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(a> < ( .$ ;< #p The Central Chile Porphyry Deposits in Compression with Iranian Porphyry Deposits By: Ahmad Kazemimehrnia (Riotinto exploration geologist) Reza Zarinfar (Riotinto exploration geologist) Abstract Field trip to Central Chile porphyry deposits was started on 25 th April 2005 and finished on 28 th April 2005. We have visited three of the main porphyry systems in Central Chile (El Teniente, Rio Blanco- Los Bronces and Los Pelambres). The Chilean Andes are the most richly endowed copper province on the Earth. A total resource (including production) of about 490 million tones of fine copper has been identified in more than 63 porphyry copper deposits and numerous prospects. Andean porphyry deposits occur along five metallogenic belts that extend from central Chile to southern Peru and northwest Argentina. They formed between the Early-Late Cretaceous and Pliocene. Within these belts the deposits occur in clusters associated with multiphase plutonic complex. These relationships are particularly prevalent in the Late Eocene œOligocene belt, the most prolific of all. The time span between the oldest and youngest belt corresponds to the period in which contractional tectonism of the Andean cycle was established and developed from late Cretaceous to Recent. The five porphyry belts reflect Andean tectonomagmatic evolution, with progressive eastern migration of volcanism and plutonism with time .Arc migration correlates with discrete and transient periods of increased convergence velocity and convergence angle. These periods coincide with the strongest deformation events that in turn correlated with the temporal development of each one of the five porphyry belts. These events resulted in regional uplift, shortening, and crustal thickening which in turn produced syn-orogenic erosion. Porphyry copper emplacement occurs syn-tectonically and the resultant multiphase intrusive complexes have variable compositions ranging from granodiorite to tonalite, Monzonite and quartz monzonite evolving in all case from intermediate composition pre-mineral phases to more felsic intra-mineral phases .A reversal to more mafic magmatism has been reported locally. Alteration and mineralization processes evolved from early magmatic stage dominated by high- temperature fluids to late stage dominated by low or more moderate temperature hydrothermal fluids with magmatic and meteoric components. Supergene modifications such as oxidation, leaching and secondary enrichment have been very important in developing the high-grade copper ore bodies that are presently Being profitably mined in the Andes. Lateral migration of copper œbearing solutions has developed proximal exotic deposits. El Teniente Cu-Mo PORPHYRY MINE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Operator: CODELCO-Chile Ore Reserve: 11,464,000 @0.67% Cu or 77MT fine Copper, 1.4 MT fine molybdenum. Mining: Underground Production: 18 MT Copper (2002) Visit date: 25/04/2005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Description of Deposit: The Giant El Teniente deposit, located in the Andes of central Chile, 70 km southeast of Santiago is one of the world‘s largest known copper deposits. El Teniente has been described in the past as a porphyry deposit developed around a Pliocene dacite porphyry stock, with 80% of its copper mineralization hosted in Miocene andesites. However, new mapping œ both regional and underground mine working œalong with petrological studies, indicates that El Teniente, like the other Giant Miocene and Pliocene copper deposits in the central of Chile is actually best classified as a breccia deposit. Most of the high-grade hypogene cooper at the El Teniente occurs in and surrounding multiple magmatic hydrothermal breccia pipes. Mineralized breccia complexes, with copper content >1 percent, have vertical extents of 1.5 km, and their roots are as yet unknown. These breccias are hosted in a pervasively biotite-altered and mineralized mafic intrusive extrusive rocks .The multiple breccias in the El Teniente include copper œand sulfide œrich biotite, igneous, tourmaline, and anhydrite breccias, generated by the exsolution of magmatic fluids from cooling plutons, and also magnetite and rock flour breccias. Surrounding biotite breccias, a dense stockwork of biotite- dominated veins has produced pervasive biotite alteration, and copper mineralization characterized by chalcopyrite >>bornite+pyrite. Later veins, with various proportions of quartz, anhydrite, sericite, chlorite, with tourmaline, feldspare, and copper sulfide minerals formed in association with the emplacement of younger breccias and felsic porphyry intrusion. These generated serecitic alteration in the upper level of deposit, and in some cases contributed more copper to the deposit, but in other cases eliminated or redistributed preexisting mineralization. Both the Teneinte dacite porphyry and central rock-flour breccia of the braden pipe, the dominant lithostructural unit in the deposit created a relatively barren core, surrounded by a thin (150 œm) zone of bornite >chlcopyrite,in the larger main area of chalcopyrite-rich, biotite- altered mafic rocks and mineralized breccias. The clasts in tourmaline breccias are quartz-sericite altered dacite porphyry. Mineraliztion is multistage and some calsts are within other clasts, which is one of the multi stage mineralization. The multistage development of breccia emplacement, alteration and copper mineralization at El Teniente occurred over a time spane that was greater than 2 m.y., between >6.4 Ma and 4.4 Ma, at the end of more than 10-m.y. episode of Miocene and Pliocene magmatic activity, and just prior to the eastward migration of the Andean magmatic arc as a consequence of decreasing subduction angle. Decreasing subduction angle also caused crustal thicking, uplift and erosion, resulting in the telescoping of the various breccias and felsic intrusions in deposit. We have visited supergene zone. El Teniente is located at the intersection of major north-south, northwest, southeast, and northeast- southwest Andean structures. Hose: Ricardo Floody Davila Andina (Rio Blanco) Cu-Mo PORPHYRY MINE, CENTERAL CHILE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OPERATOR: CODELCO Reserves: 5000 Mt @ 0.8 Cu, 0.019 Mo Operation in 2003: Mining: open pit - underground Date of visit: 26 April 2005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Deposit Description: Rio Blanco-Los Bronces is one of the three giant Miocene to Pliocene porphyry copper œ breccia pipe complex in centeral Andes Chile. Rio Blanco is located in the high Andes of central Chile, 60 km NE of Santiago. CODELCO-Chile operates two mines: the Rio Blanco underground operation, and Sur- Sur open pit and Los Bronces owned by Anglo American Company. The deposit occurs east of the intersection of the Juan Ferandez Ridge and the Chile Trench, at the boundary between two major Andean tectonic segments. The formation of R Rio Blanco-Los Bronces copper deposits is associated closely in time with the regional tectonic changes that accompanied subduction. Uplift and erosion related to regional crustal thickening which began in the middle Miocene and is still occurring in the Andes of central Chile, has exposed relatively deep levels of the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces deposit. Cenozoic calcalkaline lavas of the Abanico and/or Farallones formations and Miocene plutons of the San Francisco Batholite host the Rio Blanco-Los Bronces. The mineraliztion is disseminated and stockwork Cu-Mo sulfide associated with potassic alteration(espatialy intense Biotitization) and younger tourmaline breccia(tourmaline breccia pipe). These breccias were emplaced after a period of erosion, both peripheral to and superimposed upon the older pottasic alteration. We stopped at La Union pit and a hand specimen samples are taken form tourmaline breccia and core sheet are visited. LOS PELAMBRES Cu-Mo PORPHYRY MINE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OPERATOR: CODELCO (Chilean National Copper Company) Ore Reserves: 3300 Mt @ 0.63 Cu + 0.016 Mo Operation: 370000 tons of fine copper in 2004 Mining: open pit Date of visit: 27 April 2005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Deposit Description: Los Pelamberes is located about 200 km north of Santiago, Chile just west of the border with Argentina, which is one of the Three major deposits in central Chile. It is explored during an intensive exploration drilling campaign.
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