The Future of Gravitational Wave Astronomy a Global Plan
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Arxiv:2009.10649V3 [Astro-Ph.CO] 30 Jul 2021
CERN-TH-2020-157 DESY 20-154 From NANOGrav to LIGO with metastable cosmic strings Wilfried Buchmuller,1, ∗ Valerie Domcke,2, 3, † and Kai Schmitz2, ‡ 1Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 2Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 3Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland (Dated: August 2, 2021) We interpret the recent NANOGrav results in terms of a stochastic gravitational wave background from metastable cosmic strings. The observed amplitude of a stochastic signal can be translated into a range for the cosmic string tension and the mass of magnetic monopoles arising in theories of grand unification. In a sizable part of the parameter space, this interpretation predicts a large stochastic gravitational wave signal in the frequency band of ground-based interferometers, which can be probed in the very near future. We confront these results with predictions from successful inflation, leptogenesis and dark matter from the spontaneous breaking of a gauged B−L symmetry. Introduction nal is too small to be observed by Virgo [17], LIGO [18] The direct observation of gravitational waves (GWs) and KAGRA [19] but will be probed by LISA [20] and generated by merging black holes [1{3] has led to an in- other planned GW observatories. creasing interest in further explorations of the GW spec- In this Letter we study a further possibility, metastable trum. Astrophysical sources can lead to a stochastic cosmic strings. Recently, it has been shown that GWs gravitational background (SGWB) over a wide range of emitted from a metastable cosmic string network can frequencies, and the ultimate hope is the detection of a probe the seesaw mechanism of neutrino physics and SGWB of cosmological origin. -
Phase Transitions and Gravitational Wave Tests of Pseudo-Goldstone Dark Matter in the Softly Broken Uð1þ Scalar Singlet Model
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 99, 115010 (2019) Phase transitions and gravitational wave tests of pseudo-Goldstone dark matter in the softly broken Uð1Þ scalar singlet model † Kristjan Kannike* and Martti Raidal National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, Tallinn 10143, Estonia (Received 26 February 2019; published 10 June 2019) We study phase transitions in a softly broken Uð1Þ complex singlet scalar model in which the dark matter is the pseudoscalar part of a singlet whose direct detection coupling to matter is strongly suppressed. Our aim is to find ways to test this model with the stochastic gravitational wave background from the scalar phase transition. We find that the phase transition which induces vacuum expectation values for both the Higgs boson and the singlet—necessary to provide a realistic dark matter candidate—is always of the second order. If the stochastic gravitational wave background characteristic to a first order phase transition will be discovered by interferometers, the soft breaking of Uð1Þ cannot be the explanation to the suppressed dark matter-baryon coupling, providing a conclusive negative test for this class of singlet models. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.99.115010 I. INTRODUCTION Is there any other way to test the softly broken Uð1Þ Scalar singlet is one of the most generic candidates for singlet DM model experimentally and to distinguish the the dark matter (DM) of the Universe [1,2], whose proper- particular model from more general versions of singlet scalar ties have been exhaustively studied [3–6] (see [7,8] for a DM? A new probe of physics beyond the Standard Model recent review and references). -
Aspects of Black Hole Physics
Aspects of Black Hole Physics Andreas Vigand Pedersen The Niels Bohr Institute Academic Advisor: Niels Obers e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This project examines some of the exact solutions to Einstein’s theory, the theory of linearized gravity, the Komar definition of mass and angular momentum in general relativity and some aspects of (four dimen- sional) black hole physics. The project assumes familiarity with the basics of general relativity and differential geometry, but is otherwise intended to be self contained. The project was written as a ”self-study project” under the supervision of Niels Obers in the summer of 2008. Contents Contents ..................................... 1 Contents ..................................... 1 Preface and acknowledgement ......................... 2 Units, conventions and notation ........................ 3 1 Stationary solutions to Einstein’s equation ............ 4 1.1 Introduction .............................. 4 1.2 The Schwarzschild solution ...................... 6 1.3 The Reissner-Nordstr¨om solution .................. 18 1.4 The Kerr solution ........................... 24 1.5 The Kerr-Newman solution ..................... 28 2 Mass, charge and angular momentum (stationary spacetimes) 30 2.1 Introduction .............................. 30 2.2 Linearized Gravity .......................... 30 2.3 The weak field approximation .................... 35 2.3.1 The effect of a mass distribution on spacetime ....... 37 2.3.2 The effect of a charged mass distribution on spacetime .. 39 2.3.3 The effect of a rotating mass distribution on spacetime .. 40 2.4 Conserved currents in general relativity ............... 43 2.4.1 Komar integrals ........................ 49 2.5 Energy conditions ........................... 53 3 Black holes ................................ 57 3.1 Introduction .............................. 57 3.2 Event horizons ............................ 57 3.2.1 The no-hair theorem and Hawking’s area theorem .... -
