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Motorcycle, Motorized and electric-assisted bicycle Manual

Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Services Division dvs.dps.mn.gov Minnesota Motorcycle, and Electric-Assisted Bicycle Manual

The Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services Division prepared this manual. Visit the Department of Public Safety Website at dvs.dps.mn.gov to access online versions of our driver’s manuals.

PS30001-13 (3/12)

About this Manual… This manual is about operating For more information on Minnesota motorcycles, motorized and driving laws and rules for all drivers, electric-assisted bicycles on Minnesota refer to the Minnesota Driver’s streets and highways. Manual. The first section concerns Minnesota This manual is printed by permission laws and requirements. For complete of the Minnesota Department of standards, consult Minnesota state Public Safety. statutes and rules. This document is This manual is prepared by the not a proper legal authority to cite Division of Driver and Vehicle Services in court. with permission of the Minnesota The second section (Operation Department of Public Safety. Manual) contains information on safe This information can be made . The Operation Manual, available in alternative format to provided by the individuals with disabilities. For Foundation, is not about Minnesota assistance, call 651-297-3298 or law — it is about riding smart and TTY 651-282-6555. staying safe. NEW RIDING INFORMATION AND LAW FOR 2012 SKILLS TEST CHECKLIST

“Late Merge — Zipper Merge” • For multi-lane roundabouts, as Do you have all the infor­ If under 18 years of age: The Zipper Merge is a new driving with any intersection, get into the mation you need for your o I have my certificate of course comple-­ strategy that requires a change in the appropriate lane as you approach skills test? Here is a checklist tion from an approved rider safety the roundabout. course. mindset of motorists who traditionally to help you prepare: have been taught to merge early when • Yield to pedestrians and bicyclists Note: Riders under 18 will be required recognizing that a lane will end. The crossing the roadway. o I have made a skills test appointment. to have a parent or court-appointed results of early merging are longer • Watch for signs or pavement o I have my valid driver’s license. guardian sign the application to add backups, an increase in crashes and markings that require or prohibit o I have my valid motorcycle instruction the motorcycle endorsement. road rage incidents. certain movements. permit. The new driving procedure to follow • When entering a roundabout yield o I have my helmet and eye protection. is when you see the “lane closed ahead” to already in the round­ o I will provide a motorcycle on which sign and traffic is backing up, stay in your about. Do not cross into the round­ to take the test. current lane up to the point of merge. about until all traffic from the left Then take turns with other drivers has cleared. • Basic safety equipment must be in working condition (see equipment to safely and smoothly ease into the • After entering the roundabout, drive requirements on page IV). remaining lane. When traffic is heavy in a counter clockwise direction until and slow, it is much safer for motorists you reach your exit. • Vehicle registration must be current (license plates and registration to remain in their current traffic lane • Do not stop, pass or change lanes stickers) or the motorcycle must until the point where traffic can orderly within a roundabout. take turns merging. display a 21-day permit. • If an emergency vehicle approaches, o I have valid proof of insurance (such The Zipper Merge benefits drivers by: exit the roundabout. • Reducing the difference in speeds as the original insurance identification between two lanes. Changing lanes It is especially important for motor­ card or policy) for the motorcycle I am when traffic is traveling at approxi- cyclists to use extra caution when taking the test on. Photocopies or mately the same speed is easier approaching painted pavement­ copies from the Internet are not and safer. markings, especially in a roundabout. acceptable. Pavement markings can be hazar­ • Reducing the overall length of traffic o I have brought money (check, money dous to motorcyclists due to a loss backup by as much as 40%. order, or cash) to pay the driver’s of traction, even when the pavement license fee and the retesting fee, • Reducing congestion on freeway is dry. interchanges, especially in the if applicable. There is a $20 test fee metropolitan area. Donation for Anatomical Gift for a third or subsequent test (after failing first two). • Creating a sense of fairness and Program (M.S. 168.12 and equity that all lanes are moving M.S. 171.06) • Credit and debit cards are not accepted. at the same rate. Recent legislation established a $2 • Reducing incidents of road rage. donation option related to anatomical Roundabouts gifts to be collected as part of vehicle registration and driver license appli­ Roundabouts are designed to increase cations.Funds received are to be pro­ traffic flow and provide a safer inter­ vided as grants to organ procurement section than a normal four-way stop. organizations certified by the U.S. When approaching a roundabout: Department of Health and to non-profit • Slow down as you approach the organizations that advocate for organ, roundabout. tissue and eye donation. contents Preface I

Preface Ride Within Your Abilities This manual is intended to help riders The hazards of riding a two-wheeled Rider Training ...... I Basic Vehicle Control �����������������������8 prepare for the knowledge and skills vehicle constantly test the skills of even Keeping Your Distance �������������������12 tests required to obtain a permit and the most experienced rider. For this Motorcycles SEE �����������������������������������������������17 endorsement. It includes rider informa- reason, Minnesota tests everyone License Endorsement and Permit . . II Intersections ���������������������������������18 tion that will help beginner and experi- seeking permits and license endorse- Permit Process ...... II Increasing Conspicuity �������������������21 enced riders alike. This manual includes ments to legally operate a motorcycle Skills Test ...... II Crash Avoidance ���������������������������24 Minnesota state requirements as well or in the state. New Resident Information . . . .III Handling Dangerous Surfaces �������27 as a guide to safe riding practices. Endorsement Renewal . . . . .III Mechanical Problems ���������������������30 Rider Training License Fees ...... III Skill and care are safety necessities Animals �����������������������������������������31 The Minnesota Department of Public Motorcycle Registration/Insurance . III for riders. Two-wheeled vehicles have Flying Objects �������������������������������31 Safety recommends rider training Equipment Requirements . . . .IV the disadvantage of being less stable Getting Off the Road ���������������������31 courses for both beginner and experi- Operating Rules ...... IV and more vulnerable than other vehicles Carrying Passengers enced riders. Motorcyclists are encour- Alcohol and Motorcycles . . . . V on the road. In a crash, riders often and Cargo �������������������������������������32 aged to update their riding skills as Red Light, Green Light . . . . .V sustain severe injuries because they lack Group Riding ���������������������������������35 the protection provided to occupants often as possible. Studies have shown Motorized Bicycles and Moped Being in Shape to Ride of larger vehicles. that riders who have taken training Motorized Bicycle ...... VI courses are better equipped to cope Why This Information Over the last ten years, crash studies Operator’s Permit ...... VI with riding emergencies and less likely is Important �����������������������������������39 show motorcyclists are seven times more Instruction Permit Process . . . .VI to be involved in a crash. Alcohol and Other Drugs likely to be injured and 34 times more Skills Test ...... VI in Motorcycle Operation ���������������39 likely to die in a crash than passengers In 1982, the state of Minnesota Duplicate Permits ...... VII Alcohol in the Body �����������������������39 in any other type of vehicle. established a Motorcycle Safety Fund Vehicle Registration ...... VII Alcohol and the Law ���������������������41 to upgrade and improve training Insurance Requirements . . . . VII Approximately 80 percent of motor- Minimize the Risks �������������������������41 courses, test procedures, public Equipment Requirements . . . VII cycle crashes result in death or injury, Step in to Protect Friends ���������������42 awareness and motorcycle safety. The Operating Rules ...... VII compared with less than 30 percent of Fatigue �����������������������������������������42 Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Program auto crashes. These numbers emphasize administers these funds and offers Electric-Assisted Bicycles the importance of knowing the rules Earning Your License ���������������� 43 state-approved rider training courses. Definition ...... VIII of motorcycle and moped operation. Permit and Registration . . . . VIII Three- Supplement While cornering, and accelera- For more information on motorcycle Insurance ...... VIII Supplementary Information tion characteristics of motorcycles rules, safety or training classes, contact Equipment Requirements . . . VIII for Three-Wheel Motorcycles ���������45 can exceed other vehicles, their short the Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Center Operating Rules ...... VIII Know Your Vehicle �������������������������45 comings with regard to safety should at 800-407-6677 or visit Basic Vehicle Control �����������������������47 not be ignored. www.motorcyclesafety.org Motorized Foot Scooters Carrying Passengers and Cargo �������50 Definition ...... VIII Operating Rules ...... IX Hand Signals ...... 51 Equipment Requirements . . . .IX T-CLOCS Pre-Ride Checklist ���� 61 The Rider and the Motorcycle ...... 1 Preparing to Ride Wear the Right Gear �����������������������2 Know Your Motorcycle ���������������������4 Know Your Responsibilities �������������7 II motorcycle motorcycle III

Motorcycle License Motorcycle Endorsement After passing the skills test, you will Duplicate of 1-year Endorsement and Permit Skills Test need to apply for a duplicate driver’s operator’s permit . . . . . $3.75 license and have your endorsement Every person who operates a When you feel that you have Renewal of operator’s added. Your receipt from the duplicate motorcycle on public roads in Minne- reached an acceptable skill level, you permit to age 21 . . . . . $9.75 license application will allow you to ride sota must have a valid driver’s license may return to a driver examining station your motorcycle without restrictions Duplicate of operator’s permit. . $5.25 with the appropriate instruction permit and take the skills test on your motor- until you receive your new license. Renewal, age 21 or older . .$15.75 or license endorsement. You must carry cycle. You can schedule your test in these documents with you when riding person, by phone or online at New Residents Retesting Fees a motorcycle on public roadways. www.mndriveinfo.org. If you test on If you are a new Minnesota resident * Third and subsequent Motorcycle Permit Process a three-wheeled motorcycle, you will and have a valid driver’s license with a knowledge test be restricted to operating three-wheelers (after failing first two) . . . $10.00 A valid Minnesota driver’s license is motorcycle endorsement from another only. You can remove restrictions by state (or one that has been expired for * Third and subsequent required to obtain a motorcycle instruc- taking the skills test on the type of tion permit. To obtain a motorcycle less than one year) you will need to take road/skills test motorcycle you want to operate. instruction permit, you must first pass a knowledge test to get a Minnesota (after failing first two) . . . $20.00 The skills test consists of four riding driver’s license. You may take the motor- a knowledge (written) test at a driver * Available at driver exam stations only. exercises that measure your vehicle cycle knowledge test at the same time examination station. If you are under ** Fee does not include the cost of control and hazard response skills. you take the driver’s license knowledge 18 years old, you must also present a new license. a certificate of completion of a state- The two-wheel motorcycle skills test is test. The motorcycle skills test will be approved motorcycle rider training outlined in this manual on pages 56-59. waived when you pass the knowledge Motorcycle Registration course. The three-wheel motorcycle skills test is test. An endorsement fee of $21 will All motorcycles must be registered be added to the cost of your Minnesota The knowledge test may be taken outlined on pages 60-63 in this manual. with the state and display a license plate driver’s license. only once per day. When you pass the These tests are administered on the same showing that registration tax has been test and pay the $21 permit fee, you course and will not be given if the sur- Endorsement Renewal paid. The registration period is from face is wet, or if ice or snow is present. March 1 through the last day of Febru- will receive an instruction permit valid When your Minnesota driver’s license ary. Re-registration is required annually for one year. You will then be entitled For the skills test, you must bring: has a two-wheeled motorcycle endorse- and expires at the end of February. New to practice riding your motorcycle on • Your current driver’s license and ment, you will pay the license fee plus public roadways so you can become residents have 60 days after becoming motorcycle permit. a $13 motorcycle endorsement fee familiar with it and its controls. If your Minnesota residents to register their when you renew your license with instruction permit expires, you must • A motorcycle, properly equipped, motorcycles. For more information, your endorsement. retake the knowledge test and pay with proof of current registration contact your local deputy registrar or the fee for a new permit. and insurance. License Fees call 651-297-2126. • DOT-approved helmet and eye While you are operating a motor- Fees are determined by law and are Motorcycle Insurance cycle with your instruction permit, the protection. subject to change. All motorcycles registered in Minne- following restrictions apply: • If you are under 18 years old, a Motorcycle Fees sota must have liability insurance cover- • You must wear a helmet and eye certificate of course completion * Motorcycle instruction age for property damage or injury protection approved by the federal from an approved motorcycle rider permit/endorsement fee . . $21.00 to another party. No-fault injury and Department of Transportation (DOT). training program. ** Motorcycle endorsement uninsured motorist protections are • You may not carry passengers. You will not be allowed to test if you renewal (2 wheel only) . . .$13.00 optional. Coverage for damage, loss or • You may not ride on any interstate do not bring all of these items. motorcycle theft is also optional. The Duplicate driver’s license . . $13.50 highway. Commissioner of Public Safety may If you fail the skills test, you may Motorized Bicycle Operator’s Permit revoke the registration and suspend the • You may not ride at night. “Night” retake it after you have had time to * Knowledge test and 30-day license of any motorcycle operator who or “nighttime” means the time improve your riding skills. You will be instruction permit . . . . . $6.75 does not carry the required insurance. from one-half hour after sunset assigned practice time that must be to one-half hour before sunrise. completed before your next skills test * Skills test and 1-year is given. operator’s permit . . . . . $6.75 IV motorcycle motorcycle V

Motorcycle Equipment Motorcycle Operating Rules Live to Ride. Alcohol and Red Light, Green Light: Requirements There are a number of basic operating Motorcycles Don’t Mix Minnesota Law All motorcycles must have basic rules that are unique to two-wheeled Riding a motorcycle requires more Minnesota law addresses instances safety equipment in working condition. vehicles. skills — and different skills — than when motorcycles, bicycles and In addition to a rearview mirror, horn • The operator may ride only on a driving a or truck. Because of this, are not detected by control systems at and , motorcycles must be permanent, regular seat. alcohol use impairs a rider’s skills sooner traffic lights, and a signal change does equipped with the following: • A passenger may ride only on a and more severely than a driver’s, even not occur. • At least one, and not more than permanent, regular passenger’s at blood alcohol levels below the legal The law gives motorcyclists, bicyclists two, headlights with high- and seat on the motorcycle or in a level of .08. and moped riders the option to low-beam settings. (Headlight attached to the vehicle. Fact: drinking and riding kills motor- proceed through the intersection after modulators are legal in Minnesota.) a reasonable amount of time, and • Passengers may not ride on a cyclists. State law requires that coroners provides an affirmative legal defense to • One red taillight, including motorcycle unless they can reach test the blood alcohol level of traffic this action, based on five conditions: light/stop lamp. A blue dot of up the footrests on each side of the crash victims who die within four hours to one inch in diameter on the tail- motorcycle with both feet while of a crash. About half of the motor- • The motorcycle, bicycle or moped light is legal. seated. cyclists tested since 1990 had alcohol has been brought to a complete in their systems. stop. • Footrests for a passenger must • Operators and passengers under be provided if the motorcycle is 18 and those operating on a Minnesota State Patrol officers, local • The traffic-control signal continues equipped with a seat designed or motorcycle permit must wear and county sheriffs patrol Minne- to show a red light for an suited for use by a passenger. DOT-approved helmets. sota highways every day to enforce unreasonable time. DWI laws. From 2006 to 2008, they • At least one brake, front or rear, • The traffic-control signal is appar- • The operator and the passenger made more than 116,000 DWI arrests. which may be operated by hand ently malfunctioning or, if pro- must sit astride the , A DWI will affect all your driving or foot. grammed to change to a green light facing forward, with one leg on privileges — not only your privilege each side of the motorcycle (passen- only after detecting the approach All provisions of Minnesota Statutes, to operate a motorcycle. of a , the signal has Chapter 169, pertaining to other gers in a sidecar are exempt). If you drink, don’t ride, and if apparently failed to detect the motor vehicle equipment also apply • Operators may not carry packages you ride, don’t drink. Do it for your motorcycle, bicycle or moped. to motorcycles, except those which or articles that interfere with family and friends as well as for your by their nature have no application. • No vehicle or person is approaching keeping both hands on the own safety. Set the example for other handlebars. on the roadway to be crossed or Protective Eyewear riders, and don’t be afraid to step in entered, or Motorcyclists are required to wear • Operators may not ride a motor- when you see someone else about to protective eyewear, such as glasses, cycle between lanes of moving or make a mistake. Do it for their families • Approaching vehicles or persons are goggles or a face shield, even if the stationary vehicles headed in the and their friends. so far away that they do not consti- motorcycle is equipped with a wind- tute an immediate hazard. same direction. For a summary of Minnesota laws screen. Contact lenses do not qualify on driving and riding under the influ- The affirmative defense applies only as protective eyewear. • The operator must have the head- light on at all times when riding ence of alcohol and other drugs, and to an alleged violation for entering or Helmets in Minnesota. the consequences of doing so, please crossing an intersection controlled by Motorcyclists and passengers under refer to chapter 8 of the Minnesota a traffic-control signal against a red 18 years of age and those operating Driver’s Manual, available online at light. It does not provide a defense on a motorcycle permit must wear a dvs.dps.mn.gov to any other civil or criminal action. DOT-approved helmet. Helmet use is strongly recommended by the Depart- ment of Public Safety for all motor- cyclists and passengers. VI MOTORIzed bicycle and moped moped VII

