Redalyc.GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION: WHAT IS

Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica ISSN: 0185-1101 [email protected] Instituto de Astronomía México

Aguiar, O. D.; Graviton Collaboration GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION: WHAT IS NEW Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, vol. 40, 2011, pp. 299-304 Instituto de Astronomía Distrito Federal, México

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert as,atrhl etr ftertcldbt (from debate theoretical of century a half after cause, amplitudes their fundamental of two phases. combination and these a in by decomposed propagation. polarizations ellipti- be wave and can circular, the perpen- cal) (linear, of plane polarization direction the wave Any in the cross, to and polariza- dicular plus independent named two tions, have waves these tivity, at light. Universe of the speed through the travelling spacetime, distortions the ac- be of the would by masses, of caused movements waves, celerated gravitational These should exist. waves gravitational that Relativity General of noeain on oa prdn,udrcntuto,o tl spoet.I pa In projects. as still Words: or Key construction, detector. under Schenberg upgrading, Brazilian radi the an this spheres, about of to In bars, observation (interferometers, going astrophysics. detectors the and operation, relevant physics for all in of window of knowledge status founda new our the the a in of about open revolution one a test will will cause and They will relativity, millennium. general this of reas of main theory gravitatio beginning the the f of observation for of after goals regular One technologi date, scientific the growing. to toughest and continuously results detection the is wave null of area gravitational the this one Despite in been involved engineers. community has and detection physicists wave experimental gravitational by for quest The acerca más detalle hablaré con particular En proyecto. acer Schenberg. satélites en CMB) actualizado y construcción o reporte telescopios están en daré un n radio charla revolución en esferas, esta causará una Einst (interferómetros, gravitaci barras, seguramente En de astrof´ısica. ondas cual, general detección la de lo relatividad primera f´ısica y la universo, teor´ıa observación la de f´ısica, del la la la que de comi para es fundamentos el esto los para más importantes de de metas ´ uno las razones en de involucrada principales son comunidad ellas las búsqueda, de observación la ingenieros de años regular de los Una cuatro después y desaf´ıos de tecnol´ creciendo. f´ısicos fecha los experimentales jamás la los de enfrentado hasta uno han obtenidos sido se ha gravitacionales que ondas los detección de la búsqueda de La eMxA(ei eConferencias) de (Serie RevMexAA o,S 22-1,Bai ([email protected]). Brazil 12227-010, Ca SP São José dos pos, 1758, Astronautas dos trof´ısica, Avenida 1 oee,oemyak ote elyeit Be- exist? really they Do ask: may one However, Rela- General of theory Einstein’s to According theory his from proved himself Einstein 1916, In nttt ainld eqia saii,Dvsa eAs- Divisão de Espaciais, Pesquisas de Nacional Instituto .GAIAINLWVS OTHEY DO WAVES: GRAVITATIONAL 1. rvttoa ae ntuetto:detectors instrumentation: — waves gravitational RVTTOA AEDTCIN HTI NEW IS WHAT DETECTION: WAVE GRAVITATIONAL ELYEXIST? REALLY .D Aguiar D. O. , 40 9–0 (2011) 299–304 , 1 o h rvtnCollaboration Graviton the for ABSTRACT RESUMEN m- rtn sol xetdt eosre o gravi- a for observed a wave”. be of “tsunami to diameter tational expected the only than is smaller proton, times thousand ten hyhv eytn amplitudes. tiny very have they detect. to hard are they because is emission. an their rather by but caused loss) detected, energy directly because (orbital observation, not effect indirect are an waves is the gravita- It removed of emission energy waves. the by tional by explained peri- motion orbital be orbital their only from their can in that Hulse. decay ods and present Taylor systems by discovered These as 1913+16 such systems, PSR binary pulsar the few a from comes rect, detection confirmed. direct be a to search, yet observational has 1965 of (from decades 2010) four to than more and 1965) to 1916 h mltd of amplitude because is The It detect? to hard so they are why So, reason The