Gravitational Waves: First Joint LIGO-Virgo Detection
PRESS RELEASE I PARIS I 27 SEPTEMBER 2017 Gravitational waves: first joint LIGO-Virgo detection Scientists in the LIGO and Virgo collaborations have achieved the first ever three-detector observation of the gravitational waves emitted by the merger of two black holes. This is the first signal detected by the Advanced Virgo instrument, which joined observing runs by the two LIGO detectors on 1 August, and confirms that it is fully operational. It opens the way to considerably more accurate localization of the sources of gravitational waves. The discovery is published by the international collaboration that runs the three detectors, including teams from the CNRS, in the journal Physical Review Letters. The announcement was made at a press briefing during a meeting of the G7-science1 in Turin, Italy. On the very same day, the CNRS awarded two Gold Medals to physicists Alain Brillet and Thibault Damour for their major contributions to the detection of gravitational waves2. Black holes are the final stage in the evolution of the most massive stars. Some black holes form a pair, orbiting around each other and gradually getting closer while losing energy in the form of gravitational waves, until a point is reached where the process suddenly accelerates. They then end up coalescing into a single black hole. Merging black holes have already been observed three times by the LIGO detectors, in 2015 and early 20173. This time, three instruments detected the event on 14 August 2017 at 10:30 UTC, enabling vastly improved localization in the sky. This new event confirms that pairs of black holes are relatively common, and will contribute towards the study of such objects. -
Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 26 Issue 3 2005 Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights Ralph Wilde University of London Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Ralph Wilde, Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights, 26 MICH. J. INT'L L. 739 (2005). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol26/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEGAL "BLACK HOLE"? EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTSt Ralph Wilde* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 740 II. EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTIVITIES ................................... 741 III. THE NEED FOR GREATER SCRUTINY ........................................ 752 A. Ignoring ExtraterritorialActivity ...................................... 753 B. GreaterRisks of Rights Violations in the ExtraterritorialContext .................................................... -
Observing Primordial Gravitational Waves Below the Binary-Black-Hole-Produced Stochastic Background
Digging Deeper: Observing Primordial Gravitational Waves below the Binary-Black-Hole-Produced Stochastic Background The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Regimbau, T. et al. “Digging Deeper: Observing Primordial Gravitational Waves below the Binary-Black-Hole-Produced Stochastic Background.” Physical Review Letters 118.15 (2017): n. pag. © 2017 American Physical Society As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.151105 Publisher American Physical Society Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108853 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. week ending PRL 118, 151105 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 14 APRIL 2017 Digging Deeper: Observing Primordial Gravitational Waves below the Binary-Black-Hole-Produced Stochastic Background † ‡ T. Regimbau,1,* M. Evans,2 N. Christensen,1,3, E. Katsavounidis,2 B. Sathyaprakash,4, and S. Vitale2 1Artemis, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d’Azur, CS 34229, Nice cedex 4, France 2LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 3Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA 4Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom (Received 25 November 2016; revised manuscript received 9 February 2017; published 14 April 2017) The merger rate of black hole binaries inferred from the detections in the first Advanced LIGO science run implies that a stochastic background produced by a cosmological population of mergers will likely mask the primordial gravitational wave background. -
Status of Advanced Virgo