Motorized Bicycle The knowledge test includes questions • Stop signs and/or traffic lights and may be operated during daylight Motorized bicycles are registered as on driving laws and rules of the road • Right of way hours only. mopeds. A motorized bicycle must meet as well as information specific to two- This test is conducted on public streets, • A horn and mirror are required the following requirements: wheeled vehicles. In addition to this unlike the motorcycle skills test. Upon safety equipment for a moped. • Electric motor or a liquid-fueled manual, study the Minnesota Driver’s successful completion of the skills test • Moped riders must wear protective with piston displacement Manual. you will need to apply for a moped eyewear. of 50 cubic centimeters or less. When you have passed the knowledge operator’s permit which is valid for one • Moped riders under 18 years old • Maximum of two brake horsepower. test and paid the $6.75 examination year. After one year, you may apply for a must wear a DOT-approved motor- fee, you will receive a 30-day moped renewal of the moped operator’s permit. • Maximum speed of 30 mph on a instruction permit. This instruction cycle helmet. flat surface. permit allows you to practice riding If your moped operator’s permit is lost • The Department of Public Safety a moped only within a one-mile radius or there is a change of name or address, Moped Operator’s Permit recommends that moped operators of your residence. you may apply for a duplicate permit. Any person who has a valid driver’s observe the same rules of safety license may operate a moped without For operators under the age of 16, Moped Vehicle Registration and wear the same protective equip- taking a moped test. Anyone without during the instruction permit period, Mopeds must be registered, and ment suggested for motorcycle riders. only a parent or guardian of the operator a driver’s license, regardless of age, registrations must be renewed annually. Moped Operating Rules must obtain a moped operator’s permit may ride on the moped as a passenger. The vehicle must display current regis- These rules and restrictions apply to to legally operate a moped (see section Moped Operator’s Permit tration tabs. Registration and renewal below). You must carry your license or can be done at any Driver and Vehicle operating mopeds: permit with you when you ride. Skills Test Services deputy registrar’s office. • Because of the relatively low speeds You must pass a skills test to obtain of mopeds, you should ride in the Moped Instruction Permit a moped operator’s permit. Moped traffic lane as far right on the road- Process When you take your skills test, you Insurance Requirements way as possible unless you are To obtain a moped operator’s instruc- must bring: All mopeds registered in Minnesota making a left turn. Riding on side- tion permit you must: • Your 30-day moped operator’s must have liability insurance coverage walks is not permitted except where • Be at least 15 years old. instruction permit. for property damage or injury to another it would be necessary for a short distance to get from a driveway, alley • Present proper identification. • Current proof of insurance for party. No-fault injury and uninsured motorist protections are optional. Cover- or building to an adjacent roadway. • Present a certificate of completion the moped used for testing. age for damage, loss or moped theft issued by a state approved moped • Mopeds are not allowed on lanes • A DOT-approved helmet and eye is also optional. The Commissioner of safety course. or trails that have been set aside protection. Public Safety may revoke the registration for bicycles and the exclusive use • Pass a vision screening. You will not be allowed to test if and suspend the license of any moped of non-motorized traffic. operator who does not carry the required • Pass a knowledge test. you do not have all of the above items. • Moped riders on a roadway shall not insurance. If you are under 18 years old, you must A parental approval slip is required ride more than two abreast and shall meet these requirements and present a for persons under age 18. Approval Moped not impede the normal and reason- certified approval slip from your parent forms are available at license exam Equipment Requirements able movement of traffic. or legal guardian before taking the stations. These rules apply to required equip- • Mopeds are not allowed on inter- knowledge test and skills test. Approval The moped operator’s permit skills ment and gear for moped riders: state freeways. forms are available at license exam test consists of: • A moped must meet the same stations. • A moped equipped with a headlight • Starting lighting requirements as a motor- and taillight that meet motorcycle To find out about moped safety courses cycle, with a headlight, taillight and • Tight circles lighting requirements may be oper- near you, contact your local driver exam stop lamp. The headlight must be on ated during nighttime hours. “Night” • Quick stop station or call 800-407-6677. Find during operation. Mopeds manufac- or “nighttime” means the time from course information and exam station • Turns (right and left) tured before 1987 are not normally one-half hour after sunset to one-half locations at www.mndriveinfo.org or equipped with a headlight or taillight hour before sunrise. call 651-297-2005. • Lane changing electric-assisted bicycle VIII AND motorized foot motorized foot scooter IX

Electric-Assisted Bicycle Electric-Assisted Bicycle Motorized Foot Scooter • Riding a motorized foot scooter Electric-assisted bicycles are registered Equipment Requirements Operator’s Rights and on sidewalks is not permitted except where it would be necessary for as mopeds. An electric-assisted bicycle • Electric-assisted bicycle riders under Responsibilities a short distance to get from a may have two or three and must 18 years old must wear a motorcycle You must be 12 years old or older driveway, alley or building to an meet the following requirements: helmet approved by the U.S. Depart- to operate a motorized foot scooter. adjacent roadway. • Saddle and fully operable pedals ment of Transportation or a bicycle You do not need an operator’s permit, • Motorized foot scooter operators for human propulsion. helmet approved by the American vehicle registration or insurance to may not carry passengers. • Electric motor with a power output National Standards Institute (ANSI). operate a motorized foot scooter. • A person may operate a motor- of 1,000 watts or less. • Protective eyewear is recommended, Every person operating a motorized but not required, for electric-assisted ized foot scooter on a bicycle path, • Motor incapable of propelling the foot scooter has the same rights and bicycle operators. bicycle lane, bicycle trail or bike-way vehicle more than 20 mph. responsibilities as the operator of a that is not reserved for the exclusive bicycle, except in respect to provisions • Motor incapable of increasing the Electric-Assisted Bicycle use of non-motorized traffic, unless related only to motorized foot scooters speed of the vehicle to more than Operating Rules restricted by local authorities. and in respect to provisions that cannot 20 mph when human power is • Electric-assisted bicycle operators reasonably be applied to motorized Motorized Foot Scooter used to propel the vehicle. may ride on the shoulder of the foot scooters. Operator Equipment road going in the same direction • Motor disengages or ceases to func- Requirements tion when are applied. as adjacent traffic. Motorized Foot Scooter • Electric-assisted bicycle operators Operation Requirements • Riders age 12 to 17 must wear • Meets Federal motor vehicle safety may ride in a marked bicycle lane. and Prohibitions either a standards. approved by the U.S. Department • Standard traffic laws apply with • A person operating a motorized of Transportation or a bicycle helmet Electric-Assisted Bicycle regard to lane use, traffic signs foot scooter on a roadway shall ride approved by the American National and signals. Operator’s Permit and near the right-hand curb or edge of Standards Institute (ANSI). • An electric-assisted bicycle equip- the roadway, except in the following Registration • A motorized foot scooter equipped ped with a headlight and taillight situations: Any person who has a valid driver’s with a headlight and taillight may that meet motorcycle lighting license may operate an electric-assisted – When overtaking and passing be operated during nighttime hours. requirements may be operated bicycle without taking a test or having another vehicle proceeding in “Night” or “nighttime” means during nighttime hours. “Night” a driver’s license endorsement. Anyone the same direction. the time from one-half hour or “nighttime” means the time without a driver’s license, regardless of – When preparing for a left turn, after sunset to one-half hour from one-half hour after sunset age, must obtain a moped operator’s in which case the operator shall before sunrise. permit to legally operate an electric- to one-half hour before sunrise. stop and dismount at the right- assisted bicycle. You must carry these Motorized Foot Scooter hand curb or right edge of the documents with you when you ride. roadway, and shall complete the A motorized foot scooter is designed For details on obtaining a permit, refer turn by crossing the roadway on to be stood or sat upon by the oper- to the “Moped Operator’s Permit” foot, subject to restrictions placed ator. It has handlebars and is powered section on page VI. by law on pedestrians. by an engine or electric motor capable Electric-Assisted Bicycle of propelling the device with or without – When necessary to avoid con- Insurance Requirements human propulsion. A motorized foot ditions that make it unsafe to scooter has these requirements: wheels continue along the right-hand No-fault liability insurance is not ten inches in diameter or smaller, or an curb or edge, including, but not required for electric-assisted bicycle engine or motor capable of a maximum limited to, fixed or moving operators. speed of 15 mph on a flat surface. objects, vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, animals, surface hazards, or narrow lanes. minnesota rider training X and education Pcontentsreface XI

Basic Rider Course (BRC) Special Evening Hours for Welcome to the Sixteenth Edition of This latest edition has undergone The basic rider course is intended for State Riding Test the MSF Motorcycle Operator Manual significant improvements, and contains (MOM). Operating a motorcycle safely new, more in-depth information, novice riders — no experience is neces- The Minnesota Department of in traffic requires special skills and designed to: sary — but experienced riders benefit Public Safety Office of Driver and knowledge. The Motorcycle Safety from this course, as well. Training Vehicle Services has a convenient • Guide riders in preparing to ride Foundation (MSF) has made this manual motorcycles are provided. A rider 18 evening testing program just for safely available to help novice motorcyclists years of age or older who has a valid motorcycle riders. Several exam stations reduce their risk of having a crash. The • Develop effective street strategies motorcycle permit can earn a motor- are open from 5 to 7 p.m. one night manual conveys essential safe riding cycle endorsement upon successful per week throughout the summer for • Give riders more comprehensive information and has been designed understanding of safe group riding completion of the skills test at the motorcycle endorsement skills testing. for use in licensing programs. While practices end of the course (skills test waiver). Visit www.motorcyclesafety.org or designed for the novice, all motorcyclists Riders younger than 18 years of age 800-407-6677 for more information. • Describe in detail best practices for can benefit from the information this are required to take the BRC before carrying passengers and cargo taking the state motorcycle knowledge manual contains. In promoting improved licensing (permit) and skills tests. The original Motorcycle Operator programs, the MSF works closely with Manual was developed by the National state licensing agencies. The Foundation Public Services Research Institute (NPSRI) has helped more than half the states under contract to the National Highway in the nation adopt the Motorcycle Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Operator Manual for use in their and within the terms of a cooperative licensing systems. agreement between NHTSA and the MSF. The manual and related tests Improved licensing, along with high were used in a multi-year study of quality motorcycle rider education and improved motorcycle operator licensing increased public awareness, has the procedures, conducted by the California potential to reduce crashes. Staff at the Department of Motor Vehicles under Foundation are available to assist state, contract to NHTSA. private and governmental agencies in efforts to improve motorcycle safety. The purpose of this manual is to educate riders and to help them avoid crashes while safely operating either a standard two-wheel motorcycle or a three-wheel motorcycle. Tim Buche President, Motorcycle Safety Foundation

2 Jenner, Suite 150 Irvine, CA 92619-3806 1 The Rider andPreparing the Motorc to yridecle PREPARING TO RIDE 2

Motorcycling is a Riding environment What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining unique experience. whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any Compared to a car, trip, a safe rider makes a point to: you don’t sit in a motorcycle, you 1. Wear the right gear. become part of it. 2. Become familiar with the motorcycle. Not as a passive 3. Check the motorcycle equipment. driver, but as an active rider arcing 4. Be a responsible rider. into a string of smooth corners, Wear the Right Gear a helmet kept a rider from spotting playing along with danger. When you ride, your gear is “right” the rhythm of the if it protects you. In any crash, you have • Most crashes happen on short road; shifting, trips (less than five miles long), just a far better chance of avoiding serious accelerating, a few minutes after starting out. injury if you wear: and braking • Most riders are riding slower than with precision. • A DOT compliant helmet. 30 mph when a crash occurs. At Whether you • Face or eye protection. these speeds, helmets can cut both ride to and from the number and the severity of head • Protective clothing. work or prefer and supports the concept that, as the injuries by half. the camaraderie of a group ride on the Motorcycle Safety Foundation says, Helmet Use No matter what the speed, helmeted weekend, motorcycling engages all your “Safe riding is as much a skill of the Crashes can occur — particularly riders are three times more likely to senses and creates an invigorating sense eyes and mind as it is of the hands and among untrained, beginning riders. survive head injuries than those not of freedom. feet.” And one out of every five motorcycle wearing helmets at the time of the Along with that freedom comes Successfully piloting a motorcycle is a crashes results in head or neck injuries. crash. The single most important thing responsibility. All states require much more involved task than driving a Head injuries are just as severe as neck you can do to improve your chances of some form of license endorsement car. Motorcycling requires a fine sense injuries — and far more common. Crash surviving a crash is to wear a securely- demonstrating you possess a minimum of balance and a heightened sense of analyses show that head and neck fastened, quality helmet. level of skill and knowledge. This awareness and position amidst other injuries account for a majority of serious Helmet Selection booklet and other motorcycle roadway users. A motorcycle responds and fatal injuries to motorcyclists. publications can help prepare you to more quickly to rider inputs than a car, Research also shows that, with few There are two primary types of be successful. You might also consider but is also more sensitive to outside exceptions, head and neck injuries are helmets, providing two different levels taking a formal hands-on training forces, like irregular road surfaces or reduced by properly wearing a quality of coverage: three-quarter and full face. course, even if your state doesn’t require crosswinds. A motorcycle is also less helmet. Whichever style you choose, you can that you complete one. You’ll learn how visible than a car due to its narrower Some riders don’t wear helmets get the most protection by making sure to improve your riding skills and mental profile, and offers far less protection by because they think helmets will limit that the helmet: strategies, so you can be a safer, more exposing its rider to other traffic and their view to the sides. Others wear • Is designed to meet U.S. alert rider. the elements. All these risks can be helmets only on long trips or when Department of Transportation The diagram above illustrates the managed through study, training, and riding at high speeds. But, here are (DOT) and state standards. Helmets complex environment that awaits you, practice. some facts to consider: with a label from the Snell Memorial Foundation also give you an • A DOT-compliant helmet lets assurance of quality. you see as far to the sides as necessary. A study of more than • Fits snugly, all the way around. 900 motorcycle crashes, where • Has no obvious defectssuch as 40% of the riders wore helmets, cracks, loose padding or frayed did not find even one case in which straps. 3 PREPARING TO RIDE 4

