DOCSLIB.ORG

Rapid Assessment of Marine Non-Native Species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rapid Assessment of Marine Non-Native Species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland BioInvasions Records (2015) Volume 4, Issue 3: 147–155 Open Access doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.3.01 © 2015 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2015 REABIC Research Article Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland Samuel B. Collin1, Jacqueline F. Tweddle2,3 and Rachel J. Shucksmith1* 1NAFC Marine Centre, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland Islands, ZE1 0UN, UK 2University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK 3Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK E-mail: [email protected] (SBC), [email protected] (JFT), [email protected] (RJS) *Corresponding author Received: 26 February 2015 / Accepted: 29 April 2015 / Published online: 2 June 2015 Handling editor: Vadim Panov Abstract The Shetland Islands, northern Scotland, have a highly active and diverse maritime environment, and local marine industries form an important part of the local economy. The potential for damage caused by non-native species is high. As part of an assessment of the current status of non-native species in Shetland, a series of rapid assessment surveys, coupled with a settlement panel monitoring programme, were carried out at 18 sites between May 2012 and October 2014. Eight non-native species were detected in our surveys, three of which (Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882; Bugulina simplex Hincks, 1886; and Dasysiphonia japonica (Yendo) Kim, 2012) had not been previously recorded. Observations by SCUBA also reported the first UK record of Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890 growing on natural substrate. A literature review revealed three additional non-native species that have been documented in Shetland but were not detected in our survey work. The results from this study highlight the speed at which non-native species can spread over regional scales, and that more active harbours contain greater numbers of non-native species, indicating the potential of hull fouling and ballast water exchange for transporting non-native species. Key words: invasive, United Kingdom, survey, tunicate, bryozoan, alga economy (e.g. oil and gas, commercial shipping, Introduction fishing and aquaculture). Advances in marine technology and the globalisation of maritime trade The potential for damage caused by non-native have increased the number of international vessels species (NNS: organisms that have been introduced visiting Shetland, particularly for shipping, oil and to new environments outside their natural range gas transportation, and tourism (Shelmerdine via artificial means; Carlton 1996; Colautti and 2015), which has raised the potential for NNS MacIsaac 2004) and the need for effective introductions, particularly through hull fouling surveillance and monitoring, are becoming an and ballast water exchange (Carlton and Geller increasing concern for governments, decision 1993). makers, industries, and conservationists (Mack et The high-level of international activity found al. 2000; Hooper et al. 2005; Pimental et al. 2000). in Shetland suggests it could be an initial point To ensure early detection of new introductions, of entry to Europe for marine NNS from all over and that managerial action is carried out the world. Once introduced, the diverse array of appropriately and efficiently, it is important to national and regional maritime activity in Shetland assess the current status of NNS and identify could then spread NNS to other locations in the potential pathways and threats (Hewitt et al. 2004). UK and Europe through secondary transportation In the Shetland Islands, northern Scotland, (Clarke Murray et al. 2011; Sylvester et al. 2011). marine industries are fundamental to the local Likewise, the same links to mainland UK and economy (Shetland Islands Council 2013) and Europe provide a pathway for NNS established have created a highly active and dynamic marine in these areas to be introduced to Shetland. 147 S.B. Collin et al. Figure 1. Map of the Shetland Islands and locations of the NNS rapid assessment surveys (triangle), survey sites used for monitoring (circle), and public SCUBA diver observations (cross). Contains Ordnance survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2011. The potential for damage caused by NNS in modiolus Linnaeus, 1758 and eelgrass Zostera Shetland is considerable. The economic threat marina Linnaeus, 1753), due to competition (Byers posed to local marine industries, in particular to 2000), predation (Grosholtz et al. 2000), and the local aquaculture industry (e.g. biofouling of altering the physical structure of native habitats mussel farms: Ramsay et al. 2008; Rius et al. (Gribben 2013), also creates cause for concern. 