yet? detected been they haven’t Why indi- although evidence, observational good Some a ae r mn h otimportant most the among are waves nal noeaio,´ culzcńylsque los operación, ó actualización y en ad oo o eetrsrelevantes detectores los todos de ca nod semlno la probarán Ellas milenio. este de enzo ea elsrslao nulos resultados los de pesar A . -eecps n M satellites), CMB and o-telescopes, akIwl iea pae report updated an give will I talk i bi´ n uv ventana nueva abrirá una y ein n o hsi eas h first the because is this for ons h h nvre hc certainly which universe, the u eae frsac,the research, of decades our = tclr ilgv details give will I rticular, in fpyis Einstein’s physics, of tions etacmrnio ela comprensión de uestra a hlegsee faced ever challenges cal LL< δL/L e eetrbrasileiro detector del gcsmás dif´ıciles a ogicos sa´rah ido área ha esta 10 − 19 nlsyla y onales hc is which , 299 © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert htno light! of photon M aelts hycvrmn rqec bands 10 frequency of range many the cover in They and satellites. about telescopes, talk CMB radio im- will spheres, been I bars, never implemented interferometers, have those them Of of plemented. Most de- wave projects. gravitational tector proposed of dozens been have 9 rvtn!Ti s10 is only This are which gravitons! kHz, 290 3.2 around modes quadrupolar cebr eetr h nrisascae othese to ( associated amplitudes energies the detector, Schenberg ryof ergy hc ilrsl na nraeo 0010 nthe in 1000–1500 of sensitivity, increase in an increase in result 10-12-fold will a which have science to six pected The analyzed. 2014. being still in is They operation data in run now. back performance be advanced will an being now to are interferometers upgraded LIGO initial the the has October All for sensitivity designed in project. the that ended to run equal science one practically fifth been last the The From 2010. been far. have runs so science science Six performed called 2002. so September the in the and mode in 2001 runs in started occurred interferometers runs universities/institutions. engineering 60 first around than The more and involves people light-milliseconds) collaboration 600 and 10 LIGO Livingston and The (about site arms. km site. apart. Livingston km 3030 Hanford the 2 are the at with at Hanford is two one arms other and km the arms 4 km with 4 One with two of Telescope. EINSTEIN one the least future: at the and for LCGT, project and big Australia) AIGO in one LIGO construction: under (or and two and also GEO600, three are Hanford There TAMA300, CLIO. are: VIRGO, in far Livingston), (two so in constructed interferometers been LIGO have that tors one. electrical an into signal mechanical converts elec- not) this An or (resonant resonate. transducer mechanically tromechanical and energy wave absorb the mechanical that from (high bodies loss resonant low Factor) very Quality while are wave, spheres gravitational a and of bars bodies passage test the of by distances caused the between differences tect frequency high detection. very kHz) about 10 here (above talk to going not am 300 .GAIAINLWV DETECTORS WAVE GRAVITATIONAL 2. ic ee’ ineigwr nte6’ there 60’s the in work pioneering Weber’s Since vni hscs,adtkn noacutthe account into taking and case, this in Even hnLG eue prto n21,i sex- is it 2014, in operation resumes LIGO When up made are interferometers LIGO three The detec- interferometer ground long-base seven The de- interferometers interferometry, laser Using ∼ 6 × δL 10 − ∼ − 28 18 10 olso h eetrsnatural detector’s the on Joules zaltewyu o10 to up way the all Hz − 19 ee)wuddpsten- deposit would meter) − 9 ie h nryo a of energy the times 4 z I Hz. AGUIAR UA,adteIainEPOE,i CERN in EXPLORER, Italian Rouge the Baton NIOBE, in and follows: ALLEGRO, as (USA), were (Australia), which K, Perth others, 4 cryo- in three about five to The were cooled data. were there receiving ago VIRGO bars years genic of Ten upgrading re- the will (2011–2013). They during operational Padova). (near main and Legnaro Rome), Italy. in (near Frascati in AURIGA in both bar located operation, is mK) NAUTILUS in 100 antennas) about (or to detectors (cooled ultra-cryogenic two India, facility. from this claiming 2011. the project also interferometer October under is laser in Australia a come in IndIGO, will LIGO the