Pfadfinder Aus Wikipedia, Der Freien Enzyklopädie

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Pfadfinder Aus Wikipedia, Der Freien Enzyklopädie Pfadfinder aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Pfadfinder aus verschiedenen Ländern beim World Scout Moot 1996 Ein Pfadfinder ist ein Angehöriger der Pfadfinderbewegung, einer internationalen, unpolitischen Erziehungsbewegung für Kinder und Jugendliche, die nach der Pfadfindermethode arbeitet und Menschen aller Nationalitäten und Glaubensrichtungen offen steht. Ziel der Bewegung ist die Förderung der Entwicklung junger Menschen, damit diese in der Gesellschaft Verantwortung übernehmen können. Das erste experimentelle Pfadfinderlager wurde 1907 von Robert Baden-Powell, einem britischen General, auf dem englischen Brownsea Island durchgeführt. Baden- Powell entwickelte aus den Erfahrungen dieses Lagers die Prinzipien der Pfadfinderbewegung in seinem 1908 erschienenen Buch Scouting for Boys, das bis heute ein wichtiges Grundlagenwerk für die Pfadfinderarbeit ist. In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts breitete sich die Pfadfinderbewegung auf der ganzen Welt aus. Sie wurde schon nach wenigen Jahren in drei Altersstufen gegliedert, um altersgerechte Lern- und Erlebnisräume zu schaffen. Zur Pfadfinderbewegung gehörten 2006 weltweit mehr als 38 Millionen Kinder und Jugendliche aus 216 Ländern und Territorien in zahlreichen nationalen und internationalen Jugendverbänden, die im Wesentlichen in zwei weltweiten Dachverbänden zusammengeschlossen waren: der World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts und der World Organization of the Scout Movement. Etwa 300 Millionen Menschen haben bis heute der Pfadfinderbewegung angehört. Nur in sechs Staaten gab es 2006 keine Pfadfinderverbände: Andorra, Volksrepublik China, Kuba, Laos, Myanmar und Nordkorea.[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis [Verbergen] • 1 Pfadfindermethode • 2 Geschichte der Pfadfinderbewegung o 2.1 Gründung und weltweite Ausbreitung o 2.2 Ausbau der Pfadfinderbewegung o 2.3 Veranstaltungen und Zentren o 2.4 Modernisierung und Abspaltungen o 2.5 Pfadfinder in totalitären Staaten: Zwischen Verbot und Kollaboration o 2.6 Entwicklung im deutschsprachigen Raum • 3 Strukturen und Organisationen der Pfadfinderbewegung o 3.1 Weltweite Strukturen o 3.2 Nationale Pfadfinderverbände o 3.3 Altersstufen und Arbeitsformen • 4 Pfadfinderverbände im deutschsprachigen Raum o 4.1 Belgien o 4.2 Deutschland o 4.3 Liechtenstein o 4.4 Luxemburg o 4.5 Österreich o 4.6 Schweiz o 4.7 Südtirol (Italien) • 5 Symbole • 6 Besondere Einflüsse in Deutschland • 7 Literatur • 8 Quellen • 9 Weblinks Pfadfindermethode [Bearbeiten] Tschechisches Pfadfinderlager Zur Umsetzung seiner Erziehungsziele entwickelte Baden-Powell, der Gründer der Pfadfinderbewegung, eine eigenständige Methodik, die als Pfadfindermethode bezeichnet wird. Diese Methode wird von allen Pfadfinderverbänden angewendet, die Bedeutung einzelner Elemente wird von den (Dach)-Verbänden aber unterschiedlich gewichtet. Im Folgenden wird die Umsetzung der Pfadfindermethode in der World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) dargestellt. Die Beschreibungen von Ziel, Prinzipien und Methode können aber zu großen Teilen auch auf die World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) und auf Pfadfinderverbände, die weder WAGGGS noch WOSM angehören, übertragen werden.[2] WOSM definiert in ihrer Ordnung die Pfadfinderbewegung als „eine freiwillige, nicht- politische Erziehungsbewegung für junge Menschen, die offen ist für alle, ohne Unterschiede von Herkunft, Rasse oder Glaubensbekenntnis, übereinstimmend mit dem Ziel, den Prinzipien und der Methode, die vom Gründer der Bewegung entwickelt wurden.“[3] Ziel der Pfadfinderbewegung ist es, „zur Entwicklung junger Menschen beizutragen, damit sie ihre vollen körperlichen, intellektuellen, sozialen und geistigen Fähigkeiten als Persönlichkeiten, als verantwortungsbewusste Bürger und als Mitglieder ihrer örtlichen, nationalen und internationalen Gemeinschaft einsetzen können.“[3] Die Prinzipien der Pfadfinderbewegung sind ein Verhaltenskodex, der für alle Mitglieder gleichermaßen gilt und damit die Bewegung als ganzes prägt. WOSM benennt drei Grundprinzipien, die als Verpflichtungen formuliert werden: • die Pflicht gegenüber Gott, • die Pflicht gegenüber Dritten und • die Pflicht gegenüber sich selbst.