2011), is of concern. Additionally, the ecological To ensure potential threats are detected early threat to Shetland’s nationally and internationally on, and management action is implemented rapidly, important (i.e. designated as Marine Protected regular surveying and monitoring of high-risk Areas and Special Areas of Conservation) marine sites (i.e., most likely sites of introduction) is habitats and species (e.g. horse mussels, Modiolus required. As part of the Shetland Island’s Marine 148 Marine non-native species Shetland Scotland Spatial Plan (NAFC Marine Centre 2014), a rapid target species and background information were survey assessment of local marinas and docks made available online via the NAFC Marine was carried out by the NAFC Marine Centre to Centre website (NAFC Marine Centre 2015) and assess the current status of NNS in Shetland. In sent to various marine users, including: marinas, addition, a literature review was carried out to aquaculture companies, and recreational boaters. identify any potential threats from future Samples of suspected NNS collected by the public introductions, and a monitoring programme of were brought to the NAFC Marine Centre for selected high-risk sites was established. identification. Methods Settlement panel monitoring Rapid Assessment Survey In conjunction with the rapid assessment survey, Rapid assessment surveys (Arenas et al. 2006; settlement panels were deployed at eight of the Minchin 2007) were carried out at 18 marinas survey sites (Figure 1) to assist with detecting and ports around Shetland between May 2012 NNS that may not have been clearly visible in and October 2014 (Figure 1 and supplementary the initial survey (e.g. fouling species on the material Table S1). A target list of NNS already under-surfaces of pontoons). The eight sites were present in northern Scotland (in particular Orkney, chosen based on the high level of local, regional, due to its proximity to Shetland) and those and international maritime activity (higher potential considered ‘high risk’, based on the Marine Aliens for NNS introduction and secondary spread). II Consortium’s ‘Identification Guide for Selected The settlement panels consisted of two black, Marine Non-native Species’ (Marine Aliens II 3-mm thick, correx (polypropylene) plastic sheets Consortium 2014), was created prior to survey work. (15 × 33 cm and 15 × 17 cm), which were scored, The rapid assessment surveys consisted of folded, and cable-tied together to create a single visual inspections of pontoons, including floating sampling unit (Marine Aliens Consortium UK and submerged items (buoys, ropes, and creels), 2010). The settlement panels provided vertically- as well as scrape samples from the pontoon sides and horizontally-oriented surfaces for recruitment (sampling an area of 30 × 30 cm down to 50 cm (both shaded and non-shaded). By providing a depth). When possible, a visual inspection of variety of surface orientations, the probability of navigation buoys was carried out by boat (Sullom detecting a range of species is increased because Voe, Scalloway harbour). In October 2014, complete larval behaviour during settlement is highly variable visual surveys (including the undersides) of the between species and factors such as light and pontoons at Port Arthur (Scalloway) and Victoria gravity have been found to influence settlement Pier (Lerwick) were carried out when the pontoons (e.g. Bingham and Young 1993; Vermeij et al. were removed for maintenance and winter storage. 2006). All sites surveyed are used year round by Two to three settlement panels were deployed recreational and commercial vessels, and have at each site (depending on site size and resident yachts and small leisure craft. accessibility) and were positioned at a depth of 1 Additionally, all sites contain floating pontoons m below the surface. Integrated weights ensured (with constantly submerged surfaces) and provide the panel remained at a constant depth hard substrate in sheltered environments that is throughout the deployment period. Settlement suitable for the recruitment of fouling species. panels were left in situ for about three to six Large ports (e.g. Lerwick and Sullom Voe) that months (three-month periods during the summer are regularly visited by international vessels [April – July – September] and for six months in were included in the rapid assessment survey, as winter [October – March]), to allow sufficient well as smaller harbours that are important for recruitment of resident species before being the fishing and industries (e.g. Scalloway, replaced with new panels. Collected panels were Cullievoe). Surveying smaller harbours/marinas stored in seawater until examined (usually the with local maritime activity provided valuable same day). All organisms were identified to information on the current distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Theses Digitisation: This Is a Digitised
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] VOLUME 3 ( d a t a ) ter A R t m m w m m d geq&haphy 2 1 SHETLAND BROCKS Thesis presented in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor 6f Philosophy in the Facility of Arts, University of Glasgow, 1979 ProQuest Number: 10984311 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10984311 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Northmavine the Laird’S Room at the Tangwick Haa Museum Tom Anderson