Whatever helmet you • Gloves allow a better grip and help Helmets KNOW YOUR decide on, keep it securely protect your hands in a crash. Your MOTORCYCLE fastened on your head gloves should be made of leather or when you ride. Otherwise, similar durable material. There are plenty of things on the highway that can cause you trouble. if you are involved in a • Hearing protection reduces Your motorcycle should not be one crash, it’s likely to fly off noise while allowing you to hear of them. To make sure that your your head before it gets a important sounds such as car horns motorcycle won’t let you down: chance to protect you. or sirens. Long term exposure to Eye and Face engine and wind noise can cause • Start with the right motorcycle Protection permanent hearing damage even for you. if you wear a full face helmet. • Read the owner’s manual. A plastic shatter-resistant Whether you choose disposable faceshield can help protect foam plugs or reusable custom • Be familiar with the motorcycle your whole face in a molded devices, be sure you adhere controls. crash. It also protects you Clothing to state laws regarding hearing • Check the motorcycle before from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and protection. every ride. pebbles thrown up from ahead. The right clothing protects you in These problems are distracting and a collision. It also provides comfort, In cold or wet weather, your clothes • Keep it in safe riding condition can be painful. If you have to deal as well as protection from heat, cold, should keep you warm and dry, as between rides. well as protect you from injury. You with them, you can’t devote your full debris and hot and moving parts of the • Avoid add-ons and modifications cannot control a motorcycle well if attention to the road. motorcycle. It can also make you more that make your motorcycle harder you are numb. Riding for long periods visible to others. to handle. Goggles protect your eyes, though in cold weather can cause severe chill • Jacket and pants should cover they won’t protect the rest of your face and fatigue. A winter jacket should arms and legs completely. They The Right Motorcycle For You like a faceshield does. A windshield resist wind and fit snugly at the neck, should fit snugly enough to keep First, make sure your motorcycle is is not a substitute for a faceshield or wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits from flapping in the wind, yet right for you. It should “fit” you. Your goggles. Most windshields will not designed for motorcycle riding resist loosely enough to move freely. feet should reach the ground while protect your eyes from the wind. Neither tearing apart or ballooning up at high Leather offers the most protection. you are seated on the motorcycle, and will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses speeds. won’t keep your eyes from watering, Sturdy synthetic material provides the controls should be easy to operate. and they might blow off when you turn a lot of protection as well. Wear Smaller motorcycles are usually easier your head while riding. a jacket even in warm weather to for beginners to operate. prevent dehydration. Many are clothing At a minimum, your street-legal To be effective, eye or faceshield designed to protect without getting motorcycle should have: protection must: you overheated, even on summer • Be free of scratches. days. Some riders choose jackets • Headlight, taillight and brakelight. • Be resistant to penetration. and pants with rigid “body armor” inserts in critical areas for additional • Give a clear view to either side. protection. test yourself 1 • Fasten securely, so it does not • Boots or shoes should be high A plastic shatter-resistant face blow off. shield: and sturdy enough to cover your • Permit air to pass through, to ankles and give them support. Soles A. Is not necessary if you have a windshield. reduce fogging. should be made of hard, durable, B. Only protects your eyes. • Permit enough room for slip-resistant material. Keep heels eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed. short so they do not catch on rough C. Helps protect your whole face. surfaces. Tuck in laces so they won’t D. Does not protect your face as well Tinted eye protection should not be as goggles. worn when little light is available. catch on your motorcycle. Answer - page 44 5 Preparing to ride 6

• Front and rear brakes. involve riders with less than five months • Know the controls. Work the • Try the front and rear brake levers one at a time. Make sure each feels • Turn signals. of experience on their motorcycle. , , brakes, and shifter a few times before you start riding. firm and holds the motorcycle when • Horn. Get Familiar with the fully applied. Motorcycle Controls • Ride very cautiously and be aware • Two mirrors. of surroundings. Accelerate gently, C — Controls Make sure you are completely familiar take turns more slowly and leave • Make sure the clutch and throttle Borrowing and Lending with the motorcycle before you take extra room for stopping. operate smoothly. The throttle Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, it out on the street. Be sure to review Check Your Motorcycle should snap back to fully closed beware. Crashes are fairly common the owner’s manual. This is particularly when released. The clutch should among beginning riders — especially important if you are riding a borrowed A motorcycle needs more frequent feel tight and should operate in the first months of riding. Riding motorcycle. attention than a car. A minor technical smoothly. an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the failure on a car is seldom more than an If you are going to use an unfamiliar • Try the horn. Make sure it works. problem. If you borrow a motorcycle, motorcycle: inconvenience for the driver. The same get familiar with it in a controlled area. failure on a motorcycle may result in a • Clean and adjust your mirrors And if you lend your motorcycle to • Make all the checks you would on crash or having to leave your motorcycle before starting. It’s difficult to ride friends, make sure they are licensed and your own motorcycle. parked on the side of the road. If with one hand while you try to know how to ride before allowing them • Find out where everything is, anything’s wrong with your motorcycle, adjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror out into traffic. particularly the turn signals, horn, you’ll want to find out about it before so you can see the lane behind and No matter how experienced you headlight switch, fuel-supply valve you get in traffic. as much as possible of the lane next may be, ride extra carefully on any and engine cut-off switch. Find and to you. When properly adjusted, a The primary source of information mirror may show the edge of your motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar operate these items without having about how a motorcycle should be arm or shoulder – but it’s the road to you. More than half of all crashes to look for them. inspected and maintained is its owner’s behind you and to the side that are manual. Be sure to absorb all of its most important. motorcycle controls important information. A motorcycle will continue to ride like new if it is properly L — Lights and Electrics maintained and routine inspections • Check both headlight and taillight. become part of its maintenance cycle. Test your switch to make sure both A pre-ride inspection only takes high and low beams work. a few minutes and should be done • Turn on both right and left hand before every ride to prevent problems. turn signals. Make sure all lights are It’s quick and easy to check the critical working properly. components and should be as routine • Try both brakes and make sure each and automatic as checking the weather one turns on the brake light. forecast before heading out for the day. A convenient reminder developed by O — Oil and Other Fluids MSF is T-CLOCSSM. There is a T-CLOCS • Check engine oil and “tear-out” sheet at the back of this fluid levels. manual for you to keep with you when • Check the brake hydraulic fluid and you ride. A T-CLOCS inspection should coolant level weekly. be conducted before every ride, and includes checks of: • Be sure your fuel valve is open before starting out. With the fuel T — and Wheels valve closed, your motorcycle may • Check inflation pressure, start with only the fuel that is still in treadwear and general condition of the lines, but will stall once the lines sidewalls and tread surface. are empty. 7 Preparing to ride ride within your abilities 8

• Look underneath the motorcycle for responsibility to look before pulling out. This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance. signs of an oil or fuel leak. Both of you are at fault. Someone else That’s something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal might be the first to start the chain of C — Chassis course of instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowing events leading to a crash, but it doesn’t your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules • Check the front suspension. Ensure leave any of us free of responsibility. there is no binding. The rear shocks of the road. and springs should move smoothly. As a rider you can’t be sure that other operators will see you or yield the right BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars • Be sure the chain is adjusted of way. To lessen your chances of a so your hands are even with or according to the manufacturer’s crash occurring: Body Position below your elbows. This permits specifications and that the sprockets you to use the proper muscles for • Be visible — wear proper clothing, To control a motorcycle well: are not worn or damaged. precision steering. use your headlight, ride in the best S — Stands • Posture — Position yourself lane position to see and be seen. comfortably so you are able to • Knees — Keep your knees against • Ensure the side stand operates the gas tank to help you keep your • Communicate your intentions — operate all the controls and can use smoothly and that the spring holds balance as the motorcycle turns. use the proper signals, brake light your arms to steer the motorcycle, it tightly in the up position. If and lane position. rather than to hold yourself up. • Feet — Keep your feet firmly on the equipped, the center stand should This helps you bond with your footrests to maintain balance. Don’t also be held firmly against the frame • Maintain an adequate space motorcycle and allows you to react drag your feet. If your foot catches whenever the motorcycle is moving. cushion — when following, being quickly to hazards. on something, you could be injured followed, lane sharing, passing and Additionally, regular maintenance and it could affect your control of being passed. • Seat — Sit far enough forward so such as tune-ups and oil changes are as that arms are slightly bent when the motorcycle. Keep your feet near important for a motorcycle as routine • Search your path of 12 you hold the handgrips. Bending the controls so you can get to them checkups by your doctor are for you. seconds ahead. your arms permits you to press on fast if needed. Also, don’t let your Wear and tear is normal with use; • Identify and separate hazards. the handlebars without having to toes point downward — they may routine maintenance will help prevent stretch. get caught between the road and costly breakdowns. The schedule for • Be prepared to act — remain alert the footrests. regular upkeep for motorcycle parts and know how to carry out proper • Hands — Hold the handgrips and controls is contained in your crash-avoidance skills. firmly to keep your grip over rough Shifting Gears surfaces. Start with your right motorcycle’s owner’s manual. Blame doesn’t matter when someone There is more to shifting gears than wrist flat. This will help you keep is injured in a crash. The ability to ride simply getting the motorcycle to pick KNOW YOUR from accidentally using too much aware, make critical decisions and carry up speed smoothly. Learning to use the RESPONSIBILITIES them out separates responsible riders gears when downshifting, turning or “Accident” implies an unforeseen from the rest. Remember, it is up to you holding handgrips starting on hills is equally important for event that occurs without fault or to keep from being the cause of, or an safe motorcycle operation. negligence. In traffic, that is not the unprepared participant in, any crash. The gearshift lever is located in front case. In fact, most people involved in a of the left footrest and is operated by crash can claim some responsibility for test yourself 2 the left foot. To shift “up” to a higher what takes place. gear, position your foot under the Consider a situation where someone More than half of all crashes: shift lever and lift. To downshift, press decides to drive through an intersection A. Occur at speeds greater than the shift lever down. The shift lever 35mph. on a yellow light turning red. Your changes one gear each time it is lifted light turns green. You pull into the B. Happen at night. or pressed down. Whenever the lever intersection without checking for C. Are caused by worn tires. is released, spring loading returns it to possible traffic. That is all it takes for the D. Involve riders who have less than center, where the mechanism resets five months of experience on their for the next shift up or down. A typical two of you to crash. It was the driver’s motorcycles. responsibility to stop, and it was your Answer - page 44 gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is 9 ride within your abilities 10 for neutral, which is selected by either enough before downshifting safely. slow or stop. The front brake is more To stop as quickly and as safely as a “half lift” from 1st gear or a “half When downshifting, use a 3-step powerful and can provide at least 70% possible in a curve, and depending on press” from 2nd gear. Most motorcycles process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you of your total stopping power. The front road and traffic conditions, try to get the have five gears, but some have four or squeeze the clutch lever, 2) press the brake is safe to use if you use it properly. motorcycle as perpendicular to the road six gears. shift lever down firmly, 3) ease out the Maximum straight-line braking is as possible, then brake. If conditions do clutch lever as you roll on the throttle. accomplished by fully applying both not allow, brake smoothly and gradually, Shifting gears Once the shift is completed, release front and rear brakes without locking but do not apply as much braking force the shift lever to permit it to reset for either wheel. as you would if the motorcycle were straight up. As you slow, you can reduce the next shift. Rolling on the throttle To do this: slightly while smoothly easing out the your lean angle, and as more traction clutch can help the engine come up • Squeeze the front brake becomes available for braking, you can to speed more quickly and make the smoothly, firmly and with more firmly apply the brakes, so that progressively more force. Do not downshift smoother. Shifting to a lower by the time the motorcycle is stopped, grab the brake lever or use abrupt the motorcycle is straight up, and the gear causes an effect similar to using pressure. the brakes. This is known as engine handlebars are squared. braking. To use engine braking, shift • As the motorcycle’s weight Linked and Integrated transfers forward, more traction down one gear at a time and ease out Braking Systems the clutch through the friction zone becomes available at the front between each downshift. Keep the wheel, so the front brake can be Some motorcycles have linked braking As your motorcycle increases clutch in the friction zone until the applied harder after braking begins. which connects the front and rear speed, you will need to shift up to a engine speed stabilizes. Then ease out • Keep your knees against the brakes on the motorcycle and applies higher gear. Shift up well before the the lever fully until ready for the next tank and your eyes up, looking braking pressure to both brakes when engine RPM reaches its maximum downshift. Usually you shift gears one at well ahead. This helps you stop the either the front lever or rear pedal is recommended speed. As a general rule, a time, but it is possible to shift through motorcycle in a straight line. applied. An integrated braking system shift up soon enough to avoid over- more than one gear while the clutch is is a variation of the linked system in revving the engine, but not so soon to squeezed. • Apply light-to-lighter pressure which partial front braking is applied cause the engine to lug. to the rear brake pedal to prevent a whenever the rear brake is activated. Remain in first gear while you are rear wheel skid. As weight transfers Consult your owner’s manual for a When upshifting, use a 3-step stopped so that you can move out forward less traction is available detailed explanation on the operation process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you quickly if you need to. at the rear. Use less rear brake and effective use of these systems. squeeze the clutch lever, 2) lift the Work toward a smooth, even clutch pressure. shift lever firmly as far as it will go, 3) Anti-Lock Braking Systems release, especially when downshifting. It Using both brakes for even “normal” smoothly ease out the clutch and adjust is best to change gears before entering (ABS) the throttle. Once the shift is completed, stops will permit you to develop the a turn. However, sometimes shifting proper habit or skill of using both brakes ABS is designed to prevent wheel release the shift lever to permit it to while in the turn is necessary. If so, reset for the next shift. properly in an emergency. Squeeze the lock-up and avoid skids when stopping remember to do so smoothly. A sudden front brake and press down on the rear. in straight-line, panic situations. ABS You should shift down through the change in power to the rear wheel can Grabbing at the front brake or jamming operates when maximum pressure on gears with the clutch as you slow or cause a skid. down on the rear can cause the brakes both the front and rear brake controls stop, and can also shift down when you Braking to lock, resulting in control problems. is applied. If electronic sensors detect need more power to accelerate. the possibility of a wheel lock, brake Braking in a Corner Make certain you are riding slowly Improper braking technique remains hydraulic pressure, is released then enough when you shift into a lower a significant contributing factor in many Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, reapplied to maintain maximum braking gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle the amount of traction available for effectiveness. has two brake controls: one for the braking is reduced. The greater the lean and the rear wheel may skid. When The system is capable of releasing and front wheel and one for the rear wheel. angle, the more the possibility of the riding downhill or shifting into first gear reapplying pressure more than 15 times Always use both brakes every time you tires losing traction. you may need to use the brakes to slow per second. 11 ride within your abilities 12

