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The El Teniente Porphyry Cu–Mo Deposit from a Hydrothermal Rutile Perspective

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The El Teniente Porphyry Cu–Mo Deposit from a Hydrothermal Rutile Perspective Miner Deposita (2009) 44:849–866 DOI 10.1007/s00126-009-0252-4 ARTICLE The El Teniente porphyry Cu–Mo deposit from a hydrothermal rutile perspective Osvaldo M. Rabbia & Laura B. Hernández & David H. French & Robert W. King & John C. Ayers Received: 31 January 2009 /Accepted: 8 July 2009 /Published online: 5 August 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Mineralogical, textural, and chemical analyses in rutile from the high-temperature potassic core of the (EPMA and PIXE) of hydrothermal rutile in the El Teniente deposit to its low-temperature propylitic fringe remains porphyry Cu–Mo deposit help to better constrain ore relatively constant (35±3 ppm). Temperature and Mo content formation processes. Rutile formed from igneous Ti-rich of the hydrothermal fluids in addition to Mo/Ti ratio, modal phases (sphene, biotite, Ti-magnetite, and ilmenite) by abundance and stability of Ti-rich parental phases are key re-equilibration and/or breakdown under hydrothermal factors constraining Mo content and provenance in high- conditions at temperatures ranging between 400°C and temperature (≥550°C) rutile. The initial Mo content of parent 700°C. Most rutile nucleate and grow at the original mineral phases is controlled by melt composition and oxygen textural position of its Ti-rich igneous parent mineral phase. fugacity as well as timing and efficiency of fluid–melt The distribution of Mo content in rutile indicates that low- separation. Enhanced reduction of SO2-rich fluids and temperature (∼400–550°C), Mo-poor rutile (5.4±1.1 ppm) is sulfide deposition in the Fe-rich mafic wallrocks influences dominantly in the Mo-rich mafic wallrocks (high-grade ore), the low-temperature (≤550°C) rutile chemistry. The data are while high-temperature (∼550-700°C), Mo-rich rutile consistent with a model of fluid circulation of hot (>550°C), (186±20 ppm) is found in the Mo-poor felsic porphyries oxidized (ƒO2≥NNO+1.3), SO2-rich and Mo-bearing fluids, (low-grade ore). Rutile from late dacite ring dikes is a likely exsolved from deeper crystallizing parts of the notable exception to this distribution pattern. The Sb content porphyry system and fluxed through the upper dacite porphyries and related structures, with metal deposition Editorial handling: B. Lehmann dominantly in the Fe-rich mafic wallrocks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00126-009-0252-4) contains supplementary material, Keywords Rutile . El Teniente . Porphyry copper deposit . which is available to authorized users. Molybdenum . Chile O. M. Rabbia (*) : L. B. Hernández Instituto GEA, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3, Chile Introduction e-mail: [email protected] – D. H. French In the supergiant El Teniente Cu Mo deposit, Chile, the CSIRO, Lucas Heights Science and Technology Centre, role of the low-grade to barren felsic porphyries occupying P.M. Bag 7, the core of the deposit, is still a matter of debate (Skewes Bangor, NSW 2234, Australia and Stern 2007; Cannell et al. 2007). These small dacitic R. W. King porphyries, formerly considered as the source of the ore Mérida 1948, Parque Residencial Laguna Grande, fluids (Howell and Molloy 1960; Ossandón 1974; Camus San Pedro de la Paz, Chile 1975; Ojeda et al. 1980; Cuadra 1986), have recently been interpreted to play little or no part in the mineralization J. C. Ayers Department of Geology, Vanderbilt University, process, except for remobilizing pre-existing Cu minerali- P.O. Box 105B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA zation associated to their mafic wallrocks (Skewes et al. 850 Miner Deposita (2009) 44:849–866 2002; Skewes and Stern 2007). Therefore, it was suggested of leucocratic appearance, have a dominantly intermediate that the El Teniente deposit should be classified as a composition (60–70 wt.% of SiO2) and are classified as breccia-type rather than a porphyry-type deposit, since the Na-rich “I” type granitoids (Rabbia et al. 2001). bulk of the copper ore is emplaced in breccia complexes in Characteristic textural elements associated to cupola mafic rocks, which subsequently became the wallrock for environments, such as unidirectional solidification textures later, post-ore, felsic porphyries. However, isotopic studies (USTs), were described in logged drill holes from some of the showing overlapping molybdenite Re–Os and zircon U–Pb dacite pipes located eastward from the central dacite intrusion ages (Maksaev et al. 2002, 2004; Munizaga et al. 2002; (Cannell et al. 2005). These USTs were interpreted to have Cannell et al. 2003), ore petrography showing Cu–Fe sulfide formed contemporaneously with early wavy-edged quartz zonation patterns related to the felsic porphyries (e.g., Camus veins within a partly solidified hydrous igneous melt 1975; Cannell et al. 2005, 2007), and LA-ICP-MS micro- (Cannell et al. 2005), implying a close link between early analyses of fluid inclusions (Klemm et al. 2007) support the veining events and the crystallization of these felsic traditional view that the fluids