LIGO-Australia of Hanford hardware name arm the final interferometer km of The power installation 2 LIGO. far, the optical with for collaboration high decision so in m facility 80 test has, an only Observatory, Gravitational-wave temper- low very to down atures. cooled mirrors Kamioka with the and in mine construction underground under CLIO, is like LCGT operate, will km. 3 of arms will have a which is Telescope), wave It (Large-scale Gravitational Cryogenic LCGT for (underground). detector mine prototype Kamioka cryogenic the in cated one. is designed sensitivity the present to Its close pretty 2002. in commis- and started operations m It sioning 600 Germany. Hannover, of Illes in arms located les is has de interferometer Universitat The the Balears. and universities British world 2000–2002. the of in period obser- sensitivity the begin best during to the interferometer achieving large vations, 2005. first in the started was project The It Tokyo. Observa- in Astronomical Japan, National of tory the at located eter 2014. in now, operation version into advanced come an will to LIGO, which upgraded like being VIRGO, now other is all sensitivity. surpass in will interferometers Telescope; EINSTEIN EINSTEIN operational inter- named when underground Europe, large in col- a VIRGO for ferometer The plans Italy. has Pisa, laboration near lo- Cascina, is in 2003, in cated runs interferom- commissioning arm started km which 3 eter, The Poland. Ini- and Netherlands, of years Advanced three of than day more LIGO. One worth tial be will events. LIGO detectable of rate ATLSadARG r h ae fthe of names the are AURIGA and NAUTILUS International Australian the AIGO, lo- interferometer Japonese arm m 100 a is CLIO and German involving collaboration a is GEO600 interferom- Japonese arm m 300 a is TAMA300 Italy, France, involving collaboration a is VIRGO © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert unyrneo 0H–0kz h pc interfer- 10 space the the cover kHz, Hz–10 will 10 fre- ometers of the interferometers, range cover ground range quency resonant-spheres, lower the much and While a resonant-bars cover frequencies. to able of de- are the they to gravitationally tectors, free also cou- and are which mechanically crust, they Earth’s ples of Because motions seismic the Observer). from Bang (Big BBO and Observatory) wave (Deci-hertz Gravitational DECIGO Interferometer Japonese Interferometer the (Laser Antenna), LISA Space NASA-ESA the as such later. to return SCHENBERG will Mario I which and an- Mini-GRAIL spherical resonant-mass tennas: two of are composed there Finally, detectors sensitiv- interferometers. similar the had with they ities when decade, VIRGO last and the LIGO over from data with together analyzed 2010. and 2007, 2001, in respectively, operation, stopped They (Switzerland). usrTmn ra ET) hycvrG fre- GW 10 European cover between They the quencies (EPTA). and Array Parkes Timing (PPTA), Pulsar Array the Timing Waves), Pulsar Gravitational Nanohertz of American Observatory (North NANOGrav searches: better-than-nuclear-clock- pulsars. these space the and in Earth wave between gravitational passage wavelength the long pulses. by a model caused of the be would and discrepancies pulses These of measured the hope of the ar- rivals time in the between models (residuals) discrepancies series by finding while time respective their a pulse with in theoretical compared once and every sin- telescopes The monitored regular radio extremely are waves. of pulsars dozens gravitational gle of of series time detection pulse the for ing band. 10 CS most out rule Ar- or GWs Kilometer models. detect Square should the (SKY) and ray models, (CS) string LISA. and LIGO to tary ev nipito h lcrmgei CMB. electromagnetic the al- waves on these imprint gravitational an wavelength simple: leave is size detection Universe as of polarization. most such principle B-mode the satellites, Here electromagnetic onboard for or detectors Planck) land Background) (on Microwave searching (Cosmic CMB − hr r loitreoee rjcsi space, in projects interferometer also are There been already have bars these of four from Data he ao ruswr omdfrthese for formed were groups major Three search- of way new a is Arrays Timing Pulsar oeigtevr o rqec ad from band, frequency low very the Covering cosmic few a out ruling are