Turning In normal turns, the rider and the KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE • Avoid windblast from other motorcycle should lean together at the vehicles. Approach turns and curves with The best protection you can have is same angle. caution. Riders often try to take curves distance — a “cushion of space” — • Provide an escape route. or turns too fast. When they can’t hold separating yourself from other vehicles Normal turns • Set up for turns. the turn, they end up crossing into on the roadway. This will provide you Many motorcyclists consider the left another lane of traffic or going off the with a clear view of emerging traffic situations, so that if someone else third of the lane – the left tire track of road. Or, they overreact and brake too makes a mistake, you will have: automobiles – to be their default lane hard, causing a skid and loss of control. position. You should then consider • More time to respond. Use four steps for better control: varying your lane position as conditions • More space to maneuver, including warrant, keeping mind that no portion • SLOW — Reduce speed before the an escape route if necessary. of the lane need be avoided — turn by closing the throttle and, if including the center. necessary, applying both brakes. Lane Positions You should position yourself in the • LOOK — Look through the turn Successful motorcyclists know that portion of the lane where you are most to where you want to go. Turn they are safer when clearly seen. In likely to be seen and you can maintain just your head, not your shoulders, some ways the size of the motorcycle a space cushion around you. Change and keep your eyes level with the can work to your advantage. Each traffic position as traffic situations change. lane gives a motorcycle three paths of Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles and other horizon. travel, as indicated in the illustration. potential problems are on your left • PRESS— To turn, the motorcycle Your lane position should help you: only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards must lean. To lean the motor- are on your right only. If vehicles are cycle, press on the handgrip in In slow, tight turns, counterbalance by • Increase your ability to see and be being operated on both sides of you, the direction of the turn. Press left leaning the motorcycle only and keeping seen. the center of the lane, path 2, is usually your best option. handgrip — lean left — go left. your body straight. • Avoid others’ blind spots. Press right handgrip — lean right — Remember, the center third of the • Avoid surface hazards. go right. The higher the speed in a slow, tight turns lane is the place where debris and oil turn, the greater the lean angle. • Protect your lane from other drivers. drippings from cars collect and where hazards such as manhole covers are • ROLL — Roll on the throttle to • Communicate your intentions. located. Unless the road is wet, the maintain or slightly increase speed. This helps stabilize the motorcycle. lane positions

test yourself 3

When riding, you should: A. Turn your head and shoulders to look through turns. B. Keep your arms straight. C. Keep your knees away from the gas tank. D. Turn just your head and eyes to look where you are going. Answer - page 44 13 ride within your abilities 14

When behind a car, ride where the Passing following driver can see you in the rearview mirror. Riding in the center portion of the lane 1. Ride in the left portion of the should put your image in the middle of lane at a safe following distance the rearview mirror — where a driver is to increase your line of sight and most likely to see you. make you more visible. Signal and check for oncoming traffic. Riding at the far side of a lane may Use your mirrors and turn your permit a driver to see you in a sideview head to look for traffic behind. mirror. But remember that most drivers don’t look at their sideview mirrors 2. When safe, move into the left nearly as often as they check the lane and accelerate. Select a lane rearview mirror. If the traffic situation position that doesn’t crowd the allows, the center portion of the lane is car and provides space to avoid usually the best place for you to be seen hazards in your lane. by the drivers ahead and to prevent lane 3. Ride through the blind spot as sharing by others. quickly as possible. Being Followed 4. Signal again, and complete mirror and headchecks before Speeding up to lose someone following returning to your original lane too closely only ends up with someone and then cancel the signal. tailgating you at a higher speed. Remember, passes must be A better way to handle tailgaters completed within posted speed average center strip permits adequate count off the seconds: “one- is to get them in front of you. When limits, and only where permitted. traction to ride on safely. You can thousand-one, one-thousand-two.” someone is following too closely, Know your signs and road markings! change lanes and let them pass. If you operate to the left or right of the grease • If you reach the marker before strip and still be within the center third can’t do this, slow down and open up you reach “two,” you are following extra space ahead of you to allow room of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big too closely. buildups of oil and grease usually found for both you and the tailgater to stop. passing at busy intersections or tollbooths. A two-second following distance This will also encourage them to pass. leaves a minimum amount of space to If they don’t pass, you will have given Experienced riders rely on their own stop or swerve if the driver ahead stops yourself and the tailgater more time and best judgment and instincts. One suddenly. It also permits a better view of space to react in case an emergency absolute, however, is to avoid riding in potholes and other hazards in the road. does develop ahead. another vehicle’s blind spot. A larger cushion of space is needed Passing and Being Passed Following Another Vehicle if your motorcycle will take longer Passing and being passed by another “Following too closely” is a factor in than normal to stop. If the pavement is slippery, if you cannot see through vehicle is not much different than with a crashes involving motorcyclists. In traffic, car. However, visibility is more critical. Be motorcycles need as much distance the vehicle ahead, or if traffic is heavy and someone may squeeze in front of sure other drivers see you, and that you to stop as cars. Normally, a minimum see potential hazards. of two seconds distance should be you, open up a three-second or more maintained behind the vehicle ahead. following distance. To gauge your following distance: Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when you are stopped. This will • Pick out a marker, such as a make it easier to get out of the way pavement marking or lamppost, on if someone bears down on you from or near the road ahead. behind. It will also give you a cushion of • When the rear bumper of the space if the vehicle ahead starts to back vehicle ahead passes the marker, up for some reason. 15 ride within your abilities 16

Being Passed Do not move into the portion of the Merging Cars Cars Alongside lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It When you are being passed from might invite the other driver to cut back Drivers on an entrance ramp may Do not ride next to cars or trucks in behind, stay in the center portion of into your lane too early. not see you on the highway. Give them other lanes if you do not have to. You your lane. Riding close to the passing plenty of room. Change to another lane might be in the blind spot of a car in the vehicle could put you in a hazardous Lane Sharing if one is open. If there is no room for a next lane, which could switch into your situation. Cars and motorcycles need a full lane lane change, adjust speed to open up lane without warning. Cars in the next Avoid being hit by: to operate safely. Lane sharing is usually space for the merging driver. lane also block your escape if you come • The other vehicle — A slight prohibited. upon danger in your own lane. Speed mistake by you or the passing driver up or drop back to find a place clear of could cause a sideswipe. Riding between rows of stopped or traffic on both sides. moving cars in the same lane can leave • Extended mirrors — Some drivers you vulnerable to the unexpected. A forget that their mirrors hang out hand could come out of a window; merging blind spots farther than their fenders. a door could open; a car could turn • Objects thrown from windows suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by — Even if the driver knows you’re others. Keep a center-portion position there, a passenger may not see you whenever drivers might be tempted and might toss something on you or to squeeze by you. Drivers are most the road ahead of you. tempted to do this: • Blasts of wind from larger vehicles — They can affect your • In heavy, bumper-to-bumper control. You have more room for traffic. error if you are in the middle portion • When they want to pass you. when hit by this blast than if you • When you are preparing to turn at are on either side of the lane. an intersection. • When you are moving into an exit being passed lane or leaving a highway.

test yourself 4

Usually, a good way to handle tailgaters is to: A. Change lanes and let them pass. B. Use your horn and make obscene gestures. C. Speed up to put distance between you and the tailgater. D. Ignore them. Answer - page 44 17 ride within your abilities 18

SEE • Hazardous road conditions that Apply the old adage “one step at a rider radar require you to be alert, especially in time” to handle two or more hazards. Good, experienced areas with limited visibility. Visually Adjust speed to permit two hazards riders are always aware of “busy” surroundings could hide you to separate. Then deal with them one what is going on around and your motorcycle from others. at a time as single hazards. Decision- them. They reduce their making becomes more complex with risk by using MSF’s three- Evaluate three or more hazards. Evaluate the step SEESM strategy: Evaluate means to think about how consequences of each and give equal • Search hazards can interact to create risks for distance to the hazards. you. Anticipate potential problems and • Evaluate In potential high-risk areas, such as have a plan to reduce risks, particularly intersections, shopping areas and school • Execute when faced with: and construction zones, cover the clutch SEE will help you • Road and surface characteristics and both brakes to reduce the time you assess what is going on such as potholes, guardrails, need to react. in traffic so you can plan bridges, telephone poles and trees and implement the safest that won’t move into your path, but INTERSECTIONS course of action as traffic may influence your riding strategy. The greatest potential for conflict situations change. Let’s between you and other traffic is at look at each of these • Traffic control devices including intersections. An intersection can be steps. traffic signals, warning signs, and pavement markings, which will in the middle of an urban area or at Search require you to carefully evaluate a driveway on a residential street — anywhere traffic may cross your path of How assertively you circumstances ahead. travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/car search, and how much • Vehicles and other traffic that crashes are caused by drivers entering a time and space you have, may move into your path and rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in can eliminate or minimize increase the likelihood of a crash. front of you, including cars turning left risk. As you search, focus considered enough time and space to Think about your time and space from the lane on your right, and cars on on finding potential escape routes, swerve and/or brake for fixed hazards or requirements in order to maintain a side streets that pull into your lane, are especially in or around intersections, for someone or something entering your margin of safety, and give yourself the biggest dangers. Your use of SEE shopping areas and school and path of travel. time to react if an emergency arises. at intersections is critical. construction zones. Finally, experienced riders search for Execute One way to search is to use your hazards that are further out, looking “RiderRadar” to aggressively scan the Finally, Execute your decision. To ahead to an area it would take about test yourself 5 environment ahead of you, to the sides, create more space and minimize harm 12 seconds to reach. This provides and behind you to avoid potential from any hazard: time to prepare for a situation before it To reduce your reaction time, you hazards even before they arise. There should: becomes immediate. • Communicate your presence with are three “lead times” experienced lights and/or horn. A. Ride slower than the speed riders consider. First, be alert and scan Using the SEE strategy will help you to limit. for hazards that are about 2 seconds Search for a variety of factors such as: • Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping or slowing. B. Cover the clutch and the brakes. ahead of you, or within your following • Oncoming traffic that may turn left distance. Scanning your 4-second in front of you. • Adjust your position and/or C. Shift into neutral when slowing. immediate path can allow you time for direction by swerving, changing D. Pull in the clutch when turning. a quick response if something should • Traffic coming from the left and lanes, or moving to another position go wrong. Anything that is within 4 from the right. within your lane. Answer - page 44 seconds of your path is considered • Traffic approaching from behind. immediate because 4 seconds is 19 ride within your abilities 20

the intersection, move away from the Large intersections vehicle. Do not change speed or position blind intersections radically, as drivers might think you are preparing to turn. Be prepared to brake hard and hold your position if an oncoming vehicle turns in front of you, especially if there is other traffic around you. This strategy should also be used whenever a vehicle in the oncoming lane of traffic is signaling for a left turn, whether at an intersection or not. Blind Intersections If you approach a blind intersection, move to the portion of the lane that will bring you into another driver’s field of vision at the earliest possible moment. In this picture, the rider has moved to the left portion of the lane — away from the parked car — so the driver on stop signs the cross street can see him as soon as possible. Remember, the key is to see as much There are no guarantees that Increase your chances of being as possible and remain visible to others others see you. Never count on “eye seen at intersections. Ride with your while protecting your space. contact” as a sign that a driver will headlight on and in a lane position that yield. Too often, a driver looks right at a provides the best view of oncoming If you have a stop sign or stop line, motorcyclist and still fails to “see” him traffic. Provide a space cushion around stop there first. Then edge forward or her. The only eyes that you can count the motorcycle that permits you to and stop again, just short of where the on are your own. If a car can enter your take evasive action. When approaching cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From path, assume that it will. Good riders an intersection where a vehicle driver that position, lean your body forward are always “looking for trouble” — not is preparing to cross your path, slow and look around buildings, parked cars to get into it, but to stay out of it. down and select a lane position to or bushes to see if anything is coming. parked cars increase your visibility to that driver. Just make sure your front wheel stays Cover the clutch lever and both brakes out of the cross lane of travel while Small intersection to reduce reaction time. As you enter you’re looking. Passing Parked Cars test yourself 6 When passing parked cars, stay Making eye contact with other toward the left of your lane. You drivers: can avoid problems caused by doors A. Is a good sign they see you. opening, drivers getting out of cars B. Is not worth the effort it takes. or people stepping from between C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it yield. is usually best to remain in the center- D. Guarantees that the other driver will lane position to maximize your space yield to you. Answer - page 44 cushion. 21 ride within your abilities 22

A bigger problem can occur if the Once you turn, make sure your signal is driver pulls away from the curb without Parking at curbs signaling off or a driver may pull directly into your checking for traffic behind. Even if he path, thinking you plan to turn again. does look, he may fail to see you. Use your signals at every turn so drivers In either event, the driver might cut can react accordingly. Don’t make them into your path. Slow down or change guess what you intend to do. lanes to make room for someone Brake Light cutting in. Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually Cars making a sudden U-turn are not as noticeable as the brake lights on the most dangerous. They may cut a car — particularly when your taillight you off entirely, blocking the whole is on. (It goes on with the headlight.) roadway and leaving you with no If the situation will permit, help others place to go. Since you can’t tell what a notice you by flashing your brake light driver will do, slow down and get the before you slow down. It is especially driver’s attention. Sound your horn and However, you can do many things to important to flash your brake light continue with caution. make it easier for others to recognize before: Parking at the Roadside you and your motorcycle. have the headlights on when ). • You slow more quickly than Studies show that, during the day, a others might expect (turning off a If parking in a parallel parking space Clothing motorcycle with its light on is twice as next to a curb, position the motorcycle high-speed highway). Most crashes occur in broad daylight. likely to be noticed. Use low beam at at an angle with the rear wheel to the • You slow where others may not Wear bright-colored clothing to increase night and in fog. curb. (Note: Some cities have ordinances expect it (in the middle of a block or your chances of being seen. Remember, that require motorcycles to park parallel Signals at an alley). your body is half of the visible surface to the curb.) area of the rider/motorcycle unit. The signals on a motorcycle are similar If you are being followed closely, it’s to those on a car. They tell others what a good idea to flash your brake light Increasing Conspicuity Bright orange, red, yellow or green you plan to do. before you slow. The tailgater may be jackets/vests are your best bets for being In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers watching you and not see something seen. Your helmet can do more than However, due to a rider’s added often say that they never saw the ahead that will make you slow down. protect you in a crash. Brightly colored vulnerability, signals are even more motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a This will hopefully discourage them from motorcycle’s outline is much smaller helmets can also help others see you. important. Use them anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. Use them even tailgating and warn them of hazards than a car’s. Also, it’s hard to see Any bright color is better than drab when you think no one else is around. ahead they may not see. something you are not looking for, or dark . Reflective, bright-colored It’s the car you don’t see that’s going to and most drivers are not looking for clothing (helmet and jacket/vest) is best. Using Your Mirrors give you the most trouble. Your signal motorcycles. More likely, they are While it’s most important to keep looking through the skinny, two- Reflective material on a vest and on lights also make you easier to spot. the sides of the helmet will help drivers That’s why it’s a good idea to use your track of what’s happening ahead, you wheeled silhouette in search of cars that can’t afford to ignore situations behind. may pose a problem to them. coming from the side to spot you. turn signals even when what you plan Reflective material can also be a big to do is obvious. Traffic conditions change quickly. Even if a driver does see you coming, help for drivers coming toward you or Knowing what’s going on behind is When you enter a freeway, drivers you aren’t necessarily safe. Smaller from behind. essential for you to make a safe decision vehicles appear farther away and approaching from behind are more likely about how to handle trouble ahead. seem to be traveling slower than they Headlight to see your signal blinking and make room for you. Frequent mirror checks should be part actually are. It is common for drivers The best way to help others see your of your normal searching routine. Make to pull out in front of motorcyclists, motorcycle is to keep the headlight on Turning your signal light on before a special point of using your mirrors: thinking they have plenty of time. Too — at all times (new motorcycles sold each turn reduces confusion and • When you are stopped at an often, they are wrong. in the USA since 1978 automatically frustration for the traffic around you. intersection. Watch cars coming up 23 ride within your abilities 24

