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2015 Fuel & Lubricant Technologies Annual Report

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2015 Fuel & Lubricant Technologies Annual Report Fuel and Lubricant Technologies 2015 Annual Report Vehicle Technologies Office Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manu- facturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Acknowledgments We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Alliance Technical Services, Inc. and Oak Ridge National Laboratory for their technical and artistic contributions in preparing and publishing this report. In addition, we would like to thank all the participants for their contributions to the programs and all the authors who prepared the project abstracts that comprise this report. Acknowledgments i 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES Nomenclature or List of Acronyms List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Nomenclature 13C{1H} proton-decoupled, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance 1MN 1-methylnaphthalene 2MHPD 2-methylheptadecane 2-PE 2-phenylethanol 3D three-dimensional 4-MA 4-methylanisole AART adjustable-angle reciprocating tribometer ACEC Advanced Combustion & Emission Controls ACI advanced compression ignition Add additive AEC Advanced Engine Combustion AF antifoaming Ag silver AHRR apparent heat release rate AKI Anti-Knock Index Al2O3 aluminum oxide Alt alternative amu atomic mass unit ANL Argonne National Laboratory AO antioxidant ATDC after top dead center ATDCf after top dead center firing ATF automatic transmission fluid atm atmospheres AVFL Advanced Vehicle/Fuel/Lubricants AW antiwear Bench. benchmark BHT butylated hydroxy toluene BL boundary lubrication ii Nomenclature or List of Acronyms 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES BMEP brake mean effective pressure BOB blendstock for oxygenate blending BOV base oil viscosity BP boiling point BPE branched polyethylene bsDPM brake specific diesel particulate matter bsfc, BSFC brake specific fuel consumption bsHC brake specific hydrocarbon bsNOx brake specific NOx BTDC before top dead center BTE brake thermal efficiency C3H6 propene CA capping agents CA50 crank angle at which 50% of the heat has been released or mass fraction burned CAD crank angle degrees CAP Clean Air Power CCV cold crank viscosity CDC conventional diesel combustion CF #2 ULSD emissions-certification fuel CFD computational fluid dynamics CI compression-ignition CN cetane number CNP capping agents functionalized nanoparticle Co cobalt CO2 carbon dioxide COF coefficient of friction Comb. combustion Conv. conventional COV coefficient of variation COVIMEP coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure cP centipoise Nomenclature or List of Acronyms iii 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES CPN cyclopentanone CRADA Cooperative Research and Development Agreement CRAFT Complete Reduction to Amplitude-Frequency Table CRC Coordinating Research Council cSt centistoke Cu copper dB decibel DI direct injection DLS dynamic light scattering DOC diesel oxidation catalyst DP dispersant E0 100% gasoline E10 fuel mixture of 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline E100 100% ethanol E30 fuel mixture of 30% ethanol, 70% gasoline E50 fuel mixture of 50% ethanol, 50% gasoline E85 fuel mixture of 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline EDPCI E85–Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EF experimental formulation Eff. efficiency EGR exhaust gas recirculation EHL elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication EMD+ engine manufacturer diagnostics enhanced EMS engine management system EOT end of test EP extreme pressure eV electronvolt Da dalton DCN derived cetane number det. detergent iv Nomenclature or List of Acronyms 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES DFI ducted fuel injection DISI direct-injection spark ignition DLC diamond-like carbon DME dimethyl ether DMF 2,5-dimethylfuran DT detergent e.g. exempli gratia (for example) et al. et alli (and others) etc. et cetera (and so forth) FACE Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines Fe iron FE fuel efficiency FEI fuel economy improvement FMC Ford Motor Company FPT first pulse timing FREI flame with repetitive extinction and ignition FSN filter smoke number FTP Federal Test Procedure FM friction modifier FUL full useful lifetime FY fiscal year g/bhp-hr grams per brake horsepower-hour GCI gasoline compression ignition GEFORCE Gasoline Engine and Fuels Offering Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions Gen I Generation 1 Gen II Generation 2 