EPJ Web of Conferences will be set by the publisher EPJDOI: Web will of beConferences set by the publisher182, 02003 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202003 ICNFPc Owned 2017 by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017 Status of Advanced Virgo F. Acernese51,17, T. Adams26, K. Agatsuma31, L. Aiello10,16, A. Allocca47,21,,a A. Amato28, S. Antier25, N. Arnaud25,8, S. Ascenzi50,23, P. Astone22, P. Bacon1, M. K. M. Bader31, F. Baldaccini46,20, G. Ballardin8, F. Barone51,17, M. Barsuglia1, D. Barta34, A. Basti47,21, M. Bawaj38,20, M. Bazzan44,18, M. Bejger5, I. Belahcene25, D. Bersanetti15, A. Bertolini31, M. Bitossi8,21, M. A. Bizouard25, S. Bloemen33, M. Boer2, G. Bogaert2, F. Bondu48, R. Bonnand26, B. A. Boom31, V. Boschi8,21, Y. Bouffanais1, A. Bozzi8, C. Bradaschia21, M. Branchesi10,16, T. Briant27, A. Brillet2, V. Brisson25, T. Bulik3, H. J. Bulten36,31, D. Buskulic26, C. Buy1, G. Cagnoli28,42, E. Calloni43,17, M. Canepa39,15, P. Canizares33, E. Capocasa1, F. Carbognani8, J. Casanueva Diaz21, C. Casentini50,23, S. Caudill31, F. Cavalier25, R. Cavalieri8, G. Cella21, P. Cerdá-Durán55, G. Cerretani47,21, E. Cesarini6,23, E. Chassande-Mottin1, A. Chincarini15, A. Chiummo8, N. Christensen2, S. Chua27, G. Ciani44,18, R. Ciolfi13,24, A. Cirone39,15, F. Cleva2, E. Coccia10,16, P.-F. Cohadon27, D. Cohen25, A. Colla49,22, L. Conti18, I. Cordero-Carrión56, S. Cortese8, J.-P. Coulon2, E. Cuoco8, S. D’Antonio23, V. Dattilo8, M. Davier25, C. De Rossi28,8, J. Degallaix28, M. De Laurentis10,17, S. Deléglise27, W. Del Pozzo47,21, R. De Pietri45,19, R. -
Observational Signatures from Tidal Disruption Events of White Dwarfs
Doctoral Dissertation 博士論文 Observational signatures from tidal disruption events of white dwarfs (白色矮星の潮汐破壊現象からの観測兆候) A Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2020 令和 2 年 12 月 博士(理学)申請 Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo 東京大学大学院理学系研究科物理学専攻 Kojiro Kawana 川名 好史朗 i Abstract Recent advances in optical surveys have yielded a large sample of astronomical transients, including classically known novae and supernovae (SNe) and also newly discovered classes of transients. Among them, tidal disruption events (TDEs) have a unique feature that they can probe massive black holes (MBHs). A TDE is an event where a star approaching close to a BH is disrupted by tides of the BH. The disrupted star leaves debris bound to the BH emitting multi-wavelength and multi-messenger signals, which are observed as a transient. The observational signatures of TDEs bring us insights into physical processes around the BH, such as dynamics in the general relativistic gravity, accretion physics, and environmental information around BHs. Event rates of TDEs also inform us of populations of BHs. A large number of BHs have been detected, but still there are big mysteries. The most mysterious BHs are intermediate mass BHs (IMBHs) because they are a missing link: there is almost no certain evidence of IMBHs, while there are many detections of stellar mass BHs and supermassive BHs (SMBHs). Searches for IMBHs are not only important to reveal mysteries of IMBHs themselves, but also to understand origin(s) of SMBHs. Several scenarios to form SMBHs have been proposed, but it is still unclear which scenario(s) are real in the Universe. -
Beyond Einstein: from the Big Bang to Black Holes
The Space Congress® Proceedings 2004 (41st) Space Congress Proceedings Apr 27th, 8:00 AM Panel Session II - Beyond Einstein: From the big bang to black holes Don Kniffen Beyond Einstein Program Scientist, NASA Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Kniffen, Don, "Panel Session II - Beyond Einstein: From the big bang to black holes" (2004). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 10. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-2004-41st/april-27/10 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEU Science ... accretion disks, Big Bang, black holes, cosmic magnetic fields, cosmic rays, dark energy, dark matter, extreme environments, gamma-ray bursts, jets, large-scale structure, microwave background, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, relativity, supernovae, ... 10-25 cm (UHE Cosmic Rays) to 1015 cm (Gravitational wave Great Decade: CMB fluctuations (COBE, BOOMERanG, MAXIMA, MAP, . - Gamma-Ray Bursts (CGRO, HETE-2, Swift, Glast, .. .) Ubiquity of black holes (Chandra, ASCA, HST, ...) Top priority: Answer the most profound questior raised, but not answered, by Einstein. Einstein's Predictions Completing Einstein's Legacy theory fails to explain the Three startling predictions of Einstein's relativity: Einsteiff's legacy is incomplete, his underlying physics of the very phenomena his work predicted • The expansion of the Universe (from a big bang) BIG BANG • Black holes What powered the Big Bang? • Dark energy acting against the pull of gravity Observations confirm these predictions .. -
Gravitational Waves with the SKA