    Northmavine The Laird’s room at the Tangwick Haa Museum Tom Anderson Tangwick Haa All aspects of life in Northmavine over the years are Northmavine The wilds of the North well illustrated in the displays at Tangwick Haa Museum at Eshaness. The Haa was built in the late 17th century for the Cheyne family, lairds of the Tangwick Estate and elsewhere in Shetland. Some Useful Information Johnnie Notions Accommodation: VisitShetland, Lerwick, John Williamson of Hamnavoe, known as Tel:01595 693434 Johnnie Notions for his inventive mind, was one of Braewick Caravan Park, Northmavine’s great characters. Though uneducated, Eshaness, Tel 01806 503345 he designed his own inoculation against smallpox, Neighbourhood saving thousands of local people from this 18th Information Point: Tangwick Haa Museum, Eshaness century scourge of Shetland, without losing a single Shops: Hillswick, Ollaberry patient. Fuel: Ollaberry Public Toilets: Hillswick, Ollaberry, Eshaness Tom Anderson Places to Eat: Hillswick, Eshaness Another famous son of Northmavine was Dr Tom Post Offices: Hillswick, Ollaberry Anderson MBE. A prolific composer of fiddle tunes Public Telephones: Sullom, Ollaberry, Leon, and a superb player, he is perhaps best remembered North Roe, Hillswick, Urafirth, for his work in teaching young fiddlers and for his role Eshaness in preserving Shetland’s musical heritage. He was Churches: Sullom, Hillswick, North Roe, awarded an honorary doctorate from Stirling Ollaberry University for his efforts in this field. Doctor: Hillswick, Tel: 01806 503277 Police Station: Brae, Tel: 01806 522381 The camping böd which now stands where Johnnie Notions once lived Contents copyright protected - please contact Shetland Amenity Trust for details. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the contents are accurate, the funding partners do not accept responsibility for any errors in this leaflet.
    [Show full text]
  • Moorland Forum Understanding Predation Report
    scoomids MOORLAND FORUM 16 301,_41., Ant UNDERSTANDING PREDATION A review bringing together natural science and local knowledge of recent wild bird population changes and their drivers in Scotland Centre for LJL UNIVERSITY OF BTO CUNIVERSITY Ecology & Hydrology vy STIRLING 610 Lrx4,ng okr fry berk OF ABERDEEN IIIIUO•C NC•0••••• &IC C OUNCIL Gill Ainsworth (University of Aberdeen), John Calladine (BTO Scotland), Blaise Martay (BTO Scotland), Kirsty Park (University of Stirling), Steve Redpath (University of Aberdeen), Chris Wernham (BTO Scotland), Mark Wilson (BTO Scotland) &Juliette Young (CEH Edinburgh) UNDERSTANDING PREDATION A review bringing together natural science and local knowledge of recent wild bird population changes and their drivers in Scotland Gill Ainsworth (University of Aberdeen), John Calladine (BTO Scotland), Blaise Martay (BTO Scotland), Kirsty Park (University of Stirling), Steve Redpath (University of Aberdeen), Chris Wernham (BTO Scotland), Mark Wilson (BTO Scotland)& Juliette Young (CEH Edinburgh) Page 1 of 382 CONTENTS CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Layout 1 Copy
    STACK ROCK 2020 An illustrated guide to sea stack climbing in the UK & Ireland - Old Harry - - Old Man of Stoer - - Am Buachaille - - The Maiden - - The Old Man of Hoy - - over 200 more - Edition I - version 1 - 13th March 1994. Web Edition - version 1 - December 1996. Web Edition - version 2 - January 1998. Edition 2 - version 3 - January 2002. Edition 3 - version 1 - May 2019. Edition 4 - version 1 - January 2020. Compiler Chris Mellor, 4 Barnfield Avenue, Shirley, Croydon, Surrey, CR0 8SE. Tel: 0208 662 1176 – E-mail: [email protected]. Send in amendments, corrections and queries by e-mail. ISBN - 1-899098-05-4 Acknowledgements Denis Crampton for enduring several discussions in which the concept of this book was developed. Also Duncan Hornby for information on Dorset’s Old Harry stacks and Mick Fowler for much help with some of his southern and northern stack attacks. Mike Vetterlein contributed indirectly as have Rick Cummins of Rock Addiction, Rab Anderson and Bruce Kerr. Andy Long from Lerwick, Shetland. has contributed directly with a lot of the hard information about Shetland. Thanks are also due to Margaret of the Alpine Club library for assistance in looking up old journals. In late 1996 Ben Linton, Ed Lynch-Bell and Ian Brodrick undertook the mammoth scanning and OCR exercise needed to transfer the paper text back into computer form after the original electronic version was lost in a disk crash. This was done in order to create a world-wide web version of the guide. Mike Caine of the Manx Fell and Rock Club then helped with route information from his Manx climbing web site.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain F