[3] Anstelle von „Pflicht gegenüber Gott“ wird häufig auch von einer Verpflichtung gegenüber einer höheren Macht gesprochen, um nicht-monotheistische Religionen einzubeziehen. Die Pfadfindermethode, mit deren Hilfe das Ziel der Pfadfinderbewegung erreicht und die genannten Prinzipien erfüllt werden sollen, ist ein System fortschreitender Selbsterziehung aus vier Elementen:[3] • Pfadfindergesetz und Pfadfinderversprechen, • Learning by Doing (Lernen durch Tun), • Bildung kleiner Gruppen, • Fortschreitende und attraktive Programme verschiedenartiger Aktivitäten. Die Pfadfindermethode umfasst die genannten vier Elemente als Ganzes, wenn einzelne Elemente weggelassen werden, wird nach Aufffassung von WOSM keine Pfadfinderarbeit mehr geleistet. „Pfadfindergesetz“ (in einigen Verbänden: Pfadfinderregeln) und „Pfadfinderversprechen“ dienen vor allem der Verpflichtung auf die gemeinsamen Werte der Pfadfinderbewegung, wobei das in allen Verbänden ähnliche Pfadfindergesetz das Wertesystem festlegt, während durch das persönlich abzulegende Versprechen die Selbstverpflichtung des Einzelnen auf diese Werte und die Bindung an die Pfadfinderbewegung verstärkt werden. Mit der Betonung des „Learning by Doing“ (Lernen durch Tun) wird das erfahrungs- und handlungsorientierte Lernen als zentrale Lernmethode der Pfadfinderbewegung festgelegt. Hauptziel der „Bildung kleiner Gruppen“ wie beispielsweise der Sippen ist die frühzeitige Übernahme von Verantwortung und die Erziehung zu Selbstständigkeit, um zur Entwicklung des Charakters beizutragen. Damit werden die Anerkennung von Verantwortlichkeit, Selbstvertrauen, Zuverlässigkeit und Bereitschaft zur Zusammenarbeit und Führung gefördert. Die „fortschreitenden und attraktiven Programme verschiedenartiger Aktivitäten“ bewirken dabei eine stufenweise, auf bereits erworbenen Erfahrungen aufbauende Erweiterung des jeweiligen Horizonts und eine langfristige Bindung an die jeweilige Gruppe. Zu den Aktivitäten können Spiele, der Erwerb sinnvoller Fertigkeiten und der Dienst im Gemeinwesen gehören; sie finden meist in engem Kontakt mit Natur und Umwelt statt und sollen die Interessen der Teilnehmer berücksichtigen. Um die unterschiedlichen Attraktivitäten in ein einheitliches Arbeitsprogramm einzubinden, haben viele Pfadfinderverbände aufeinander aufbauende Abzeichen- und Stufensysteme entwicklet. Diese allgemeinen Festlegungen zur Pfadfindermethode werden im Alltag der Gruppen in einer Vielfalt von einzelnen Elementen umgesetzt. Zu den häufigsten unter ihnen zählen: • regelmäßige Gruppenstunden in festen Gruppen, Entwicklung gemeinsamer Rituale, gemeinsame Kleidung (Pfadfinderkluft) • Zeltlager, Fahrten und internationale Begegnungen • frühzeitige Übernahme von Verantwortung (beispielsweise als Gruppenleiter/Sippenführer) und gleichberechtigte Partizipation aller in Entscheidungsprozessen • und damit einhergehend die freiwillige Selbstverpflichtung durch das Pfadfinderversprechen • Einübung von Pfadfindertechniken, Basteln und Werken • musisch-kulturelle Aktivitäten wie gemeinsames Singen und Musizieren • Naturerlebnis in Spielen und Erkundungen, Kennen Lernen von ökologischen Zusammenhängen • gesellschaftliches Engagement (beispielsweise durch Hilfsaktionen oder Altpapiersammlungen). Geschichte der Pfadfinderbewegung [Bearbeiten] Robert Baden-Powell, Gründer der Pfadfinderbewegung Gründung und weltweite Ausbreitung [Bearbeiten] 1899 veröffentlichte der englische General Baden-Powell für die britische Armee das Buch „Aids to Scouting“ (Anleitung zum Kundschafterdienst), das wegen Baden- Powells Heldenstatus aus dem zweiten Burenkrieg bei den Jugendlichen in England großes Interesse auslöste. Als Baden-Powell 1903 nach seiner Rückkehr nach England feststellte, dass überall nach seinem Buch „Kundschafter“ gespielt wurde, begann er, aus diesem Spiel ein – heute würde man sagen erlebnispädagogisches – Konzept zur Jugenderziehung zu entwickeln. Zur Erprobung dieses Konzepts veranstaltete er vom 31. Juli bis zum 9. August 1907 ein erstes Lager auf Brownsea Island. Daran nahmen 22 Jungen aus verschiedenen sozialen Schichten teil. Sie trugen einheitliche Uniformen, um die sozialen Unterschiede zu verdecken.[4] Aufbauend auf diesen Erfahrungen veröffentlichte Baden-Powell 1908 eine für Jugendliche überarbeitete Version von „Aids to Scouting“ unter dem Titel Scouting for Boys.[5] In diesem Buch benannte er den Ritter St. Georg, der einen Drachen getötet haben soll, als Schutzpatron der Pfadfinder. Nach seinem Vorbild sollten Pfadfinder ritterlich und ehrlich handeln, anderen Menschen Freund sein, Hilfsbedürftige und Schwache unterstützen und die Umwelt schützen. Obwohl das in „Scouting for Boys“ Dargestellte eigentlich nur die Methodik der schon existierenden Jugendverbände ergänzen sollte, entstanden auch außerhalb dieser Verbände viele Pfadfindergruppen. Um diese Bewegung in England zusammenzufassen wurde noch 1908 die Boy Scout Association gegründet. Gleichzeitig entstanden in vielen anderen Ländern ebenfalls Pfadfindergruppen, so dass es schon vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg auf allen Kontinenten – mit Ausnahme der Antarktis – Pfadfindergruppen gab. Für diesen großen Erfolg und die rasche Ausbreitung der Pfadfinderidee gab es mehrere Gründe. Maßgeblich in Großbritannien, den Dominions und den britischen Kolonien waren die gezielten Pressekampagnen und die Lobbyarbeit, die Baden- Powell gemeinsam
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