Spanish SKA White Book, 2015 Font, Sintes & Sopuerta 29 Gravitational waves with the SKA Jos´eA. Font1;2, Alicia M. Sintes3, and Carlos F. Sopuerta4 1 Departamento de Astronom´ıay Astrof´ısica,Universitat de Val`encia,Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot (Val`encia) 2 Observatori Astron`omic,Universitat de Val`encia,Catedr´aticoJos´eBeltr´an2, 46980, Paterna (Val`encia) 3 Departament de F´ısica,Universitat de les Illes Balears and Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Cra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca 4 Institut de Ci`enciesde l'Espai (CSIC-IEEC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall´es(Barcelona) Abstract Through its sensitivity, sky and frequency coverage, the SKA will be able to detect grav- itational waves { ripples in the fabric of spacetime { in the very low frequency band (10−9 − 10−7 Hz). The SKA will find and monitor multiple millisecond pulsars to iden- tify and characterize sources of gravitational radiation. About 50 years after the discovery of pulsars marked the beginning of a new era in fundamental physics, pulsars observed with the SKA have the potential to transform our understanding of gravitational physics and provide important clues about the early history of the Universe. In particular, the gravi- tational waves detected by the SKA will allow us to learn about galaxy formation and the origin and growth history of the most massive black holes in the Universe. At the same time, by analyzing the properties of the gravitational waves detected by the SKA we should be able to challenge the theory of General Relativity and constraint alternative theories of gravity, as well as to probe energies beyond the realm of the standard model of particle physics. -
Arxiv:2009.06555V3 [Astro-Ph.CO] 1 Feb 2021
KCL-PH-TH/2020-53, CERN-TH-2020-150 Cosmic String Interpretation of NANOGrav Pulsar Timing Data John Ellis,1, 2, 3, ∗ and Marek Lewicki1, 4, y 1Kings College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom 2Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 3National Institute of Chemical Physics & Biophysics, R¨avala10, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia 4Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland Pulsar timing data used to provide upper limits on a possible stochastic gravitational wave back- ground (SGWB). However, the NANOGrav Collaboration has recently reported strong evidence for a stochastic common-spectrum process, which we interpret as a SGWB in the framework of cosmic strings. The possible NANOGrav signal would correspond to a string tension Gµ 2 (4×10−11; 10−10) at the 68% confidence level, with a different frequency dependence from supermassive black hole mergers. The SGWB produced by cosmic strings with such values of Gµ would be beyond the reach of LIGO, but could be measured by other planned and proposed detectors such as SKA, LISA, TianQin, AION-1km, AEDGE, Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Introduction: Stimulated by the direct discovery of for cosmic string models, discussing how experiments gravitational waves (GWs) by the LIGO and Virgo Col- could confirm or disprove such an interpretation. Upper laborations [1{8] of black holes and neutron stars at fre- limits on the SGWB are often quoted assuming a spec- 2=3 quencies f & 10 Hz, there is widespread interest in ex- trum described by a GW abundance proportional to f , periments exploring other parts of the GW spectrum. -
Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin- De-Siècle French Novel
Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin- de-Siècle French Novel The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tanner, Jessica Leigh. 2013. Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-Siècle French Novel. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10947429 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, WARNING: This file should NOT have been available for downloading from Harvard University’s DASH repository. Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-siècle French Novel A dissertation presented by Jessica Leigh Tanner to The Department of Romance Languages and Literatures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Romance Languages and Literatures Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2013 © 2013 – Jessica Leigh Tanner All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Janet Beizer Jessica Leigh Tanner Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-siècle French Novel Abstract This dissertation examines representations of prostitution in male-authored French novels from the later nineteenth century. It proposes that prostitution has a map, and that realist and naturalist authors appropriate this cartography in the Second Empire and early Third Republic to make sense of a shifting and overhauled Paris perceived to resist mimetic literary inscription. Though always significant in realist and naturalist narrative, space is uniquely complicit in the novel of prostitution due to the contemporary policy of reglementarism, whose primary instrument was the mise en carte: an official registration that subjected prostitutes to moral and hygienic surveillance, but also “put them on the map,” classifying them according to their space of practice (such as the brothel or the boulevard).