2016 EU Academy of Sciences (EUAS) Annual Report
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EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EUAS EU ACADEMY 2016 ANNUAL REPORT EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT Board of Governors President Professor E.G. Ladopoulos (2000 Outstanding Scientists 20th-21st Centuries) Governors Board of Governors in the Division of Engineering and Physics: Professor P. Higgs (Nobel Physics 2013) Professor S. Glashow (Nobel Physics 1979) Professor J. Friedman (Nobel Physics 1990) Board of Governors in the Division of Chemistry: Professor Y.T. Lee (Nobel Chemistry 1986) Professor R.Ernst (Nobel Chemistry 1991) Professor M.Levitt (Nobel Chemistry 2013). Board of Governors in the Division of Medicine: Professor C. Greider (Nobel Medicine 2009) Professor R. Schekman (Nobel Medicine 2013) Professor S. Yamanaka (Nobel Medicine 2012). Board of Governors in the Division of Social Sciences, Law & Economics: Professor D. Kahneman (Nobel Economics 2002) Professor P. Krugman (Nobel Economics 2008) Professor J. Stiglitz (Nobel Economics 2001) Professor E. S. Phelps (Nobel Economics 2006). 1 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT Contents 6 New Generation Spacecraft with Laser Engines by Universal Mechanics. A Theory for the Nobel prize ? by Prof. Evangelos Ladopoulos, President & CEO of EUAS 10 Structural Integrity of Load Bearing Components. by Prof. Ashok Saxena, Member EUAS 15 Nanoscience and Nanostructures for Solar Cells for Photovoltaics and Solar Fuels. by Prof. Arthur Nozik, Member EUAS 22 Nanoglasses: A New Kind of Non-crystalline Materials opening the Way to an Age of New Technologies? by Prof. Herbert Gleiter, Member EUAS 27 The Effect of Testosterone on Coronary Artery Plaque Volume Assessed by Coronary Computerized Tomographic Angiography: The Cardiovascular Trial of the Testosterone Trials. by Prof. Matthew J. Budoff, Member EUAS 32 Chemiosmosis and the Mechanism of Active Transport. by Prof. H. Ronald Kaback, Member EUAS 41 Recent Trends in High Strength Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete. by Prof. Yuri Ribakov, Member EUAS 44 Recent Developments in Ion-Solid Interactions. by Prof. William J. Weber, Member EUAS 47 Theoretical Physics : New Contributions. by Prof. Dick Bedeaux, Member EUAS 51 Performance of Novel Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic and Biomedical Applications. by Prof. S. C. Tjong, Member EUAS 2 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT 55 The Complexity of Theorem - Proving Procedures. by Prof. Stephen Cook, Member EUAS 58 Accurate Measurements of Sea-Surface Temperatures from Satellite Infrared Radiometers. by Prof. Peter Minnett, Member EUAS 62 New Developments on Advanced Structural Materials. by Prof. Chain T. Liu, Member EUAS 65 Experimental Physics of Interfaces. by Prof. Hans-Jürgen Butt, Member EUAS 69 Overview in Major Research Activities in Materials Engineering. by Prof. Folker H. Wittmann, Member EUAS 73 Recent Contributions in Solar Energy. by Prof. Antonio Lecuona-Neumann, Member EUAS 76 Development of Green Cements and Sustainable Infrastructure. by Prof. Paulo Monteiro, Member EUAS 80 New Contributions in Airway Disease Research. by Prof. Peter Barnes, Member EUAS 85 Materials Science, Fracture Mechanics & Fatigue-Crack Propagation. by Prof. Robert Ritchie, Member EUAS 88 New Computational Methods for Boundary Value Problems. by Prof. Timon Rabczuk, Member EUAS 90 Contributions in Carbon Nanotubes Sheets Research. by Prof. Ray Baughman, Member EUAS 93 Achievements in Biological Physics & Applied Biophysics. by Prof. Erich Sackmann, Member EUAS 3 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT 99 Organometallic Transition Metal Chemistry & Carbon Chemistry. by Prof. Malcolm Green, Member EUAS 103 Recent Achievements in Computational Chemistry. by Prof. Robert Benny Gerber, Member EUAS 106 In Situ Instrumentation for Scaling Fracture. by Prof. William Gerberich, Member EUAS 111 Relation Between Structure & Function of the Integral Membrane Proteins. by Prof. Etana Padan, Member EUAS 115 New Developments in Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME). by Prof. Mark F. Horstemeyer, Member EUAS 120 Innovative Construction Research Projects. by Prof. Behrokh Khoshnevis, Member EUAS 127 Far Ahead of His Time – The Universal Scholar Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716). by Prof. Erwin Stein, Member EUAS 138 Contributions in Infectious Diseases like the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. by Prof. Robert Murphy, Member EUAS 142 Recent Improvements in Nuclear Engineering. by Prof. Piero Ravetto, Member EUAS 145 Research about Time Effects in Rock Mechanics. by Prof. Nicolaie Cristescu, Member EUAS 150 Novel Semi - Conductor Nanostructures. by Prof. Dieter H. Bimberg, Member EUAS 154 New Improvements in Nuclear Engineering. by Prof. Yassin Hassan, Member EUAS 4 