sets data Current 18 o10 to − 15 z hr r h electromagnetic the are there Hz, − 9 n 10 and − 4 Hz–10 − 8 RVTTOA AEDTCIN301 DETECTION WAVE GRAVITATIONAL z–complemen- – Hz 2 zfrequency Hz 10 cetfi omnt a oei h at40years 400 window. past electromagnetic the the in for done has community scientific eal fti rteepeiu hsso u bounc- our Bang, of Big phases Universe. previous no important ing these was or with there this us of If details provide Bang. will waves Big gravitational a not was or of theory consistent auto gravity. an Uni- quantum formulate the to in tool dimensions and a extra verse of therefore, investigation be, the for would on effects waves these gravitational by of anticipated the study The ones Relativity. the General the from differently waves occur intensity, gravitational may the of on ex- polarization effects and these propagation special in and “transit” dimensions, have tra will gravity spacetime, and anticipated, even surprises. or other known besides yet reality, gravi- not a when phenomena becomes confirmed astronomy be wave may tational which anticipated theory, events, and vibra- exotic from strings other Bang, cosmic and Big monopoles, bubbles, cosmic of the collisions of or relics tions stars, or- binary into stars, holes dinary neutron black rotating and holes, stars black of supermassive fall the neu- modes, stars, star boson tron stars, quark hole, and stars, MA- pulsars black neutron (PBHs), rotating a binaries, holes black form compact primordial to as of CHOs cluster coalescence star and or inspiral star a col- of the supernovae, lapse namely, waves: gravitational of it. of knowledge probably will our which revolutionize Universe, the observe to window etebs ouinfragvncoc ffrequency; of choice given a to for antenna seems solution GW hollow) best A or the (massive be signal. shape the spherical increase a noise, the with to decrease try to hard can is one it in If max- go the signal. can or of noise imization ratio of minimization noise the to directions: two signal ratio. the signal-to-noise of maximizing Maximization by detector mass ntedffrn rqec ad fo 10 (from bands frequency different the in .GAIAINLWV SRNM:A ASTRONOMY: WAVE GRAVITATIONAL 3. 10 rvttoa ae iltl see fteewas there if even us tell will Waves Gravitational of four the than dimensions more has nature If sources astrophysical possible of host a is There new a open will Astronomy Wave Gravitational n a nraetesniiiyo resonant- a of sensitivity the increase can One l hseoti ofilu h aso h sky the of maps the up fill to is effort this All .SHRCLATNA N THE AND ANTENNAS SPHERICAL 4. z ftegaiainlwv idwa the as window wave gravitational the of Hz) E IDWT BEV THE OBSERVE TO WINDOW NEW CEBR DETECTOR SCHENBERG UNIVERSE − 18 to © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert ato h rvttoa aeeeg nomechan- into energy wave gravitational the of part of theories 1). other (Figure and gravitation Relativity General test six so, approximation and, the field weak identify the to in one polarizations allow general of will mode antenna monopolar spherical first a the in and modes observation five first quadrupolar the an the If monitoring by not window, electromagnetic signal. determined did the to quadrupolar is it a possible direction because of is wave criterion just It the noise in the pass complete. of much and identify complex more have information they is their because devices, di- Furthermore, (transducer) multi-sensor the with detector. wave principle, incoming single in the In a of determine, polarizations and can sphere. rection one the first so, of five doing modes all order quadrupolar monitor elec- In mechanical enough to install direction. transducers to any needs tromechanical one to this, implies blind accomplish also not to which are observation, they of that sensitivity direction same any the have in they means This omnidirec- respectively. of tionality. advantage 2006, the and have 2004 antennas Spherical in opera- happened commissioning This into tion. first go the to were antennas (Brazil), spherical Paulo Sao in this. SCHENBERG, realize to first the graduate was formers 60s, early Weber’s the direction). in of students any one in Forward, sensitivity Robert equal omnidi- has is (it and phonons) rectional into trans- gravitons (the of absorption formation GW the