Spin-Polarization Measurement of the Quantum Yield from Solid Surfaces As Excited by High Harmonics of 100 Fs-Scale Laser Sources
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Appendix: Special Mathematical Functions
Appendix: Special Mathematical Functions For completeness this appendix briefly lists without further discussion the definiti tions and some important properties of the special functions occurring in the book. More detailed treatments can be found in the relevant literature. The "Handbook of Mathematical Functions" [AS70], the "Tables" by Gradshteyn and Rhyzik [GR65] and the compilation by Magnus, Oberhettinger and Soni [M066] are particularly useful. Apart from these comprehensive works it is worth mention ing Appendix B in "Quantum Mechanics I" by Messiah [Mes70], which describes a selection of especially frequently used functions. A.I Legendre Polynomials, Spherical Harmonics The Ith Legendre Polynom P,(x) is a polynomial of degree 1 in x, 1 d' 2 , P,(x) = 2'11 dx'(x - 1), 1 = 0, 1, ... (A.1) It has 1 zeros in the interval between -1 and +1; for even (odd) I, P,(x) is an even (odd) function of x. The associated Legendre junctions P"m(x) , Ixl ~ 1, are products of (1 - x2)m/2 with polynomials of degree 1 - m (m = 0, ... , I) , (A.2) The spherical harmonics Yi,m(fJ, c/» are products of exp (imc/» with polyno mials of degree m in sin fJ and of degree 1- m in cos fJ, where the fJ-dependence is given by the associated Legendre functions (A.2) as functions of x = cos fJ. For m ;::: 0, 0 ~ fJ ~ 7r we have Yi,m(fJ, c/» = (_1)m [(2~: 1) ~~: :;!! f/2 P',m(cos fJ)eim.p (A.3) = (_I)m [(2/+1) (/_m)!]1/2 . mfJ dm n( fJ) im.p 47r (1 + m)! sm d(cos fJ)m .q cos e The spherical harmonics for negative azimuthal quantum numbers are obtained via (A.4) 302 Appendix A reflection of the displacement vector x = r sin 0 cos </>, y = r sin 0 sin </>, z = r cos 0 at the origin (cf. -
A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy
A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak B.S. (Duke University) 2001 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2005 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Alessandra Lanzara, Chair Professor Dung-Hai Lee Professor Junqiao Wu Fall 2008 The dissertation of Christopher Matthew Jozwiak is approved. Chair Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Fall 2008 A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy Copyright c 2008 by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak Abstract A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Alessandra Lanzara, Chair The electronic spin degree of freedom is of general fundamental importance to all matter. Understanding its complex roles and behavior in the solid state, particularly in highly correlated and magnetic materials, has grown increasingly desirable as technology demands advanced devices and materials based on ever stricter comprehension and control of the electron spin. However, direct and efficient spin dependent probes of electronic structure are currently lacking. Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) has become one of the most successful experimental tools for elucidating solid state electronic structures, bolstered by continual breakthroughs in efficient instrumentation. In contrast, spin-resolved photoemis- sion spectroscopy has lagged behind due to a lack of similar instrumental advances. The power of photoemission spectroscopy and the pertinence of electronic spin in the current research climate combine to make breakthroughs in Spin and Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (SARPES) a high priority . -
A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Title A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54b701zz Author Jozwiak, Chris Publication Date 2010-06-11 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak B.S. (Duke University) 2001 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2005 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Alessandra Lanzara, Chair Professor Dung-Hai Lee Professor Junqiao Wu Fall 2008 The dissertation of Christopher Matthew Jozwiak is approved. Chair Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Fall 2008 A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy Copyright c 2008 by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak Abstract A New Spin on Photoemission Spectroscopy by Christopher Matthew Jozwiak Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Alessandra Lanzara, Chair The electronic spin degree of freedom is of general fundamental importance to all matter. Understanding its complex roles and behavior in the solid state, particularly in highly correlated and magnetic materials, has grown increasingly desirable as technology demands advanced devices and materials based on ever stricter comprehension and control of the electron spin. However, direct and efficient spin dependent probes of electronic structure are currently lacking. Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) has become one of the most successful experimental tools for elucidating solid state electronic structures, bolstered by continual breakthroughs in efficient instrumentation. In contrast, spin-resolved photoemis- sion spectroscopy has lagged behind due to a lack of similar instrumental advances. -
Arxiv:0912.3442V1 [Physics.Gen-Ph] 17 Dec 2009 3 Osraiediffusion Conservative 13
Stochastic Foundation of Quantum Mechanics and the Origin of Particle Spin 1, 2 L. Fritsche ∗ and M. Haugk 1 Institut f¨ur Theoretische Physik der Technischen Universit¨at Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 2Hewlett-Packard GmbH, Schickardtstr. 25 D-71034 B¨oblingen, Germany The present contribution is aimed at removing most of the obstacles in understanding the quan- tum mechanics of massive particles. We advance the opinion that the probabilistic character of quantum mechanics does not originate from uncertainties caused by the process of measurement or observation, but rather reflects the presence of objectively existing vacuum fluctuations whose action on massive particles is calibrated by Planck’s constant and effects an additional irregular motion. As in the theory of diffusion the behavior of a single particle will be described by an ensemble of identically prepared but statistically independent one-particle systems. Energy con- servation despite the occurrence of a Brownian-type additional motion is achieved by subdividing the ensemble into two equally large sub-ensembles for each of which one obtains an equation of motion that has the form of a Navier-Stokes- or “anti”-Navier-Stokes-type equation, respectively. By averaging over the total ensemble one obtains a new equation of motion which can be converted into the time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation. We clarify the problem of the uniqueness of the wave function and the quantization of orbital momentum. The concept allows the inclusion of electro- magnetic fields and can be extended to interacting N-particle systems. We analyze the problem of how an experimental setup can consistently be decomposed into the quantum system under study and the residual quantum system “apparatus”. -
1 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) J
Scanning Electron Microscopy With Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) J. Unguris, M.R. Scheinfein+ , M.H. Kelley, A. Gavrin, R.J. Celotta and D.T. Pierce Electron Physics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 +Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1504 ABSTRACT Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) is a technique for the high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic microstructure. It employs a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to create a finely focused electron beam on the surface of a ferromagnet; secondary electrons excited by the incident beam retain their spin-polarization when exiting the surface. A two dimensional map of the electron spin- polarization of these secondary electrons reveals the surface magnetization distribution for ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) systems. This chapter describes salient features of the electron probe forming optics, the electron spin-polarization analyzers with associated transport optics, and the signal processing electronics. We also give examples illustrating how SEMPA provides high resolution magnetization images of various classes of micromagnetic structure. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA)[1] is a technique that provides high resolution images of magnetic microstructure by measuring the spin polarization of low energy secondary electrons generated in a scanning electron microscope [2-5]. This is possible because the emitted secondary electrons retain the spin polarization present in the material; SEMPA therefore produces a direct image of the direction and magnitude of the magnetization in the region probed by the incident SEM electron beam. SEMPA determines all three components of the spin polarization, and hence of the magnetization.