from behind. If the drivers aren’t Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s horn Crash Avoidance paying attention, they could be on USing mirrors isn’t as loud as a car’s — therefore, use it, top of you before they see you. but don’t rely on it. Other strategies, like No matter how careful you are, there will be times when you find yourself in a • Before you change lanes. Make having time and space to maneuver, may be appropriate along with the horn. tight spot. Your chances of getting out sure no one is about to pass you. safely depend on your ability to react • Before you slow down. The driver Riding at Night quickly and properly. Often, a crash behind may not expect you to slow, At night it is harder for you to see occurs because a rider is not prepared or or may be unsure about where you and be seen. Picking your headlight skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers. will slow. For example, you signal a or taillight out of the car lights around Know when and how to stop or turn and the driver thinks you plan you is not easy for other drivers. To swerve, two skills critical in avoiding to turn at a distant intersection, compensate, you should: a crash. It is not always desirable or rather than at a nearer driveway. • Reduce Your Speed — Ride even possible to stop quickly to avoid an Most motorcycles have rounded slower than you would during the obstacle. Riders must also be able to (convex) mirrors. These provide a day — particularly on roads you swerve around an obstacle. Deter- wider view of the road behind than don’t know well. This will increase mining which skill is necessary for the do flat mirrors. They also make cars your chances of avoiding a hazard. situation is important as well. seem farther away than they really are. • Increase Distance — Distances Studies show that most crash- If you are not used to convex mirrors, are harder to judge at night than involved riders: get familiar with them. (While you during the day. Your eyes rely upon • Underbrake the front tire and are stopped, pick out a parked car in Frequent head checks should be shadows and light contrasts to overbrake the rear. your mirror. Form a mental image of your normal scanning routine, also. determine how far away an object how far away it is. Then, turn around Only by knowing what is happening is and how fast it is coming. These • Did not separate braking from contrasts are missing or distorted and look at it to see how close you all around you are you fully prepared swerving or did not choose under artificial lights at night. to deal with it. swerving when it was appropriate. came.) Practice with your mirrors until Open up a three-second fol­lowing you become a good judge of distance. Horn distance or more. And allow more The following information offers Even then, allow extra distance before distance to pass and be passed. some good advice. you change lanes. Be ready to use your horn to get • Use the Car Ahead— The someone’s attention quickly. Quick Stops Head Checks headlights of the car ahead can give It is a good idea to give a quick beep you a better view of the road than To stop quickly, apply both brakes Checking your mirrors is not enough. before passing anyone that may move even your high beam can. Taillights at the same time. Don’t be shy about Motorcycles have “blind spots” like cars. into your lane. bouncing up and down can alert using the front brake, but don’t “grab” Before you change lanes, turn your head, you to bumps or rough pavement. it, either. Squeeze the brake lever Here are some situations: and look to the side for other vehicles. • Use Your High Beam — Get all the firmly and progressively. If the front wheel locks, release the front brake On a road with several lanes, check • A driver in the lane next to you light you can. Use your high beam immediately then reapply it firmly. At the far lane and the one next to you. A is driving too closely to the vehicle whenever you are not following the same time, press down on the driver in the distant lane may head for ahead and may want to pass. or meeting a car. Be visible: Wear reflective materials when riding at rear brake. If you accidentally lock the the same space you plan to take. • A parked car has someone in the night. rear brake on a good traction surface, driver’s seat. test yourself 7 • Be Flexible About Lane Position. you can keep it locked until you have • Someone is in the street, riding a Change to whatever portion of the completely stopped; but, even with a Reflective clothing should: bicycle or . lane is best able to help you see, be locked rear wheel, you can control the A. Be worn at night. seen and keep an adequate space In an emergency, sound your horn motorcycle on a straightaway if it is B. Be worn during the day. cushion. loud and long. Be ready to stop or upright and going in a straight line. C. Not be worn. swerve away from the danger. D. Be worn day and night Answer - page 44 25 ride within your abilities 26

Stopping Quickly Front-Wheel Skids locks, your ability to change direction is stopping distance lost. To regain control the brake must in a Curve If the front wheel locks, release the be released. However, if the rear wheel front brake immediately and completely. If you know the is out of alignment with the front, there technique, using both Reapply the brake smoothly. Front- is a risk of a high-side crash. This occurs brakes in a turn is possible, wheel skids result in immediate loss of when the wheels are out of alignment although it should be done steering control and balance. Failure to and a locked rear wheel is released. The very carefully. When leaning fully release the brake lever immediately motorcycle can abruptly snap upright the motorcycle some of will result in a crash. and tumble, throwing the rider into the the traction is used for air ahead of the motorcycle’s path. Even cornering. Less traction is Rear-Wheel Skids slight misalignment can result in a high- available for stopping. A A skidding rear tire is a dangerous side crash. skid can occur if you apply condition that can result in a violent too much brake. Also, using Cornering can be applied. Always straighten crash and serious injury or death. Too the front brake incorrectly on a slippery the handlebars in the last few feet of much rear brake pressure causes rear- A primary cause of single-vehicle surface may be hazardous. Use caution stopping to maintain your balance and wheel lockup. As soon as the rear wheel crashes is motorcyclists running wide in and squeeze the brake lever, never grab. remain upright. If you must stop quickly while turning constant curves multiple curves in a curve, first straighten and square Maximum Straight-Line the handlebars, then stop. If you find Braking yourself in a situation that does not Maximum straight-line braking is allow straightening first, such as when accomplished by fully applying front there is a danger of running off the and rear brakes without locking either road in a left-hand curve, or when wheel. Keep your body centered over facing oncoming traffic in a right- the motorcycle and look well ahead, hand curve, apply the brakes smoothly not down. This will help you keep and gradually. As you slow, you can the motorcycle in as straight a line as reduce your lean angle and apply more possible, minimizing lean angle and the brake pressure until the motorcycle is likelihood of the wheels losing traction. straight and maximum brake pressure

swerve, then brake brake, then swerve decreasing curves (tighter turns) Widening curves 27 ride within your abilities 28 a curve or turn and colliding with the possible. Approach it at as close to a 90˚ roadway or a fixed object. angle as possible. Look where you want Obstacles Every curve is different. Be alert to to go to control your path of travel. If you whether a curve remains constant, have to ride over the obstacle, you should: gradually widens, gets tighter or • Slow down as much as possible involves multiple turns. Ride within your before contact. skill level and posted speed limits. • Make sure the motorcycle is Your best path may not always follow straight. the curve of the road. Change lane • Rise slightly off the seat with your position depending on traffic, road weight on the footrests to absorb conditions and curve of the road. If no the shock with your knees and traffic is present, start at the outside elbows, and avoid being thrown off of a curve to increase your line of sight the motorcycle. and the effective radius of the turn. As • Just before contact, roll on the you turn, move toward the inside of the throttle slightly to lighten the front curve, and as you pass the center, move end. to the outside to exit. If you ride over an object on the Another alternative is to move to the street, pull off the road and check your can cause a skid. Be as smooth as and overpasses. Wet surfaces or wet center of your lane before entering a tires and rims for damage before riding possible when you speed up, shift leaves are just as slippery. Ride on the curve — and stay there until you exit. any farther. gears, turn or brake. least slippery portion of the lane and reduce speed. This permits you to spot approaching Slippery Surfaces • Use Both Brakes — The front traffic as soon as possible. You can also brake is still effective, even on a Cautious riders steer clear of roads adjust for traffic “crowding” the center Motorcycles handle better when slippery surface. Squeeze the brake covered with ice or snow. If you can’t line, or debris blocking part of your lane. ridden on surfaces that permit good lever gradually to avoid locking the avoid a slippery surface, keep your traction. Surfaces that provide poor front wheel. Remember, gentle motorcycle straight up and proceed pressure on the rear brake. HANDLING DANGEROUS traction include: as slowly as possible. If you encounter SURFACES • Wet pavement, particularly just after • The center of a lane can be a large surface so slippery that you it starts to rain and before surface oil hazardous when wet. When it starts Your chance of falling or being must coast, or travel at a walking pace, washes to the side of the road. to rain, ride in the tire tracks left by involved in a crash increases whenever consider letting your feet skim along cars. Often, the left tire track will the surface. If the motorcycle starts to you ride across: • Gravel roads, or where sand and be the best position, depending on gravel collect. fall, you can catch yourself. Be sure to • Uneven surfaces or obstacles. traffic and other road conditions. • Mud, leaves, snow, and ice. keep off the brakes. If possible, squeeze • Slippery surfaces. • Watch for oil spots when you put the clutch and coast. Attempting this • Lane markings (painted lines), your foot down to stop or park. You maneuver at anything other than the • Railroad tracks. steel plates and manhole covers, may slip and fall. slowest of speeds could prove hazardous. • Grooves and gratings. especially when wet. • Dirt and gravel collect along the Uneven Surfaces To ride safely on slippery surfaces: sides of the road — especially on curves and ramps leading to and from test yourself 8 and Obstacles • Reduce Speed — Slow down highways. Be aware of what’s on the before you get to a slippery Watch for uneven surfaces such as edge of the road, particularly when The best way to stop quickly is to: surface to lessen your chances of making turns and getting on or bumps, broken pavement, potholes or A. Use the front brake only. skidding. Your motorcycle needs off freeways at high speeds. small pieces of highway trash. more distance to stop. And it is B. Use the rear brake first. particularly important to reduce • Rain dries and snow melts faster Try to avoid obstacles by slowing or C. Throttle down and use the front speed before entering wet curves. on some sections of a road than on brake. going around them. If you must go others. Patches of ice tend to develop D. Use both brakes at the same time. over the obstacle, first determine if it is • Avoid Sudden Moves — Any in low or shaded areas and on bridges sudden change in speed or direction Answer - page 44 29 ride within your abilities 30

Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks For track and road seams that run MECHANICAL PROBLEMS power from the rear wheel, though and Pavement Seams parallel to your course, move far enough engine sound may not immediately away from tracks, ruts, or pavement You can find yourself in an emergency decline. Once the motorcycle is “under Usually it is safer to ride straight within seams to cross at an angle of at least the moment something goes wrong control,” pull off and stop. your lane to cross tracks. Turning to take 45˚. Then, make a deliberate turn. with your motorcycle. In dealing with tracks head-on (at a 90˚ angle) can be Edging across could catch your tires and any mechanical problem, take into After you have stopped, check the more dangerous — your path may carry throw you off balance. account the road and traffic conditions throttle cable carefully to find the source you into another lane of traffic. you face. Here are some guidelines of the trouble. Make certain the throttle Grooves and Gratings works freely before you start to ride again. Riding over rain grooves or bridge that can help you handle mechanical gratings may cause a motorcycle to problems safely. Wobble crosstracks—right weave. The uneasy, wandering feeling is Tire Failure generally not hazardous. Relax, maintain A “wobble” occurs when the front a steady speed and ride straight across. You will seldom hear a tire go flat. wheel and handlebars suddenly start Crossing at an angle forces riders to If the motorcycle starts handling to shake from side to side at any zigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is differently, it may be a tire failure. This speed. Most wobbles can be traced to far more hazardous than the wandering can be dangerous. You must be able to improper loading, unsuitable accessories feeling. tell from the way the motorcycle reacts. or incorrect tire pressure. If you are If one of your tires suddenly loses air, carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If you grate crossings—right react quickly to keep your balance. Pull can’t, shift it. Center the weight lower crosstracks—wrong off and check the tires. and farther forward on the motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring pre- If the front tire goes flat, the steering load, air shocks and dampers are at the will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is settings recommended for that much particularly hazardous because it affects weight. Make sure windshields and your steering. You have to steer well to fairings are mounted properly. keep your balance. Check for poorly adjusted steering; If the rear tire goes flat, the back of worn steering parts; a front wheel that the motorcycle may jerk or sway from is bent, misaligned, or out of balance; parallel tracks—right grate crossings—wrong side to side. loose wheel bearings or spokes; and If either tire goes flat while riding: worn bearings. If none of these is determined to be the cause, • Hold handgrips firmly, ease off the have the motorcycle checked out throttle, and keep a straight course. thoroughly by a qualified professional. • If braking is required, gradually Trying to “accelerate out of a apply the brake of the tire that isn’t wobble” will only make the motorcycle flat, if you are sure which one it is. more unstable. Instead: • When the motorcycle slows, • Grip the handlebars firmly, but edge to the side of the road, parallel tracks—wrong test yourself 9 don’t fight the wobble. squeeze the clutch and stop. When it starts to rain it is usually • Close the throttle gradually best to: Stuck Throttle to slow down. Do not apply the brakes; braking could make the A. Ride in the center of the lane. Twist the throttle back and forth wobble worse. B. Pull off to the side until the rain several times. If the throttle cable is stops. stuck, this may free it. If the throttle • Move your weight as far forward C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars. stays stuck, immediately operate the and down as possible. D. Increase your speed. engine cut-off switch and pull in the • Pull off the road as soon as you Answer - page 44 clutch at the same time. This will remove can to fix the problem. 31 ride within your abilities 32

