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Spatial Adjustments of Furniture Industry Yingxin Wang

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Spatial Adjustments of Furniture Industry Yingxin Wang ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en UAB Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Department of Geography Ph. D. Thesis Spatial Adjustments of Furniture Industry. a Comparison of Spain and Denmark (2006-2015) Yingxin Wang Directors： Dr. Montserrat Pallares-Barbera, Dr. Ana Vera Barcelona, 2019 Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep indebted to my thesis supervisors Professor Montserrat Pallares-Barbera and Professor Ana Vera for their valuable instructions on my thesis. Without their encouragement, patient and insightful expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not be possible. I also deeply appreciate Professor Antoni F. Tulla in our department who gives many valuable and remarkable suggestions and recommendations. I would like to thank the kind support of Professor Niels Fold from University of Copenhagen as well. He is my supervisor of the traineeship program in University of Copenhagen. He tried his best to give me all kinds of help to ensure the success of the research about Denmark. At the meantime, great help from Professor Lars Winther from University of Copenhagen and Professor Mark Lorenzen from Copenhagen Business School shall always bear firmly in my mind. Abstract The main objective of the thesis is to analyse the most important factors of location strategies of the furniture industries in Spain and Denmark. The analysis combines both qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research includes the macro location strategies analysis of the industry and micro location strategies analysis of the companies in the clusters. Quantitative analysis (Grubel and Lloyd-GL index and multiple linear regression analysis) is to ascertain the important geographic economics factors affecting the Intra-Industry Trade. The analysis of the macro situation of the furniture industries of the two countries shows that Denmark has advantages in production and design. To compete with Denmark, Spain is trying to remedy their production decline by providing direct financial aid to these companies and encouraging furniture exports to emerging countries. Furthermore, Spain is putting more effort into its design-phase R&D. The analysis of the micro situation of the furniture companies in the clusters in the two countries shows that Denmark has advantages in transportation due to high consolidation levels. In this way, they reduce more costs than Spain. However, the companies in the two countries do not have comparative advantages in production and design due to the companies’ differing situations. The result also exhibits that production, design and promotion are important for the companies in clusters in the two countries. Transportation is less important than these three factors. However, from the macro point of view of the cluster, transportation is important since producers’ efficient consolidation of transport can lower the cost of the whole cluster. In the analysis of the Intra-Industry Trade, there are two important findings. One is that the Intra-Industry Trade in Spain is more diversified than in Denmark for the following two reasons. First, all the five major trade partners of Denmark are European countries. However, in the five major trade partners of Spain, only three of them are European countries, whilst two are non-European countries. Spain has much two way trade with these two countries because they can use the transportation advantage of the Mediterranean Sea. Second, the result of the regression analysis demonstrates that Spain undertakes frequent two way trade with high GDP countries. This phenomenon is not found in Denmark. Another finding is that the two countries compete for the European market due to geographical distances; additionally, common borders are important to both, and the main import and export markets for both countries are Europe. The dissertation has both contribution in the method and content. The method used in this thesis has some differences compare to the literature of the geographic economics. For example, in the quantitative research of the Intra-Industry Trade, the generalized least square regression method was used, which is different from the regression method used in other research. From the point of view of the content, the dissertation has contributions in the following three parts. First, it identified that the strategies used in the clusters in the two countries are different. The strategies of Spanish companies focus on the quality. Denmark emphasises the cost advantage and quality at the same time. Second, this dissertation discovered the characteristics of the national cluster of Denmark. Third, this analysis also talked about factors that are not mentioned in other analyses such as location decisions and two new trends of outsourcing. Key words: location strategies, furniture industry, cluster, Intra-Industry Trade, GL index, multiple linear regression Resumen El objetivo principal de la tesis es analizar los factores más importantes de las estrategias de ubicación de la industria del mueble en España y Dinamarca. El análisis combina investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Con la investigación cualitativa se desarrolla el análisis de estrategias de macro ubicación de la industria y el análisis de estrategias de micro ubicación de las empresas en clústeres. Con el análisis cuantitativo (índice de Grubel y Lloyd-GL y análisis de regresión lineal múltiple) se determinan los factores económicos geográficos importantes que afectan el Comercio Intra-Industrial. El análisis de la macro situación de las industrias de muebles de los dos países muestra que Dinamarca tiene ventajas en la producción y el diseño. Para competir con Dinamarca, España está tratando de remediar el declive de su producción al proporcionar ayuda financiera directa a estas empresas y al alentar la exportación de muebles a países emergentes. Además, España está dedicando mayor esfuerzo en su fase de diseño de I+D. El análisis de la micro situación de las empresas de muebles en clústeres en los dos países muestra que Dinamarca tiene ventajas en el transporte debido a altos niveles de consolidación. De esta forma, reducen más costes que España. Sin embargo, las compañías de ambos países no tienen ventajas comparativas en la producción y el diseño debido a las diferentes situaciones de las compañías. Los resultados del estudio también demuestran que hay tres factores, la producción, el diseño y la promoción, que son significativamente más importantes para las compañías en clústeres en los dos países. El transporte es menos importante que estos tres factores. Sin embargo, desde un punto de vista macro del clúster, el transporte es importante ya que puede reducir el costo de todo el clúster debido a la consolidación eficiente. El análisis del Comercio Intra-Industrial genera dos hallazgos importantes. Una es que el Comercio Intra-Industrial en España está más diversificado que en Dinamarca por las siguientes dos razones. La primera, los cinco principales socios comerciales de Dinamarca son países europeos. Sin embargo, en los cinco principales socios comerciales de España, solo tres de ellos son países europeos, mientras que dos son países no europeos. España tiene comercio bilateral con estos dos países no europeos porque pueden utilizar la ventaja de transporte del Mar Mediterráneo. La segunda razón, que se extrae del análisis de regresión, es que España realiza frecuentes intercambios comerciales con países con un PIB alto. Este fenómeno no se encuentra en Dinamarca. Otro hallazgo es que los dos países compiten por el mercado europeo debido a las distancias geográficas; además, las fronteras comunes son importantes para ambos, y los principales mercados de importación y exportación para ambos países son Europa. Esta tesis aporta implicaciones valiosas a nivel de método y de contenido. El método utilizado en esta tesis tiene algunas diferencias en comparación con la literatura de la economía geográfica. Por ejemplo, en la investigación cuantitativa del Comercio Intra-Industrial, se utilizó el método de regresión por mínimos cuadrados generalizado, que es diferente del método de regresión utilizado en otras investigaciones. Desde el punto de vista del contenido, la tesis tiene contribuciones en las siguientes tres partes. Primero, identificó que las estrategias utilizadas en los clusters de los dos países son diferentes. Las estrategias de las empresas españolas se centran en la calidad. Dinamarca enfatiza la ventaja de costos y la calidad al mismo tiempo. En segundo lugar, esta tesis descubrió las características del clúster nacional de Dinamarca. En tercer lugar, este análisis también identifica factores que no se mencionan en análisis previos en la literatura, como las decisiones de ubicación y dos nuevas tendencias de subcontratación. Palabras clave: estrategias de ubicación, industria del mueble, clúster, Comercio Intra-Industrial, índice de GL, regresión lineal múltiple Content List of tables ......................................................................................................................................
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