maximizes it because explo- The antenna. spherical resonant detector. the mode two to the the coupled of of transducer principle view the explains schematic view A sive 1. Fig. 302 smnindbfr,shrclatna convert antennas spherical before, mentioned As and Netherlands), (the Leiden in MiniGRAIL, AGUIAR silt iha mltd f10 of amplitude an with oscillate fkyto irwv aiis h ao difficulty major the cavities, de- microwave SCHENBERG klystron composed the transducers of o parametric case uses which the tector, traditional In the than one. resonant higher times 10,000 with transducer sensitivity non-resonant to a trying construct been and has design However, research this accomplish. in involved to group easy the not is factor which same 10,000, the of transducer by increased non-resonant sensitivity its have the am- must this loss, compensate factor to order plification In detection. the tates peia nen ooclaewt ufc ampli- surface 10 a of with SCHENBERG’s that tude oscillate the means to causes This antenna wave spherical mg. gravitational 3 a about if is trans- the mass and mass sensor kg, effective 287 ducer is spheres oscillation quadrupolar the a because for 10,000, is amplification factor this the 2) For ef- (Figure mass. detector sphere’s sensor SCHENBERG the transducer between the and ratio to mass the equal fective of is root which square factor, the amplification However, the band. lose frequency wide they have a to words, in other sensitivity in good or, the wideband detector be the to capability give can transducers Non-resonant modes recorded these processed, analyzed. is and in which signal, stored electrical an energy con- into surface mechanical its the modes. on installed vert quadrupolar transducers sphere’s few a the Then, of oscillation ical explo- The antenna. spherical resonant detector. the mode two to the the coupled of of transducer principle view the explains schematic view A sive 2. Fig. rndcr a ersnn rnon-resonant. or resonant be can Transducers − 21 ,tetasue esrms will mass sensor transducer the m, − 17 ,wihfacili- which m, © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert hi eindsniiiis ilb eyrlal in- reliable very be will sensitivities, designed their resonant of set new the with soon. run 6). a transducers start (Figure have to pot we hope 1K and We transduc- refrigerator’s now, dilution of construction a set under installed new is complete which a ers, antennas, designed microstrip have and we cabling isola- the vibration for and system suspension tion new We 5). a detector. designed and the have 4 upgrading been (Figure have we system 2008, the Since testing 2008, and 2006 (the FAPESP MCT. by and CAPES, supported CNPq, Research), been for Foundation has State São Paulo it and and UWA, University, LSU for- Leiden the some as also universities eign and UNICAMP, UNIPAMPA, col- IFSP, and a UNIFESP, IAE, involves ITA, UFABC, USP, It INPE, such as institutions 2006. Brazilian September, many between of laboration 8th operation the commissioning on started (Brazil) Detector the in 3). come (Figure to future near from in those achievements with recent post challenge the together a the using nanotechnology is by of It solve to top nanometer! hope one we the to at micron 10 cavity mem- about silicon the sensor the and between brane gap the reduce to is not curves, project are these of data. actual All and (orange). (pink) TAMA300 GEO600 (green), blue), LIGO (light VIRGO advanced (blue), Interfer- plotted: LIGO mK). also (10 are curves temperatures oper- ometer fridge kg), V-shaped configuration dilution 239 usual The at its kg, ating with Schenberg 301 Schenberg. is kg, curve being kg red 414 frequency 1150 kg, lowest (masses: 547 array the the kg, for non- 744 chose each we cavity (Schenberg), spheres represent 6 klystron curves the dashed broad- nanogap of The Schenberg a the transducer. using for resonant curve detector sensitivity band The 3. Fig. peia eetr,we ul prtoa at operational fully when detectors, Spherical of period the during runs few a performed We Wave Gravitational SCHENBERG Mario The RVTTOA AEDTCIN303 DETECTION WAVE GRAVITATIONAL n oreo nryi h aiu rqec bands frequency coher- various a the vari- in is in energy wave phase of the coherent source correct because ent a bands, the form even frequency provide will an ous to They is able