Drive Train Problems approach it, accelerate and leave the • Pull off the road — Get as far off the motorcycle about 10 feet from a animal behind. Don’t kick at the animal. the road as you can. It can be very wall in an unlighted garage and mark The drive train for a motorcycle uses Keep control of your motorcycle and hard to spot a motorcycle by the the headlight beam location on the either a chain, , or to look to where you want to go. side of the road. You don’t want wall with chalk. With a full load and transfer power from the engine to someone else pulling off at the passenger, recheck the headlight beam the rear wheel. Routine inspection, For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle) same place you are. location. Use the adjusting screws on adjustment, and maintenance makes brake and prepare to stop — they are • Park carefully — Loose and sloped the headlight to lower the beam to failure a rare occurrence. A chain or belt unpredictable. shoulders can make setting the side the same height. Check your owner’s that slips or breaks while you’re riding or center stand difficult. manual for adjustment procedure. could lock the rear wheel and cause FLYING OBJECTS your motorcycle to skid. From time to time riders are struck CARRYING PASSENGERS Equipment for by insects, cigarettes thrown from cars If the chain or belt breaks, you’ll AND CARGO Carrying a Passenger or pebbles kicked up by the tires of notice an instant loss of power to the The extra weight of a passenger the vehicle ahead. If you are wearing • Be sure your passenger is properly rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake or cargo will affect the way your face protection, it might get smeared attired, wearing the same level of to a stop in a safe area. motorcycle behaves, requiring extra or cracked, making it difficult to see. personal protective gear as you. practice, preparation and caution. For On a motorcycle with a drive shaft, Without face protection, an object • Be sure your motorcycle is equipped this reason, only experienced riders loss of oil in the rear differential can could hit you in the eye, face or mouth. with passenger footrests. should attempt to carry passengers or cause the rear wheel to lock, and you Whatever happens, keep your eyes large loads. Before taking a passenger • Your motorcycle should have a proper may not be able to prevent a skid. on the road and your hands on the or a heavy load on the street, prepare seat, one large enough to hold both handlebars. When safe, pull off the road Engine Seizure yourself and your motorcycle for safe you and your passenger without and repair the damage. crowding. You should not sit more When the engine “locks” or operation in traffic. forward than you usually do. “freezes” it is usually low on oil. The GETTING OFF THE ROAD Preparing Your Motorcycle • Check that there is a strap or solid engine’s moving parts can’t move If you need to leave the road to check Tire Pressure – Check the air handholds for your passenger to smoothly against each other, and the the motorcycle (or just to rest), be sure to: engine overheats. The first sign may be pressure of both tires. Refer to the hold onto. a loss of engine power or a change in • Check the roadside — Make sure owner’s manual or the label affixed the surface of the roadside is firm Preparing Your the engine’s sound. Squeeze the clutch to the motorcycle for the correct enough to ride on. If it is soft grass, inflation specifications. Though most Passenger to Ride lever to disengage the engine from the loose sand or if you’re just not sure of the added weight will typically be rear wheel. Pull off the road and stop. about it, slow way down before you Ensure your passenger is able to reach Check the oil. If needed, oil should be turn onto it. on the rear wheel, don’t forget to also the passenger footrests, and is able to added as soon as possible or the engine check the pressure on the front tire. • Signal — Drivers behind might not hold on to your waist, hips, belt, or the will seize. When this happens, the effect Correct inflation pressures will maintain bike’s passenger handholds. Children expect you to slow down. Give a maximum stability, steering precision is the same as a locked rear wheel. Let clear signal that you will be slowing should be placed immediately behind and braking capability. the engine cool before restarting. down and changing direction. the rider. A child sitting in front of the Check your mirror and make a head Suspension – With a heavy load, rider will not be able to properly balance Animals check before you take any action. the riding characteristics and balance of him/herself and may interfere with the Naturally, you should do everything the motorcycle will change. On some rider’s control of the motorcycle. test yourself 10 you safely can to avoid hitting an motorcycles, it will be necessary to Passenger safety begins with animal. If you are in traffic, however, adjust the suspension settings (spring If your motorcycle starts to wobble: proper instruction. Riders should not remain in your lane. Hitting something preload, compression/damping settings, A. Accelerate out of the wobble. assume that passengers are familiar small is less dangerous to you than etc.) to compensate for the lowered rear with motorcycle handling, control, or B. Use the brakes gradually. hitting something big — like a car. of the motorcycle. Refer to the owner’s balance. As a routine practice, always C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close manual for adjustment procedures and Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If the throttle gradually. instruct your passenger on basics you are being chased, downshift and specifications. prior to starting the trip, even if your D. Downshift. approach the animal slowly. As you Answer - page 44 Headlight – Prior to loading, position passenger is a motorcycle rider. 33 ride within your abilities 34

As you prepare for your ride, tell your • Approach surface hazards such as Tips for Traveling with it does not catch any of the brake passenger to: bumps or uneven road surfaces. lines or cables in the area of the Passengers and Cargo steering head. • Get on the motorcycle only after • Are about to start from a stop or • Keep the load forward. Pack heavier • Secure loads low, or put them in you have started the engine and begin moving into traffic. items in the front of the tank bag. . Attaching a load to have the transmission in neutral. As Lighter items such as your sleeping • Are about to turn sharply or make a a sissy bar raises the motorcycle’s the passenger mounts, keep both bag, ground pad or tent, should be sudden move. center of gravity and can upset its your feet on the ground and the packed on a luggage rack behind balance. brakes applied. Riding With Passengers you. Try to place the load over, or • Sit as far forward as possible Your motorcycle will respond slowly in front of, the rear axle. Mounting • If you use saddlebags, load each without hindering your control of when you ride with a passenger. The loads behind the rear axle can affect with about the same weight. the motorcycle. heavier your passenger, the longer it will how the motorcycle turns and An uneven load can cause the take to speed up, slow down, or turn. brakes. It can also cause a wobble. motorcycle to pull to one side. • Hold firmly onto your waist, hips, Overloading may also cause the belt or passenger handholds for When riding with passengers: • Plan your route and length of each bags to catch in the wheel or chain, day’s riding segment and allow balance and security. locking the rear wheel and causing • Ride a little slower, especially when plenty of time for breaks. Poor • Keep both feet firmly on the cycle’s the motorcycle to skid. taking curves, corners, or bumps. If weather, breakdowns, and fatigue footrests, even when stopped. Firm any part of the motorcycle scrapes are always possible. • Fasten the load securely with footing will prevent your passenger the ground at lean angle, steering elastic cords (bungee cords or from falling off and pulling you off. control can be lost. • Consider selecting some interesting nets). Elastic cords with more than secondary roads to occasionally • Keep legs away from the muffler(s), one attachment point per side are • Start slowing earlier as you reduce the monotony of the chains or moving parts. approach a stop, and maintain a recommended. A loose load could highway. catch in the wheel or chain, causing • Stay directly behind you and lean larger space cushion whenever • Start as early in the morning as it to lock up, resulting in a skid. with you through turns and curves. slowing or stopping. possible. When you are fresh, you Rope can stretch and knots can It is helpful for the passenger to • Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter, ride at peak performance. For most come loose, permitting the load to look over the rider’s shoulder in the or merge in traffic. riders, this is usually between 6 a.m. shift or fall. You should stop and direction of turns and curves. Carrying Loads and 11 a.m. – then, take a good check the load often to make sure it • Avoid unnecessary conversation and hour’s break for lunch. Your energy has not shifted or loosened. avoid leaning or turning around. Everything you are likely to need for will pick up again in the afternoon. • Include a small tool kit and some Make no sudden moves that might a riding holiday or weekend trip can • Don’t forget protection in the common spare parts that you might affect the stability of the motorcycle be packed on your motorcycle in many summer. Some combinations of need. Water and some energy bars when it is in operation. different ways. There are complete luggage systems, saddlebags that are riding gear can leave your neck or other food should also be part of • Rise slightly off the seat when permanently attached to the motorcycle, exposed, risking sunburn. your preparation, and don’t forget crossing an obstacle. soft bags that do not require a carrier • If you wear a backpack, be sure it a first aid kit, especially if you are Also, remind your passenger to system and can be tied to the seat, is securely attached to you. Try to riding in a group. tighten his or her hold when you: and a tank bag for other small items. adjust the shoulder straps so that You can also travel simply with only a the backpack rests lightly on the backpack. Whatever you decide, do not seat. This will reduce the tension in test yourself 11 test yourself 12 exceed gross vehicle weight rating when your neck and shoulders. If you are chased by a dog: traveling with cargo and a passenger, • If you have a tank bag, be sure it Passengers should: A. Kick it away. and always make adjustments to the is securely mounted and does not A. Lean as you lean. B. Stop until the animal loses interest. motorcycle to compensate for the obstruct your view of the controls B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat. C. Swerve around the animal. added weight. or instruments. If necessary, pack it C. Sit as far back as possible. D. Approach the animal slowly, then only partially full. When strapping speed up. the tank bag in place, make sure D. Never hold onto you. Answer - page 44 Answer - page 44 35 ride within your abilities 36

Pre-Ride Test Plan Keep Your Distance Interstate Highways and Prior to starting out, take a test Before starting out, hold a rider’s Maintain close ranks, but at the Freeways ride with your fully loaded motorcycle meeting to discuss the route, length of same time, maintain an adequate space A staggered formation is essential through some familiar neighborhood riding segments, rest stops and locations cushion to allow each rider in the group when riding on freeways and interstates. roads to get a feel for the operation of for fuel, meals and lodging. Make sure time and distance to react to hazards. However, enter in single file and form up everyone knows the route. That way, A close group takes up less space on your motorcycle. Be sure the suspension only after all riders have safely merged if someone becomes separated, he or the highway, is easier to see, and is less in traffic. The lead rider should move the settings are correct, and that the side she won’t have to hurry to keep from likely to become separated. This must, stand, footrests, and exhaust pipes don’t group over at least one lane to prevent getting lost or making the wrong turn. however, be done properly. vehicles that are entering and exiting scrape over bumps and in turns. Ensure Choose a lead rider and a sweep rider. Don’t Pair Up from disrupting your formation. In heavy the tank bag does not get in the way of These should be the most experienced traffic, resist the temptation to ride too the handlebars or restrict the steering. riders of the group. The lead rider Never ride directly alongside another close together. Maintain your minimum Also check the security of the load, so should look ahead for changes in road, rider in the same lane. There is no place one-second, two-second staggered that your luggage does not hit you in traffic or weather conditions, and signal to go if you have to maneuver to avoid formation space cushion. When exiting, the back under maximum braking. early so the word gets back in plenty a car or hazard in the roadway. Wait use a single file formation for better of time to the other riders. The sweep until you are both stopped to talk. space cushion and time to react to You will also find that the perfor- rider is the last rider in the group, and conditions at the end of the off-ramp. mance of a fully loaded motorcycle will sets the pace for the group. Place Staggered Formation be different than what you are used to. inexperienced riders just behind the This is the best way to keep the ranks Parking leader. That ensures that they won’t Test the power when accelerating and close yet maintain an adequate space When possible, park as a group, so have to chase after the group, and the be aware that it will be lower, increas- cushion. The group leader rides in the everyone can get off their motorcycles more experienced riders can watch ing passing times and distances. Braking left side of the lane, and the second more quickly. Avoid parking downhill or them from the back. will also feel different, and stopping rider stays at least one second back and head-in, and if possible, park where you distances may increase. The most important rules for group rides in the right side of the lane. The can pull through, making the arrival and riding are: no competition, no passing third maintains the left position of the departure smoother. Whenever possible, GROUP RIDING of other riders and no tailgating. If a lane, at least two seconds behind the park so that the group can depart as a rider insists on riding faster than the first rider. The fourth rider should keep unit in single file. Preparation group, allow him or her to go ahead to at least a two second distance from an agreed meeting point. the second rider in the right side of the Preparing yourself for a group ride staggered formation is as important as making sure your lane, and so on. This formation keeps motorcycle is ready. Riding with a group Hand signals the group close and permits each rider requires an alert mind that is free from During the rider’s meeting, review to maintain a safe distance from others worries, distractions and stress. It also the hand signals so all riders can ahead, behind and to the sides. means riding free from the influence of communicate during the ride. A It is best to move to single file forma- alcohol or drugs. For some, even too diagram of the most common hand tion when riding in curves, turning, and much caffeine or prescription drugs can signals is at the end of this manual. entering or leaving freeways or highways. adversely affect concentration. Follow those behind Prior to a long trip, it’s a good idea to Intersections have your motorcycle serviced at your During the ride, use your mirrors Intersections present the highest local dealership if you aren’t able to do to keep an eye on the person behind risk for motorcyclists in a group. When the work yourself. A thorough pre- and confirm that the group is staying making a left turn at an intersection ride check is a must. Use the T-CLOCS together. If a rider falls behind, everyone with a left turn signal arrow, tighten checklist as a reminder of the important should slow down to keep the group the formation to allow as many riders components to check before you leave. together. through the intersection as possible. Remember to consider such variables Make the turn single file – do not ride as passengers and extra weight from side-by-side. If not all riders get through cargo that might require a change in tire the light, stop at a safe point ahead and pressure or suspension adjustment. wait. This will prevent riders from feeling pressured to speed up or run a red light. 37 ride within your abilities 38

Passing in Formation Ten Rules of Group Riding • Do not pass in the group, except in group passing (stage 1) the case of emergency. When the group wants to pass slow • Base the length of the route and traffic on a freeway or interstate, the segments on ability of the least • Place inexperienced riders just group may pass as a unit. On a two-lane experienced rider. behind the leader so they can keep highway, riders in a staggered formation pace without riding faster than it is • Take timely breaks to prevent loss of should pass one at a time. safe. concentration and reduce fatigue. • First, the lead rider should pull • When passing, be conscious of the • Adjust the pace through curves to out and pass when it is safe. After traffic conditions and oncoming the ability of the least experienced passing the leader should return to traffic. Even though the previous rider. If necessary, form two groups the left position and continue riding riders passed safely, it may not be with different speeds. at passing speed to open room for safe for you. the next rider. • Don’t tailgate or encourage the • Maintain adequate time distance rider in front to speed. If you want • Next, the second rider should move between riders, especially at to ride faster, ride ahead of the up to the left position in the lane intersections. This allows you to group. and wait for a chance to safely pass. avoid hard braking. When passing be sure you have • Keep adequate following distance • Check your mirrors frequently to a clear view of oncoming traffic. and maintain a staggered ensure the group stays together. Just because the lead rider passed, formation. that does not mean that conditions haven’t changed and that it is still safe for other riders to pass. After passing the rider should return to the right position and open up room for the next rider. group passing (stage 2) Some people suggest that the lead rider should move to the right side of the lane after passing the vehicle. This is not a good idea, since it might encourage the second rider to pass and cut back in before there is enough space cushion in front of the passed vehicle. It’s simpler and safer to wait until there is enough room ahead of the passed vehicle to allow each rider to move into the same position held before the pass.

test yourself 13 When riding in a group, inexperienced riders should position themselves: A. Just behind the leader. B. In front of the group. C. At the tail end of the group.

