects of Polio on the American War Effort During World War II, 1941-1945" (2012)
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2012 The nI visible Enemy: The ffecE ts of Polio on the American War Effort during World War II, 1941-1945 Jacob Owen Bryant East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Bryant, Jacob Owen, "The nI visible Enemy: The Effects of Polio on the American War Effort during World War II, 1941-1945" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1404. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1404 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Invisible Enemy: The Effects of Polio on the American War Effort during World War II, 1941-1945 _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History _____________________ by Jacob Owen Bryant May 2012 _____________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Emmett Essin Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Keywords: Poliomyelitis, World War II, National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Military Medicine, Infectious Disease ABSTRACT The Invisible Enemy: The Effects of Polio on the American War Effort during World War II, 1941-1945 by Jacob Owen Bryant This thesis looks at the social, political, and military effects of epidemic polio on America’s war effort during World War II.
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