and metals were focused porphyries under fluid saturation conditions. through several small plugs, apophyses and dikes, i.e., At least five intrusive episodes of felsic magmas associated the felsic porphyries, sourced from deeper levels. Both to mineralization were recognized within the deposit contrasting models nevertheless agree that the El (Maksaev et al. 2002, 2004). Although the sequence of Teniente deposit represents a huge hydrothermal ore intrusion varies slightly according to zircon-overgrowth system linked to a magma source at depth. interpretations given by various authors, the general In this work, we present integrated petrographic, EPMA sequence of ore-related magmatic events may be summa- andPIXEdataonhydrothermalrutilefromfelsicporphyries rized as follows (Maksaev et al. 2002, 2004; Cannell et al. and their mafic wallrocks of the El Teniente deposit. The 2005): the oldest magmatic activity is represented by zircon mineralogy, texture, chemistry (Mo and Sb), and origin of cores widely distributed in the eastern “quartz eye”-bearing rutile is discussed in the aforementioned debated context. felsic apophyses and pipes (6.46±0.11 to 6.11±0.13 Ma). A Besides, evidence of magmatic anhydrite in the felsic second magmatic pulse is represented by zircon-overgrowth porphyries is presented and implications regarding the timing ages (5.67±0.19 to 5.48±0.19 Ma) from these eastern dacite of volatile exsolution are discussed. pipes. A third magmatic pulse is represented by the El Texturally controlled samples, prepared as polished thin Teniente dacite porphyry (5.28±0.10 Ma), a composite dike- sections, are used instead of the traditional mineral like body of porphyritic dacite (Rojas 2002). The dacite ring concentrates. This working approach allows a better data dikes (4.82±0.09 Ma) surrounding the Braden pipe represent integration offering the possibility of a process-based a fourth event and the final intrusive event related to interpretation in a magmatic–hydrothermal context. Finally, mineralization is represented by minor porphyritic dacite the link between felsic porphyries and ore deposition is (latite) intrusions and dikes (4.58±0.10 to 4.46±0.10 Ma; evaluated in light of the new rutile data. Fig. 1). Located in the center of the deposit, is an explosive vent structure known as the Braden breccia pipe (Fig. 1), a Deposit geology huge (>1.5 km in diameter) diatreme possibly related to the emplacement of late latite dikes (Camus 1975). Two post- The El Teniente deposit is located in the Andes foothills of mineralization lamprophyre dikes constitute the youngest central Chile (34°S), ∼50 km to the west of the present-day intrusions (3.8 to 2.9 Ma; Cuadra 1986) within the deposit. active volcanic chain. District geology is dominated by All these intrusives were emplaced within a basaltic Miocene volcanic rocks (Farellones Formation) locally (47–54 wt.% SiO2) subvolcanic sequence of late Miocene intruded by intrusives of intermediate composition (Kay age traditionally known as “mine andesites”. These mafic et al. 1999). In the mine area, the magmatic activity is wallrocks composed of gabbros, diorites, and dolerites with mainly represented by a volcanogenic mafic sequence volcaniclastics intercalations belong to the Farallones intruded by relatively small felsic porphyries (Ossandón Formation (Skewes et al. 2002). 1974; Camus 1975; Skewes 2000; Fig. 1). The larger Irrespective of the dominant style of mineralization, i.e., Sewell complex, a quartz–diorite–tonalite–trondhjemite breccia complexes (Skewes et al. 2002, 2005; Skewes and suite (Guzmán 1991; Reich 2001), is a pre-mineralization Stern 2007) versus vein stockworks (Cannell et al. 2005, intrusion present outside of the high-grade ore zone in the 2007), both mineralized features are intimately related to southeastern sector of the deposit (Fig. 1). The small each other (Skewes et al. 2002; Cannell et al. 2005) intrusives do not commonly outcrop on surface but allowing to consider the El Teniente as a porphyry-type underground observation indicates that they consist of a copper deposit. The deposit has a historic production plus variety of shapes from vertically elongated stocks, dike-like remaining resources of 12.5 Gt at 0.63% Cu, 0.02% Mo bodies or apophyses to pipes. These metaluminous rocks are (Sillitoe and Perelló 2005), and is the largest Cu concen- Miner Deposita (2009) 44:849–866 851 Fig. 1 Simplified geology of Ten-5 level (2284 m.a.s.l.) of Sewell Quartz-diorite tonalite 2000N the El Teniente deposit showing Eastern pipes & apophyses the location of rutile samples and ages of the magmatic units. Teniente dacite porphyry The economic limit of the ore Braden pipe deposit (0.5 wt.% Cu) and Mo 1600N 0.5 wt% Cu Breccia complex ore grade (>75 ppm; dotted area) are also shown. Modified Mafic wallrocks after the El Teniente mining plans. Local coordinates in >75 ppm Mo meters U/Pb-zircon age 1200N Latite 5.28 Ma dike Ar/Ar-biotite age 1 6 2 9 Rutile sample 3 8 7 4 800N 5.48 Ma 12 Latite 11 10 ring-dike 400N 5.50 Ma 4.82 Ma Braden 0N 5 breccia-pipe 5.67 Ma 5.59 Ma 400S ? Latite ? dike 5.47 Ma 800S 400 m Lamprophyre dikes 0E 400E 800E 1200E 1600E tration in a single deposit in the Earth's crust.
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