D. Beside the leader. Answer - page 44 39 being in shape to ride 40

Blood Alcohol Concentration A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed drink Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders with one shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor, pay attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain identifying potential hazards, making good judgments and executing decisions is the amount of alcohol in relation to the same amount of alcohol. quickly and skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road and blood in the body. Generally, alcohol can The faster you drink, the more alcohol traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and drugs, be eliminated in the body at the rate of accumulates in your body. If you drink more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ride almost one drink per hour. But a variety two drinks in an hour, at the end of that safely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your performance. of other factors may also influence the level of alcohol retained. The more hour, at least one drink will remain in Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs. What to alcohol in your blood, the greater the your bloodstream. do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined. degree of impairment. Without taking into account any Three factors play a major part in other factors, these examples illustrate WHY THIS INFORMATION ALCOHOL AND DRUGS determining BAC: why time is a critical factor when a rider decides to drink. IS IMPORTANT IN MOTORCYCLE • The amountof alcohol you consume. If you drink: Alcohol is a major contributor to OPERATION motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal • How fast you drink. – Seven drinks over the span of three No one is immune to the effects of hours you would have at least four (7 – crashes. Studies show that nearly 40% alcohol or drugs. Friends may brag • Your body weight. of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes 3 = 4) drinks remaining in your system about their ability to hold their liquor Other factors also contribute to the at the end of the three hours. You had been drinking. The rest had only a or perform better on drugs, but alcohol few drinks in their systems — enough way alcohol affects your system. would need at least another four hours or drugs make them less able to think to eliminate the four remaining drinks to impair riding skills. In the past, drug Your sex, physical condition and clearly and perform physical tasks before you consider riding. levels have been harder to distinguish or skillfully. Judgment and the decision- food intake are just a few that may have not been separated from drinking making processes needed for vehicle cause your BAC level to be even higher. violations for the traffic records. But operation are affected long before legal But the full effects of these are not riding “under the influence” of either limitations are reached. completely known. Alcohol may still alcohol or drugs poses physical and legal accumulate in your body even if you hazards for every rider. Many over-the-counter, prescription are drinking at a rate of one drink and illegal drugs have side effects that Drinking and drug use is as big per hour. Abilities and judgment can be increase the risk of riding. It is difficult to affected by that one drink. a problem among motorcyclists accurately measure the involvement of as it is among automobile drivers. particular drugs in motorcycle crashes. Motorcyclists, however, are more likely But we do know what effects various alcohol content to be killed or severely injured in a crash. drugs have on the processes involved in Injuries occur in 90% of motorcycle riding a motorcycle. We also know that crashes and 33% of automobile crashes the combined effects of alcohol and that involve abuse of substances. On drugs are more dangerous than either a yearly basis, 2,000 motorcyclists is alone. are killed and about 50,000 seriously injured in this same type of crash. These ALCOHOL IN THE BODY statistics are too overwhelming to ignore. Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly. Unlike most foods and By becoming knowledgeable about beverages, it does not need to be the effects of alcohol and drugs you digested. Within minutes after being will see that riding and substance consumed, it reaches the brain and abuse don’t mix. Take positive steps to begins to affect the drinker. The major protect yourself and prevent others from effect alcohol has is to slow down and injuring themselves. impair bodily functions — both mental and physical. Whatever you do, you do less well after consuming alcohol. 41 being in shape to ride 42

– Four drinks over the span of two If you are convicted of riding under Or Don’t Ride — If you haven’t It helps to enlist support from others hours, you would have at least two the influence of alcohol or drugs, controlled your drinking, you must when you decide to step in. The more (4 – 2 = 2) drinks remaining in your you may receive any of the following control your riding. people on your side, the easier it is to be system at the end of the two hours. You penalties: • Leave the motorcycle — so you firm and the harder it is for the rider to would need at least another two hours • License Suspension — Mandatory won’t be tempted to ride. Arrange resist. While you may not be thanked at to eliminate the two remaining drinks suspension for conviction, arrest or another way to get home. the time, you will never have to say, “If before you consider riding. only I had ...” refusal to submit to a breath test. • Wait — If you exceed your limit, There are times when a larger • Fines — Severe fines are another wait until your system eliminates the FATIGUE person may not accumulate as high aspect of a conviction, usually levied alcohol and its fatiguing effects. a concentration of alcohol for each with a license suspension. Riding a motorcycle is more tiring STEP IN TO PROTECT than driving a car. On a long trip, you’ll drink consumed. They have more • Community Service — Performing blood and other bodily fluids. But tasks such as picking up litter along FRIENDS tire sooner than you would in a car. Avoid riding when tired. Fatigue can because of individual differences it the highway, washing cars in the People who have had too much to affect your control of the motorcycle. is better not to take the chance that motor-vehicle pool or working at an drink are unable to make a responsible emergency ward. abilities and judgment have not been decision. It is up to others to step in • Protect yourself from the elements affected. Whether or not you are • Costs — Additional lawyer’s fees, and keep them from taking too great — Wind, cold, and rain make you tire quickly. Dress warmly. A legally intoxicated is not the real issue. lost work time spent in court or a risk. No one wants to do this — it’s windshield is worth its cost if you Impairment of judgment and skills alcohol-education programs, public uncomfortable, embarrassing and transportation costs (while your plan to ride long distances. begins well below the legal limit. thankless. You are rarely thanked license is suspended) and the added for your efforts at the time. But the • Limit your distance — Experi­ ALCOHOL AND THE LAW psychological costs of being tagged enced riders seldom try to ride more a “drunk driver.” alternatives are often worse. In all states, an adult with a BAC than about six hours a day. There are several ways to keep friends of 0.08% or above is considered • Take frequent rest breaks — Stop MINIMIZE THE RISKS from hurting themselves: intoxicated. For operators under the age and get off the motorcycle at least of 21, lower BAC limits (0.00 to 0.02%, Your ability to judge how well you • Arrange a safe ride — Provide every two hours. are riding is affected first. Although depending on state) apply. It doesn’t alternative ways for them to get • Don’t drink or use drugs — you may be performing more and more matter how sober you may look or act. home. Artificial stimulants often result in poorly, you think you are doing better The breath or urine test is what usually • Slow the pace of drinking — extreme fatigue or depression when determines whether you are riding and better. The result is that you ride Involve them in other activities. they start to wear off. Riders are confidently, taking greater and greater unable to concentrate on the task at legally or illegally. • Keep them there — Use any risks. Minimize the risks of drinking and hand. excuse to keep them from getting Your chances of being stopped for riding by taking steps before you drink. riding under the influence of alcohol are on their motorcycle. Serve them Control your drinking or control your food and coffee to pass the time. increasing. Law enforcement is being riding. Explain your concerns for their stepped up across the country in response Make an Intelligent Choice risks of getting arrested or hurt or to the senseless deaths and injuries caused hurting someone else. Take their by drinking drivers and riders. Don’t Drink — Once you start, your key, if you can. test yourself 14 Consequences of Conviction resistance becomes weaker. • Get friends involved — Use peer If you wait one hour per drink for the alcohol to be eliminated from Setting a limit or pacing yourself are pressure from a group of friends to your body before riding: Years ago, first offenders had a good intervene. chance of getting off with a small fine poor alternatives at best. Your ability to A. You cannot be arrested for drinking and participation in alcohol-abuse exercise good judgment is one of the and riding. classes. Today the laws of most states first things affected by alcohol. Even if B. Your riding skills will not be affected. impose stiff penalties on drinking you have tried to drink in moderation, C. Side effects from the drinking may operators. And those penalties are you may not realize to what extent still remain. mandatory, meaning that judges must your skills have suffered from alcohol’s D. You will be okay as long as you ride fatiguing effects. slowly. impose them. Answer - page 44 43 EARNING YOUR LICENSE 44

On-Motorcycle Skill Test • Stop, turn and swerve quickly. Safe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best Basic vehicle control and crash- • Make critical decisions and carry measurement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing your them out. own skills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s even avoidance skills are included in on- harder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensing motorcycle tests to determine your Examiners may score on factors exams are designed to be scored more objectively. ability to handle normal and hazardous related to safety such as: traffic situations. To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skill • Selecting safe speeds to perform maneuvers. test. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices and ideas You may be tested for your ability to: from this manual. They require that you know and understand road rules and • Know your motorcycle and your • Choosing the correct path and safe riding practices. An on-cycle skill test will either be conducted in an actual riding limits. staying within boundaries. traffic environment or in a controlled, off-street area. • Accelerate, brake and turn • Completing normal and quick safely. stops. • See, be seen and communicate • Completing normal and quick with others. turns or swerves. Knowledge Test 4. If a tire goes flat while riding and you must stop, it is usually best • Adjust speed and position to the (Sample Questions) to: traffic situation. 1. It is MOST important to flash A. Relax on the handgrips. your brake light when: B. Shift your weight toward the A. Someone is following too closely. good tire. B. You will be slowing suddenly. C. Brake on the good tire and steer C. There is a stop sign ahead. to the side of the road. D. Your signals are not working. D. Use both brakes and stop quickly. 2. The FRONT brake supplies how 5. The car below is waiting to enter much of the potential stopping the intersection. It is best to: power? A. Make eye contact with the driver. A. About 25%. B. Reduce speed and be ready to B. About 50%. react. C. About 70%. C. Maintain speed and position. D. All of the stopping power. D. Maintain speed and move right. 3. To swerve correctly: A. Shift your weight quickly. B. Turn the handlebars quickly. Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages) C. Press the handgrip in the direction of the turn. 1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B, D. Press the handgrip in the opposite 6-C, 7-D 8-D, 9-C, 10-C, direction of the turn. 11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are Answers to Knowledge Test (page 43): not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances. 1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B 45 Three-wheelPreparing supplement to ride 46

Supplementary • Saddle seating Three-Wheel handlebars without excessive upper information – Seating in which the rider/ Motorcycle Designs body movements that could jeopardize passenger straddles the stability and control. for three-wheel vehicle. Three-wheel motorcycle designs vary among manufacturers. Unlike Borrowing and Lending motorcycles – If designed for a passenger, traditional motorcycles, which are Borrowers and lenders, beware. Many states require a separate license the passenger must be considered single-track motorcycles, seated behind the operator endorsement to operate a three-wheel three-wheel motorcycles could be either Crashes are fairly common among motorcycle. This requires the rider to (or in a separate passenger beginning operators, especially in compartment in the case of a dual or triple track design. Dual track pass both a written and a skills test. The the first months of riding. Operating motorcycle with sidecar). vehicles are motorcycles with , purpose of this supplement is to help while triple track motorcycles can be an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the 3. Turning diameter of the vehicle prepare riders to complete the written configured either with dual front wheels problem. If you borrow a three-wheel at its widest point must be less exam for a three-wheel motorcycle or dual rear wheels. motorcycle or motorcycle with sidecar, license or endorsement. This information than 40’. get familiar with it in a controlled area is provided in addition to that offered in 4. The vehicle meets all applicable first. If you lend your three-wheel the first part of this Motorcycle Operator federal on-road vehicle standards. Motorcycle motorcycle or motorcycle with sidecar and three-wheel Manual (MOM), so when preparing The following vehicles are not to friends, make sure they are licensed motorcycle designs to take the written test, begin by included in this definition, and and know how to ride before you reading the information on two-wheel therefore testing requirements may allow them to operate in traffic. Such motorcycles thoroughly. It provides not be applicable. Always refer to your motorcycles operate very differently information on safe operation of your state Department of Motor Vehicles, than two-wheel motorcycles. motorcycle in traffic. This supplement Department of Licensing or other No matter how experienced you may contains information specific to the safe appropriate state regulatory agency for be, be extra careful on any vehicle that operation of a three-wheel motorcycle, exact regulations regarding testing for: is unfamiliar or new to you. including both three-track motorcycles • Automotive hybrids or and motorcycles with sidecars. Get Familiar with automotive conversions Motorcycle Controls KNOW YOUR Vehicle • Vehicles with automotive controls or seating Be sure you are familiar with the There are many types of three-wheel controls of the three-wheel motorcycle • Vehicles with front or rear motorcycles available on the market or motorcycle with a sidecar before today. Requirements for licensing mounted (engines must be mounted mid-frame below the attempting to operate it on any three-wheel motorcycles vary by state. highway, since some controls may differ In general, three-wheel motorcycles will rider to be considered motorcycle- based) from those found on other motorcycles. have the following characteristics: This is especially important if you are • Vehicles with enclosed or semi- 1. Three wheels leaving two or enclosed riding compartments riding on a borrowed motorcycle. Before three separate tracks during beginning the ride: straight line operation. • Motorcycles or scooters with two close-set wheels in front (contact • Make all the checks you would on 2. Motorcycle-based conversion or patches less than 18.1 inches your own motorcycle. design with: apart) that lean and maneuver like • Familiarize yourself with all • Handlebar steering standard, single-track, two-wheel The Right Motorcycle for You motorcycles controls, such as the turn signals, • Motorcycle-type controls Make sure your three-wheel horn, headlight switch, fuel control or with the standard layout. motorcycle or sidecar-equipped valve, and cut-off switch. Locate Convenience alterations like • Vehicles with any other departure motorcycle is right for you. You should and operate these items without a single brake pedal or lever from the above standards. be able to comfortably reach and having to search for them. control, automatic clutch, or automatic transmission. operate all of the controls, and be able to complete full turns using the 47 Three-wheelPreparing supplement to ride 48

• Operate all the controls before Under some conditions during the tip-over line. The reduced weight over When turning right on a you start riding. Know the operation of a three-wheel motorcycle, the opposite side wheel can cause it to motorcycle with sidecar: gearshift pattern and operate the it is possible to have only two wheels lift slightly. • Anticipate the degree of turn throttle, clutch and brakes a few in contact with the road surface. This The weight of a three-track required. times. Controls react differently could occur during turning or tight motorcycle is distributed almost equally • Reduce speed before entering the on different motorcycles, and maneuvers whenever enough weight is between the two front or two rear curve by downshifting or braking. exact locations of controls may transferred outside of what are called wheels. These motorcycles handle the • Slightly lean your upper body in vary slightly. Additionally, some tip-over lines. This tendency requires same in left and right hand turns. motorcycle conversions may be careful load and passenger positioning the direction you intend to turn. equipped with a single brake pedal inside the tip-over lines to help maintain When turning a three-track • Maintain speed as you enter the or lever control, automatic clutch, or maximum stability. motorcycle: curve. automatic transmission. Body Position • Approach a turn at speed with • Accelerate gradually as you exit the • As you begin to ride, start out your head up, and look through the curve. As with any motor vehicle, operator turn. slowly and carefully and be aware of During a left hand turn, the sidecar position is important for control and your surroundings. Accelerate gently, • Concentrate on pointing the front acts as a stabilizer, so the sidecar wheel for reducing or preventing fatigue. The take turns a little more slowly, and wheel/wheels in the direction you stays on the ground. However, if the operator should be able to reach both leave extra room for stopping. want the motorcycle to go. turn is taken too sharply or at too high handgrips comfortably, since more • Roll off the throttle before entering a rate of speed, there is a tendency handlebar movement is necessary than BASIC vehicle CONTROL the turn. for the motorcycle rear suspension to when riding a two-wheel motorcycle. extend, and this may cause the rear Steering & Tip While it is not necessary for the rider • Apply the brakes enough to slow wheel of the motorcycle to lift off the of a three-wheel motorcycle to move the motorcycle to a speed at which Three-wheel motorcycles handle ground. drastically during operation, shifting you can ride safely through the differently than two-wheel motorcycles. turn, then release the brakes before weight in the direction of the turn can When turning left on a motorcycle With three wheels on the ground, the turn. they are naturally more stable than a improve control. with sidecar: two-wheel motorcycle. They also steer • Slightly lean your upper body in Braking the direction you intend to turn. • Reduce speed prior to entering the differently. Because conventional three- turn wheel motorcycles cannot lean, they On a motorcycle with a sidecar, • Steer the front wheel/wheels toward the turn. • Apply more pressure on the rear cannot countersteer. Instead, the front during braking in a sharp turn, the brake then on the front wheel is pointed in the direction the sidecar wheel may lift off the ground. • Roll on the throttle to pull the rider wants the motorcycle to go. Motorcycle and sidecar tires have limited motorcycle through the turn. Hills traction or grip on the road surface, and When riding uphill on a three-wheel traction is greater when the motorcycle On the other hand, because the center of gravity of a motorcycle with motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar, is rolling, not skidding or slipping. some weight will shift to the rear, During turning, some of the available sidecar is close to the motorcycle itself, Tip-over lines the behavior of the vehicle when causing the front of the motorcycle tire traction is used for cornering, so less to become lighter. This weight shift is available for stopping. Thus, a skid turning right and when turning left is quite different. reduces the traction on the front tire/ can occur if you brake too hard. tires for steering and tire grip. During a right turn, a slight sideways Turning movement of the center of gravity When riding downhill, gravity The tendency of the rear inside creates a greater tendency for the increases the amount of braking force wheel to lift during turning is greater sidecar wheel to lift. The lift will be required to slow or stop the motorcycle. with increased speed and tighter curve greater if the sidecar is empty or lightly It is important, therefore, to begin radii. During a turn, inertia causes the loaded. slowing earlier for cornering and center of gravity of the motorcycle to stopping. shift sideways and outward toward the 49 Three-wheelPreparing supplement to ride 50