    The Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain F. Williams, R. Eschen, A. Harris, D. Djeddour, C. Pratt, R.S. Shaw, S. Varia, J. Lamontagne-Godwin, S.E. Thomas, S.T. Murphy CAB/001/09 November 2010 www.cabi.org 1 KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE The Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the input of many people from Great Britain and abroad. We thank all the people who have taken the time to respond to the questionnaire or to provide information over the phone or otherwise. Front Cover Photo – Courtesy of T. Renals Sponsors The Scottish Government Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government Department for the Economy and Transport, Welsh Assembly Government FE Williams, R Eschen, A Harris, DH Djeddour, CF Pratt, RS Shaw, S Varia, JD Lamontagne-Godwin, SE Thomas, ST Murphy CABI Head Office Nosworthy Way Wallingford OX10 8DE UK and CABI Europe - UK Bakeham Lane Egham Surrey TW20 9TY UK CABI Project No. VM10066 2 The Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain Executive Summary The impact of Invasive Non-Native Species (INNS) can be manifold, ranging from loss of crops, damaged buildings, and additional production costs to the loss of livelihoods and ecosystem services. INNS are increasingly abundant in Great Britain and in Europe generally and their impact is rising. Hence, INNS are the subject of considerable concern in Great Britain, prompting the development of a Non-Native Species Strategy and the formation of the GB Non-Native Species Programme Board and Secretariat.
    [Show full text]
  • European Real Estate Market 2016
    April 2017 Contents 2 The European Union European Demography Urbanization Real Estate Market Economy 2016 5 European Office Market 8 European Retail Market 11 European Logistics Market Duff & Phelps 1 2016 European Real Estate Market Report - April 2017 The European Union The EU • When European countries started to The European Union cooperate economically in 1951, only Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands participated • The Union reached its current size of 28 member countries with the accession of Croatia on 1 July 2013 • On June, 23rd, the people of the UK voted to withdraw from the European Union. The UK remains an EU Member State until negotiations on the terms of exit are completed. Demography • The current demographic situation in the EU-28 is characterized by continue population growth • 2015 was the first year (since the series began in 1961) when there was a natural © European Union, 2013 Service Audiovisual – EC Source: decrease in population numbers in the EU-28 • On 1 January 2016, the population of the EU-28 was estimated at 510.1 million inhabitants, which was 1.8 million more than a year before EU 28 Population % • A total of 17 Member States observed an 520,000,000 0.5 increase in their respective populations, while the population fell in the remaining 500,000,000 0.4 11 Member States 480,000,000 0.3 460,000,000 0.2 440,000,000 0.1 420,000,000 0 400,000,000 -0.1 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Var. % Population Population (EU 28 Countries, left scale) (EU 28 Countries, right scale) Source: REAG R&D on Eurostat data Duff & Phelps 2 2016 European Real Estate Market Report - April 2017 The European Union Urbanization • Almost three quarters of the European Capital cities - Population: last 10 years variation (%) population lived in an urban area in 2015 30% • According to the United Nations (World 25% urbanization prospects 2014) in Europe the 20% share of the population living in urban areas 15% projected to rise to just over 80% by 2050 10% • Capital cities have the highest population 5% growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Cumulative Effects of Multiple Stressors: an Invasive Oyster and Nutrient Enrichment Reduce Subsequent Invasive Barnacle Recruitment
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 486 (2017) 322–327 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Cumulative effects of multiple stressors: An invasive oyster and nutrient enrichment reduce subsequent invasive barnacle recruitment Siobhan R. Vye a,b,⁎,1,MarkC.Emmersona,b,c,JaimieT.A.Dicka,b,c, Nessa E. O'Connor a,b,c a School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK b Queen's University Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, Co. Down, Northern Ireland BT22 1PF, UK c Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK article info abstract Article history: Studies identifying interactions between biological invasions and other stressors have generally focussed on Received 12 February 2016 quantifying their cumulative effects on mature species assemblages. In benthic systems, however, early life his- Received in revised form 21 June 2016 tory processes are key determinants of assemblage structure and functioning. This study tested whether the pres- Accepted 24 October 2016 ence of an invasive species affected early life history processes of two common barnacle species and whether this Available online xxxx was affected by a second common stressor, nutrient enrichment. The results of a field experiment identified and characterised the effects of an invasive oyster, Crassostrea gigas, on the early life history processes of the two bar- Keywords: Multiple stressors nacle species under ambient and enriched nutrient conditions. In the presence C. gigas, the invasive barnacle Crassostrea gigas Austrominius modestus, had a lower recruitment rate, however, there was no effect of the presence of C.