sampled system, system and system. converter reliable apart) A/D more meters same few the with a (only together noise ordinary from probability. signal high real a a already with separate which to signal, six-sensor robust detected helps a has a being always about hand, antenna information other spherical ar- the a and On instrument, direction wave time. the rival elec- about valu- the information provides from noise which able confirmation necessary, the is a to band cases, close tromagnetic comes these it In if level. to signal difficult burst very is a it confirm therefore the times, to wave different and at gravitational interferometers bars the A at arrives signal detectors. burst sensor are single bars, the only like six-sensor interferometers, are the they while because detectors is reason The struments. elec- transducer’s transducer). the one of (for diagram circuit schematic tronic The 4. Fig. naryo i pee,we lcdcoeenough close placed when spheres, six of array An © 2011: Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM - XIII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting Ed. W. J. Henney & S. Torres-Peimbert etil otiuet u nweg fit. will of resonant-mass) knowledge the our by to (absorp- energy contribute principle wave certainly physical the different of a tion detecting Furthermore, with wave system. a detecting a such of reservoir. helium liquid the of wall bottom the to transduc- installed see amplifiers close these microwave to cryogenic from three three possible coming the and the also and ers is of going It lines surface cabling sphere seen. the be the can on transducers position initial The 5. Fig. 304 o h rnlto fteasrc oSpanish. to (under FAPESP abstract by the supported been of has work translation This the for on polariza- role its important and discoveries. an sky new play these the probably in will they signal tions, the of origin the 700. involve can it now gravi- authors, only a thirty involve 80s, would about paper the analysis In data wave decade. tational past the growing in been significantly has community wave gravitational the high. very is them. in transit have i,etaaatc omlgcl n vnfo pre- from even universes. and vious cosmological, extragalactic, tic, att hn alsEuroCedeño Eduardo Montaña Carlos thank to want I determine to able are antennas spherical Because discoveries, these of importance the by Explained discoveries revolutionary new of probability waves The gravitational exist, extra-dimensions If h pcrmge rm10 from goes spectrum The galac- be: can waves gravitational of sources The .CONCLUSIONS 5. − 18 zt 10 to Hz 10 Hz. AGUIAR ai SCHENBERG, Mario Telescope, EINSTEIN AIGO, aksPla iigAry(PPTA), Array Timing Pulsar Parkes NANOGrav, No. grant MCT/INPE. (under and CNPq CAPES 303310/2009-0), 2006/56041-3), No. grant to access provide detector. steps to the nine of built top and Two were the meters ladders mounted, easier. was 1.5 pool work floor assembly swimming about the wooden raised made a was which it sphere Beneath The immobilized. 6. Fig. FW(ls.QatmGa.2 20)251 (14pp) 225011 (2008) 25 Grav. Quantum (Class. HFGW MINIGRAIL, uoenPla iigAry(EPTA), Array Timing Pulsar European qaeKlmteAry(SKA), Array Kilometre Square i agOsre (BBO), Observer Bang Big LISA, EIO( nopfpeetdWednes- presented Ando.pdf (2 DECIGO VIRGO, LIGO, CT(04 LCGT GEO, a at and amaldiproject8tuesday623/presentations-1 day php?project=MHzDetector and br/video/ graviton/index.html csiro.au/research/pulsar/ppta/ astron.nl/~stappers/epta/doku.php skatelescope.org/ amaldi8projectwednesday624/abstracts a at day int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=27 caltech.edu/ wiki/Big_Bang_Observer ego-gw.it/virgodescription/pag_4.html http://www.geo600.org/ http://www.aigo.org.au/ www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gr/LCGT.pdf http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/gravity/project. http://www.ligo.org/ http://lisa.nasa.gov/andhttp://sci.esa. http://www.virgo.infn.it/andhttp://www. http://www.nanograv.org/ http://www.minigrail.nl/ uoapfpeetdTues- presented Kuroda.pdf REFERENCES http://sites.google.com/site/ http://sites.google.com/site/ http://www.et-gw.eu/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.das.inpe.br/ ) http://www.das.inpe. e http://www.atnf. http://www.ligo. http://www. http://www. ) )