Lane Position the sidecar will feel as though it is Many three-track motorcycles will have lagging behind you, causing the vehicle path through a curve built-in storage compartments for cargo, The track of the dual wheels of a to feel as though it is being steered either in front of, or behind the rider. three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle to the right. During deceleration or On these motorcycles, center the load with a sidecar is almost the same braking, the momentum of the sidecar and keep it low in the storage areas so width as some automobiles. Unlike a continues to carry it forward, giving it is positioned within the tip-over lines motorcycle, you are limited, therefore, in the feeling that the sidecar is trying to and balanced side-to-side. If a passenger lane positioning. Keep toward the center pass you, making the motorcycle feel as is being carried, the passenger will sit of the lane to be sure the track of the though it is being steered left. directly behind the rider. dual wheels does not cross the painted lines into opposing traffic. Riding too far • On acceleration, compensate for On a motorcycle with a sidecar, the to the right could cause loss of traction if this tendency by steering slightly best place for a passenger is in the the tire leaves the pavement. in the opposite direction from the sidecar. Never put a single passenger sidecar. on the saddle; the added weight on the Lane positioning when riding • On deceleration, compensate for tip-over-line will increase the instability in groups is also an important this tendency by steering slightly in always slow before entering a corner. of the motorcycle. While a second consideration. You will not be able the direction of the sidecar. You can The best path to follow in the curve passenger can be carried on the seat to use a staggered formation, such also pull in the clutch when braking. may not be the one that follows the behind the rider, the heavier passenger as you would when riding two-wheel curve of the road. Following the center should always be in the sidecar. motorcycles. Ride single file and always Swerving of the lane may actually increase the maintain a safe margin, two seconds The passenger sitting behind the rider A quick stop may not always be tip over forces. Check opposing traffic minimum, between vehicles. should sit upright at all times. It is not sufficient to avoid an obstacle in your carefully, and if safe, enter the curve path, even if you properly apply both necessary for the passenger to lean into Parking at the Roadside toward the outside of your lane. This curves with the rider. brakes. Sometimes the only way to increases your line of sight through the Because of the limitations on mobility avoid a collision is to swerve. A swerve curve and reduces the effective radius When carrying loads in a sidecar, and motorcycle length, it is not practical is any sudden change of direction. It can of the curve. As you turn, move toward secure the load firmly in place, since to park your motorcycle at a 90 degree be two quick turns or a rapid shift to the the inside of the curve, and as you pass if the load shifts, handling will be angle with your rear wheel touching side when maneuvering the motorcycle. the center, move to the outside to exit, affected. Loads should be distributed the curb, as you would with a two-whel Often, there is not much time to adjust always remembering to stay in your lane. toward the rear of the sidecar to reduce motorcycle. Position your motorcycle in a your body position. tipping of the nose of the sidecar in the parking space so you are parked parallel A three-wheel motorcycle or CARRYING PASSENGERS event of a sudden left turn. to the curb and set the parking brake. motorcycle with sidecar is not as AND CARGO Some three-wheel motorcycles have When loaded, you may find maneuverable as a two-wheel reverse, so you can more easily maneuver Three-wheel motorcycles are designed performance is reduced and that stopping motorcycle, so plan well ahead to into a parking space designed for an to carry passengers and cargo, but distances are longer, so allow a little avoid the need for any sudden turns or automobile. Parking parallel to the curb always be sure not to exceed the tire extra distance. The addition of a sidecar swerving. If braking is required, brake will facilitate pulling away from the curb or motorcycle loading capacity. The passenger will greatly improve stability, either before or after the swerve, never and entering the lanes of traffic. extra weight could change the handling and right hand turns can be made at while swerving. characteristics of the vehicle slightly, so a slightly higher speed. Turning left, Acceleration and Deceleration Cornering & Curves you must give some thought to where however, will require more turning force. A three-wheel motorcycle with two the loads are positioned. The cornering characteristics of a drive wheels tends to be much more three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle stable during acceleration and braking with a sidecar differ from those of a than a motorcycle with a sidecar. motorcycle. Even with three wheels on Attaching a sidecar to your motorcycle the ground, a sidecar can tip over if it is adds a non-powered, off-centered mass being turned too sharply or is going too of weight. So, during acceleration, fast for a corner. Therefore, it is best to 51 Preparinghand signalsto ride 52

1 Single File – 2 Double File – 8 Hazard in Roadway – arm and index arm with index on the left, point finger extended and middle finger with left hand; on the straight up. extended straight up. right, point with right foot.

3 Stop – 4 Speed Up – 9 Highbeam – ap Fuel – arm extended arm extended tap on top of arm out to side straight down, straight out, helmet with open pointing to tank with palm facing palm facing up, palm down. finger extended. back. swing upward.

5 Slow Down – 6 Follow Me – aa Comfort Stop – as Refreshment arm extended arm extended forearm extended, Stop – straight out, palm straight up fist clenched with fingers closed, facing down, swing from shoulder, short up and down thumb to mouth. down to your side. palm forward. motion.

7 You Lead/Come– ad Turn Signal On – arm extended upward 45 degrees, open and close palm forward pointing with index hand with fingers and finger, swing in arc from back to front. thumb extended.

af Pull Off – arm positioned as for right turn, forearm swung toward shoulder. motorcycle operator motorcycle operator 53 two-wheel skill test two-wheel skill test 54

As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation

Cone Weave, Normal Stop Turn From a Stop, U-turn Ride to the right of the first cone, Make a right turn between the to the left of the second and so on boundary lines. Then cross diagonally through all five cones. After the last to the opposite side of the range and cone, turn left and come to a smooth make a left u-turn inside the painted normal stop with the front tire box, staying within the boundaries as completely inside the box. During indicated for the appropriate size of this maneuver you will be scored for: the motorcycle. Then stop with your • Stalling the engine front tire inside the stop box. During this maneuver you will be scored for: • Skipping or hitting cones • Stalling the engine • Foot touching the ground • Foot touching the ground • Stopping short of stop box or stopping past stop box • Tire touching or crossing a boundary line • Skidding

Start Start

An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. motorcycle operator motorcycle operator 55 two-wheel skill test two-wheel skill test 56

As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation

Quick Stop Obstacle Turn Ride straight down the center of Ride straight down the center of the course through the timing zone the course through the timing zone at about 15 mph. When your front at about 15 mph. When your front tire reaches the last cones, stop as tire reaches the last cones, swerve to quickly and safely as possible. During the (right/left) avoiding the obstacle this maneuver you will be scored for: line but staying to the inside of the • Stalling the engine sideline. During this maneuver you will be scored for: • Failure to stop in specified distance • Stalling the engine •Touching or crossing the boundary lines • Swerving in the wrong direction

Generally, the applicant will be evaluated on his/her ability to control the motorcycle, speed maneuver- ability, left and right turns, quick stops, straight line riding, and the use of clutch and brake. The test will end immediately if you: • Fall or drop the motorcycle • Commit an unsafe act • Disregard or fail to understand instructions

Start Start

An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. motorcycle operator motorcycle operator 57 three-wheel skill test three-wheel skill test 58

As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation

Left Turn, Normal Stop Cone Weave, Turn From Accelerate straight ahead and a Stop make a sharp left turn between the Ride to the left of the first cone, outside boundary line and the cone to the right of the second, and to marker without touching the outside the left of the third. Turn right after line or the cone. After the second turn, the cone weave and stop where come to a smooth normal stop with directed by examiner. When signaled, the front tire completely inside the make a right turn between the outside box. During this maneuver you will boundary line and the cone. Bring your be scored for: motorcycle to a smooth stop with • Stalling the engine the front tire of the motorcycle in • Tire touching or crossing the the stop box. During this maneuver boundary line or cone you will be scored for: • Stalling the engine • Stopping short of stop box or stopping past stop box • Skipping or hitting cones • Skidding • Tire touching or crossing the boundary line or cone

Start Start

An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. motorcycle operator motorcycle operator 59 three-wheel skill test three-wheel skill test 60

As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation As developed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation

Quick Stop Obstacle Turn Ride straight down the center of Ride straight down the center of the course through the timing zone the course through the timing zone at about 15 mph. When your front at about 15 mph. When your front tire reaches the last cones, stop as tire reaches the last cones, swerve to quickly and safely as possible. During the (right/left) avoiding the obstacle this maneuver you will be scored for: line but staying to the inside of the • Stalling the engine sideline. During this maneuver you will be scored for: • Failure to stop in specified distance • Stalling the engine •Touching or crossing the boundary lines • Swerving in the wrong direction

Generally, the applicant will be evaluated on his/her ability to control the motorcycle, speed maneuver- ability, left and right turns, quick stops, straight line riding, and the use of clutch and brake. The test will end immediately if you: • Fall or drop the motorcycle • Commit an unsafe act • Disregard or fail to understand instructions

Start Start

An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given An appointment is advisable for the test. Test will not be given if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. if surface of test area is wet, or if ice or snow is present. T-CLOCS: T-CLOCS: 61 PRE-ride inspection checklist pre-ride inspection checklist 62

You may choose to keep this list with you when you ride. You may choose to keep this list with you when you ride.

T-CLOCS ITEM WHAT TO CHECK WHAT TO LOOK FOR CHECK-OFF T-CLOCS ITEM WHAT TO CHECK WHAT TO LOOK FOR CHECK-OFF T-TIRES & WHEELS C-CHASSIS Tires Condition Tread depth, wear, weathering, evenly seated, bulges, embedded objects. Front Rear Frame Condition Cracks at gussets, accessory mounts, look for paint lifting. Air Pressure Check when cold, adjust to load. Front Rear Steering-Head Bearings No detent or tight spots through full travel, raise front wheel, check for play by pulling/pushing forks. Wheels Spokes Bent, broken, missing, tension, check at top of wheel: “ring” = OK — “thud” = loose spoke Front Rear Swingarm Bushings/ Raise rear wheel, check for play by pushing/pulling swingarm. Cast Cracks, dents. Front Rear Bearings Rims Out of round/true = 5mm. Spin wheel, index against stationary pointer. Front Rear Suspension Front Forks Smooth travel, equal air pressure/damping, anti-dive settings. Left Right Bearings Grab top and bottom of tire and flex: No freeplay (click) between hub and axle, no growl when spinning. Front Rear Rear Shock(s) Smooth travel, equal pre-load/air pressure/damping settings, linkage moves freely and is lubricated. Left Right Seals Cracked, cut or torn, excessive grease on outside, reddish-brown around outside. Front Rear Chain or Belt Tension Check at tightest point. Brakes Function Each brake alone keeps bike from rolling. Front Rear Lubrication Side plates when hot. Note: do not lubricate belts. C-CONTROLS Sprockets Teeth not hooked, securely mounted Levers Condition Broken, bent, cracked, mounts tight, ball ends on handlebar levers, proper adjustment. Fasteners Threaded Tight, missing bolts, nuts. and Pedal Pivots Lubricated. Clips Broken, missing. Cables Condition Fraying, kinks, lubrication: ends and interior. Cotter Pins Broken, missing. Routing No interference or pulling at steering head, suspension, no sharp angles, wire supports in place. S-STANDS Hoses Condition Cuts, cracks, leaks, bulges, chafing, deterioration. Center stand Condition Cracks, bent. Routing No interference or pulling at steering head, suspension, no sharp angles, hose supports in place. Retention Springs in place, tension to hold position. Throttle Operation Moves freely, snaps closed, no revving when handlebars are turned. Side stand Condition Cracks, bent (safety cut-out switch or pad equipped). L-LIGHTS Retention Springs in place, tension to hold position. Battery Condition Terminals; clean and tight, electrolyte level, held down securely. Vent Tube Not kinked, routed properly, not plugged. Headlamp Condition Cracks, reflector, mounting and adjustment system. Aim Height and right/left. Operation Hi beam/low beam operation. Tail lamp/ Condition Cracks, clean and tight. brake lamp Operation Activates upon front brake/rear brake application. Turn signals Operation Flashes correctly. Front left Front right Rear left Rear right Emergency Information Mirrors Condition Cracks, clean, tight mounts and swivel joints. Aim Adjust when seated on bike. Lenses & Condition Cracked, broken, securely mounted, excessive condensation. Rider's Name______Blood Type______Reflectors Wiring Condition Fraying, chafing, insulation. Allergies/Medical Conditions______Routing Pinched, no interference or pulling at steering head or suspension, wire looms and ties in place, connectors tight, clean. Doctor's Name/Phone______O-OIL Levels Engine Oil Check warm on center stand on level ground, dipstick, sight glass. Cycle Insurer Name/Phone______Hypoid Gear Oil, Transmission, rear drive, shaft. Shaft Drive Hydraulic Fluid Brakes, clutch, reservoir or sight glass. Coolant Reservoir and/or coolant recovery tank — check only when cool. Contact this person if rider is injured or gauge. Leaks Engine Oil Gaskets, housings, seals. Name______Home Phone______Hypoid Gear Oil, Gaskets, seals, breathers. Shaft Drive Hydraulic Fluid Hoses, master cylinders, calipers. Work Phone______Cell Phone______Coolant Radiator, hoses, tanks, fittings, pipes. Fuel Lines, fuel valve, carbs. Motorcycles Make Sense – So Does Professional Training Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park. Unfortunately, many riders never learn critical skills needed to ride safely. Professional training for beginning and experienced riders prepares them for real-world traffic situations. Motorcycle Safety FoundationRiderCourses sm teach and improve such skills as:

• Effective turning • Braking maneuvers • Protective apparel selection • Obstacle avoidance • Traffic strategies • Maintenance

For the basic or experienced RiderCourse nearest you, call toll free: 800.446.9227 or visit www.msf-usa.org The Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s (MSF) purpose is to improve the safety of motorcyclists on the nation’s streets and highways. In an attempt to reduce motorcycle crashes and injuries,­ the Foundation has programs in rider education, licensing improve­ment, public information and statistics. These programs are designed for both motorcyclists and motorists. A national not-for-profit organization, the MSF is sponsored by BMW, BRP, Ducati, Harley-Davidson, , Kawasaki, KTM, /Vespa, , Triumph, Victory and Yamaha. The information contained in this publication is offered for the benefit of those who have an interest in riding motorcycles. The information­ has been compiled from publications, interviews and observations­ of individuals and organizations familiar with the use of motorcycles, accessories, and training. Because there are many differences in product design, riding styles, federal, state and local laws, there may be organizations and individuals who hold differing opinions. Consult your local regulatory agencies for informa­tion concerning the operation of motor- cycles in your area. Although the MSF will continue to research, field test and publish responsible viewpoints on the subject, it disclaims any liability for the views expressed herein.

Printing and distribution courtesy of Motorcycle Safety Foundation 2 Jenner, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806 www.msf-usa.org Second Revision...... December 1978 Tenth Revision...... January 2002 Third Revision...... February 1981 Eleventh Revision...... July 2002 Fourth Revision...... January 1983 Twelfth Revision...... May 2004 Fifth Revision...... October 1987 Thirteenth Revision...... June 2007 Sixth Revision...... April 1991 Fourteenth Revision...... March 2008 Seventh Revision...... September 1992 Fifteenth Revision...... June 2009 Eighth Revision...... January 1999 Sixteenth Revision...... January 2011 Minnesota Department of Public Safety Ninth Revision...... March 2000 Driver and Vehicle Services Division Printed in USA 000254 dvs.dps.mn.gov