    [Show full text]
  • SOTEAG Rocky Shore Monitoring Programme Annual Report Final
    Aquatic Survey and Monitoring Ltd. Tí Cara, Point Lane, Cosheston, Pembrokeshire, SA72 4UN, UK Tel office +44 (0) 1646 687946 Mobile 07879 497004 E-mail: [email protected] Survey of the rocky shores in the region of Sullom Voe, Shetland, July 2015 A report for SOTEAG Prepared by: Jon Moore & Christine Howson Status: Final st Date of Release: 1 December 2015 Recommended citation: Moore, J.J. and Howson, C.M. (2015). Survey of the rocky shores in the region of Sullom Voe, Shetland, July 2015. A report to SOTEAG from Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd., Cosheston, Pembrokeshire. 33 pp + iii. Survey of the rocky shores in the region of Sullom Voe, Shetland, July 2015 Page i Acknowledgements Surveyors: Jon Moore, ASML, Cosheston, Pembrokeshire Christine Howson, ASML, Ormiston, East Lothian Other assistance and advice: Mr Alex Thomson and colleagues at BP Pollution Response Base, Sella Ness; Mr Simon Skinner, Port Safety Officer, Ports and Harbour Department, Sella Ness Report review: Christine Howson, ASML, Ormiston, East Lothian Dr Mike Burrows and other members of the SOTEAG monitoring committee Data access This report and the data herein are the property of the Sullom Voe Association (SVA) Ltd. and its agent the Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG) and are not to be cited without the written agreement of SOTEAG. SOTEAG/SVA Ltd. will not be held liable for any losses incurred by any third party arising from their use of these data. © SOTEAG/SVA Ltd. 2015 Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. December 2015 Survey of the rocky shores in the region of Sullom Voe, Shetland, July 2015 Page ii Summary The potential environmental impacts of operations at the Sullom Voe oil terminal were recognised when construction of the complex began in 1975.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Flood Risk Assessment
    Shetland Islands Council Strategic Flood Risk Assessment CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 2.1 Definition 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Structure of Report 3 Data Collection 3.1 The National Flood Risk Assessment 3.2 SEPA’s Indicative River and coastal flood map (Scotland) 3.3 Local flooding groups 3.4 Public consultation 3.5 Historical records including Biennial Flood Reports 3.6 Surveys of existing infrastructure 3.7 Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory 3.8 UK Climate Projections 09 4 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment 4.1 Overview 4.2 Potential sources of flooding 4.3 Climate Change Impacts 4.4 Rainfall Data 4.5 Strategic Flood Defences 4.6 Historical Extreme Recorded Rainfall Event 4.7 Historical Extreme Recorded Tidal Event 4.8 1:200 Year Tide Level 4.9 Development Control Flood Layers 5 Assessment of Areas of Best Fit 5.1 Aith 5.2 Baltasound 5.3 Brae 5.4 Lerwick 5.5 Mid Yell 5.6 Sandwick 5.7 Scalloway 6 Assessment of Sites with Development Potential 6.1 BR002 Ham Bressay 6.2 CL003 Strand Greenwell Gott 6.3 CL004 Veensgarth 6.4 LK004 Gremista, Lerwick 6.5 LK006 Port Business Park/Black Hill Industrial Est, Lerwick 6.6 LK007 Port Business Park 6.7 LK008 Oxlee, Lerwick 6.8 LK010 Seafield, Lerwick 6.9 LK019 North Greenhead Lerwick 6.10 LK020 North Greenhead Lerwick 6.11 LK021 Dales Voe Lerwick 6.12 NI001 Ulsta Yell 6.13 NM001 The Houllands, Weathersta, Brae 6.14 NM004 Scatsta Airport 6.15 NM011 Mossbank and Firth 6.16 NM012 Mossbank and Firth 6.17 NM017 Stucca Hillswick 6.18 NM020 Sellaness Scasta 6.19 SM019 Scatness Virkie 6.20 WM002 Hellister Weisdale 6.21 WM008 Opposite Aith Hall 6.22 WM012 Gronnack, Whiteness 1 Introduction The Shetland Local Plan, which was adopted in 2004, is being reviewed in line with the Planning etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of External Shocks Upon a Peripheral Economy: War and Oil in Twentieth Century Shetland. Barbara Ann Black Thesis
    THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS UPON A PERIPHERAL ECONOMY: WAR AND OIL IN TWENTIETH CENTURY SHETLAND. BARBARA ANN BLACK THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY July 1995 ProQuest Number: 11007964 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007964 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This thesis, within the context of the impact of external shocks on a peripheral economy, offers a soci- economic analysis of the effects of both World Wars and North Sea oil upon Shetland. The assumption is, especially amongst commentators of oil, that the impact of external shocks upon a peripheral economy will be disruptive of equilibrium, setting in motion changes which would otherwise not have occurred. By questioning the classic core-periphery debate, and re-assessing the position of Shetland - an island location labelled 'peripheral' because of the traditional nature of its economic base and distance from the main centres of industrial production - it is possible to challenge this supposition.
    [Show full text]
  • SB-4207-January-NA.Pdf
    Scottishthethethethe www.scottishbanner.com Banner 37 Years StrongScottishScottishScottish - 1976-2013 Banner A’BannerBanner Bhratach Albannach 42 Volume 36 Number 11 The world’s largest international Scottish newspaper May 2013 Years Strong - 1976-2018 www.scottishbanner.com A’ Bhratach Albannach Volume 36 Number 11 The world’s largest international Scottish newspaper May 2013 VolumeVolumeVolume 42 36 36 NumberNumber Number 711 11 TheThe The world’s world’s world’s largest largest largest international international international ScottishScottish Scottish newspaper newspaper May January May 2013 2013 2019 Up Helly Aa Lighting up Shetland’s dark winter with Viking fun » Pg 16 2019 - A Year in Piping » Pg 19 US Barcodes A Literary Inn ............................ » Pg 8 The Bards Discover Scotland’s Starry Nights ................................ » Pg 9 Scotland: What’s New for 2019 ............................. » Pg 12 Family 7 25286 844598 0 1 The Immortal Memory ........ » Pg 29 » Pg 25 7 25286 844598 0 9 7 25286 844598 0 3 7 25286 844598 1 1 7 25286 844598 1 2 THE SCOTTISH BANNER Volume 42 - Number 7 Scottishthe Banner The Banner Says… Volume 36 Number 11 The world’s largest international Scottish newspaper May 2013 Publisher Offices of publication Valerie Cairney Australasian Office: PO Box 6202 Editor Marrickville South, Starting the year Sean Cairney NSW, 2204 Tel:(02) 9559-6348 EDITORIAL STAFF Jim Stoddart [email protected] Ron Dempsey, FSA Scot The National Piping Centre North American Office: off Scottish style PO Box 6880 David McVey Cathedral you were a Doonie, with From Scotland to the world, Burns Angus Whitson Hudson, FL 34674 Lady Fiona MacGregor [email protected] Uppies being those born to the south, Suppers will celebrate this great Eric Bryan or you play on the side that your literary figure from Africa to America.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Report for the First Half of the 97Th Fiscal Period
    2015 Business Report for the First Half of the 97th Fiscal Period Bridgestone Corporation Note: This English translation of the Business Report for the first half of the 97th Fiscal Period is for convenience only. If there are any differences between this translation and the Japanese original, the Japanese original supersedes this translation. I N D E X MESSAGE TO SHAREHOLDERS ............................................................................................................... 3 OPERATING RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 FINANCIAL INFORMATION FOR THE FIRST HALF OF THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2015 ................................................................................................................ 7 1. Consolidated Results for the First Half of Fiscal 2015 (January 1, 2015 - June 30, 2015) ............... 7 2. Dividends .......................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Others (For details, refer to “Other Information” on page 12.) .......................................................... 7 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET .......................................................................................................... 9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME ........................................................................................... 11 OTHER INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]