GDI gasoline direct injection GIE gross indicated efficiency g/kWh grams per kilowatt-hour GM General Motors GPa gigapascal h hour Nomenclature or List of Acronyms v 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES H2O water HBPE hyperbranched polyethylene HC hydrocarbon HCCI homogeneous charge, compression ignition HD OBD heavy-duty on-board diagnostics HFS heavy fuel stratification HL hydrodynamic lubrication HO2 hydroperoxyl HoV heat of vaporization hp horsepower HSQC heteronuclear single quantum coherence HTHS high temperature high shear Hz hertz iBu100 100% isobutanol iBu24 blend containing 24% isobutanol, 76% gasoline iBuOH isobutanol ICPS in-cylinder pressure sensor ID ignition delay i.e. id est (that is) IL ionic liquid IMEP indicated mean effective pressure IMEPg gross indicated mean effective pressure IMT intake manifold temperature IQT ignition quality tester ITE indicated thermal efficiency ITHR intermediate temperature heat release J joule K Kelvin kDa kilodalton KLSA knock limited spark advance KOH potassium hydroxide kPa kilopascal vi Nomenclature or List of Acronyms 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES ksi kilopound per square inch KV kinematic viscosity L liter lb·ft pound-foot LLFC leaner lifted-flame combustion LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LNF General Motors Generation II Ecotec engine LSPI low speed pre-ignition LTG General Motors Generation III Ecotec engine LTGCI low temperature gasoline compression ignition LTHR low temperature heat release Max maximum MBT maximum brake torque MD molecular dynamics MFB mass fraction burned MFS moderate fuel stratification min minute ML mixed lubrication mm millimeter mm3 cubic millimeter mm/s millimeter per second Mn number average molecular weight MoDTC molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate MoN molybdenum nitride MON Motor Octane Number MPa megapascal mPa·s millipascal-second mpg miles per gallon m/s meters per second ms milliseconds MS milestone Nomenclature or List of Acronyms vii 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES MSOIc main start of injection MTM Mini Traction Machine MY model year N newton Nat naturally NBCX N-butylcyclohexane NDA non-disclosure agreement NEI N-eicosane NG natural gas NH3 ammonia Ni nickel NL natural luminosity nm nanometer N·m newton meter NMEP net mean effective pressure NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOx oxides of nitrogen NOD N-octadecane NP nanoparticle NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NTC negative temperature coefficient O oxygen [O2] mole fraction of oxygen OCP olefin co-polymer OEM original equipment manufacturer OH hydroxide ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OSP oil soluble polyalkylene glycol oxi. oxident [P66614][DEHP] trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate viii Nomenclature or List of Acronyms 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES [P8888][DEHP] tetraoctylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate PAG polyalkylene glycol PAMA polyalkyl methacrylates PAO polyalphaolefin PFI port fuel injection PFS partial fuel stratification PHP perhydrophenanthrene PM particulate matter PMA polymethacrylate PMI particulate matter index PN particle number PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PoE polyolester PPD pour point depressant ppm parts per million Pres. pressure PRF primary reference fuel PRR pressure rise rate psi pounds per square inch PSOIc pilot start of injection Q1 first quarter RCCI reactivity controlled compression ignition RCF rapid compression facility RCM rapid compression machine RD387 fully blended research gasoline Ref reference Rg radius of gyration RMSECV root mean squared error cross validation RMSEP root mean squared error predicted RON Research Octane Number Rp flow similarity parameter Nomenclature or List of Acronyms ix 2015 ANNUAL REPORT / FUEL AND LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGIES rpm revolutions per minute s second S octane sensitivity (Research Octane Number - Motor Octane Number) SANS small-angle neutron scattering SCR selective catalytic reduction SD standard deviation SET Supplemental Emissions Test SI spark-ignition SINL spatially integrated natural luminosity SOI start of injection STEM scanning transmission electron microscopy SwRI Southwest Research Institute SWRS software requirements specification T temperature T50 A blend of 50 vol% certification fuel with 50 vol% tri-propylene glycol methyl ether (an oxygenate) T50% temperature at 50% conversion T90% temperature at 90% conversion T90 90% distillation
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