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT 158 New Developments in Nanomagnetism. by Prof. Hartmut Zabel, Member EUAS 163 Recent Advances in Theoretical Chemical Physics. by Prof. Antonio Varandas, Member EUAS 5 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT New Generation Spacecraft with Laser Engines by Universal Mechanics A Theory for the Nobel prize ? by Evangelos Ladopoulos, President & CEO of EUAS Short Biography Prof. Dr. Civil Engineer, Mechanical (Aerospace) Engineer & Petroleum Engineer, D.Sc. Included in the list of 2000 Outstanding Scientists of 20th Century by Cambridge Bio Centre. Included in the list of 2000 Outstanding Scientists of 21st Century by Cambridge Bio Centre. Included in the list of 100 Top Scientists of 2007 by Cambridge Bio Centre. Over 300 publications in high quality scientific journals and 5 books. Project Manager for over 500 Projects in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering and Petroleum Engineering. Chairman and Professor by Interpaper Research Organization. Visiting Professor at Universities in Europe and USA. Editor-in-Chief of many SCI Engineering Journals. President & CEO of the EU Academy of Sciences. Member of several Academies in USA. For the design of the new generation spacecraft of any speed, the sophisticated theory of “Universal Mechanics” is proposed. The modern theory of “Universal Mechanics” consists of the combination of the theories of “Relativistic Elasticity” and “Relativistic Thermo-Elasticity”. Thus, according to the above theories there is a considerable difference between the absolute stress tensor and the stress tensor of the airframe even in the range of speeds of 50,000 km/h. Besides, for bigger speeds of the absolute spacecraft, like c/3, c/2 or 3c/4 (c=speed of light), then the difference between the two stress tensors is very much increased. Hence, for the new generation spacecraft with very high speeds, the relative stress tensor will be therefore very much different than the absolute stress tensor. Also, for velocities near the speed of light, then the values of the relative stress tensor are very much bigger than the corresponding values of the absolute stress tensor. Such new generation spacecraft will be moving by using laser engines. The theory of “Relativistic Elasticity” is a combination between the theories of "Classical Elasticity" and "Special Relativity" and results in the “Universal Equation of Elasticity”. Furthermore, the theory of “Relativistic Thermo- Elasticity” is a combination between the theories of "Classical Thermo-Elasticity" and "Special Relativity" and results in the “Universal Equation of Thermo- Elasticity”. The "structural design" of super speed vehicles requires the consideration of mass pulsation and energy-mass interaction at high velocity space- time scale, as the relative stress intensity factors are different than the corresponding 6 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT absolute stress intensity factors. Such theory results in the "Universal Stress Intensity Factors". Thus, the “Universal Equation of Elasticity”, the “Universal Equation of Thermo-Elasticity” and the "Universal Stress Intensity Factors" are parts of the general theory of “Universal Mechanics”. The scope by the International Space Agencies is to achieve in the future, a new generation spacecraft moving with very high speeds, even approaching the speed of light. How far could be this future ? According to current author’s research such future could be much closer than everybody believes. For the new generation spacecraft the relative stress tensor will be much different than the absolute stress tensor and so special solid should be used for the construction of the future spacecraft. Besides, in order the future spacecraft to achieve very high speed, even approaching the speed of light, then such new generation spacecraft should be moving by using laser engines. Laser is light and so their speed is the speed of light. Consequently, the use of laser engines for the future spacecraft would be the best device. Consider the state of stress at a point in the stationary frame S0, defined by the following symmetrical stress tensor: (Fig.1) 0 0 0 11 12 13 0 0 0 0 21 22 23 (1) 0 0 0 31 32 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 where: 21 12 ,, 31 13 32 23 (2) 0 0 Fig. 1 The state of stress σ ik in the stationary system S. In addition, we consider an infinitesimal face element df with a directed normal, defined by a unit vector n, at definite point p in the three-space of a Lorenz system. The matter on either side of this face element experiences a force which is 7 EU ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT proportional to df. Thus, the force is valid as: dσ (n ) σ (n )d f (3) The components σi(n) of σ(n) are linear functions of the components nk of n: i (n ) ikn k , i , k 1,2,3 (4) in which σik is the elastic stress tensor, also called as the relative stress