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Estimation the Presence of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetics by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

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Estimation the Presence of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetics by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Chakraborty et al Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019; 7(5): -60-65 Available online on 15.10.2019 at http://ajprd.com Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research © 2013-19, publisher and licensee AJPRD, This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted non- commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited Open Access Research Article Estimation the Presence of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetics by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Chakraborty Krishnasis *, Choudhary Suraj Department of Quality Assurance Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Opposite to Lalbagh Main Gate, Hosur road, Bangalore, India A B S T R A C T Heavy metals are identically Pb, Cd and micronutrients elements like Ca, Mg, Al, Cu and Zn were quantitatively estimated using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Similarly, heavy metals such as As and Hg were quantitatively estimated by Hydride Generation Technique i.e. Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method expending nitrogen as carrier gas in 30 herbal cosmetic preparations available in Indian markets. The results designate that among the toxic heavy metals. In the present study, Arsenic was found significantly well below the permissible limit, but Cd was found above the permissible limit in the all samples. Trace elements like Ca and Mg were found in higher amount than compare to Al, Cu, and Zn. Presence of trace elements can corroborate to be beneficial but existence of toxic heavy metals in such amounts certainly has adverse effects on the consumer health who always take the herbal products in an impression of being safe because of the natural origin. In conclusion, execution of strict and isolated regulatory guidelines and promotion of Good Analytical Practice (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Agricultural and Control Practices (GACP) is suggested for herbal cosmetics by WHO and other regulatory agencies. This study presents the status of heavy metals and trace elements in marketed herbal cosmetic formulations and provides a simple and convenient AAS method which can effectively be adopted at Industrial level for the quality control and standardization of herbal cosmetic preparations and other related products. Keywords: Herbal Cosmetics, WHO, GMP, AAS, Trace elements, Heavy Metals. A R T I C L E I N F O: Received 08 June 2019; Review Completed 25 July 2019; Accepted 28 Sept. 2019; Available online 15 Oct.. 2019 Cite this article as: Chakraborty K, Choudhary S, Estimation the Presence of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Indian Herbal Cosmetics by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019; 7(5):60-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i5.556 *Address for Correspondence: Krishnasis Chakraborty, Department of Quality Assurance Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Opposite to Lalbagh Main Gate, Hosur road, Bangalore, India, Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION their cosmetic effects. Even though the herbal preparations are safe, but some of herbal preparations cause serious erbal medicines have been recognised and have been poisoning and toxic effect due to the preparation containing used from years throughout the world by physicians dangerous toxic drugs or heavy metals. World Health and patients due to their potential therapeutic effect H 1-2 Organization (WHO) and other health organizations and their fewer side effects. These preparations are the currently encourage, recommended and promote traditional most treasured products consist of natural components which herbal preparation in National Health Programs because such are used for personal used, called as head to heal. Herbal drugs are easily available at low cost and are comparatively cosmetics are the valuable products contain the high rich of safe. active constituents of plants active ingredients which enrich the skin with trace (nutrient) elements and other useful According to the WHO, heavy metals concentration of herbal minerals, prevent from infection and hence responsible for preparation must be controlled. In this case Health Canada ISSN: 2320-4850 [60] CODEN (USA): AJPRHS Chakraborty et al Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019; 7(5): -60-65 has taken the initiative and implemented a few measures to MATERIAL AND METHOD control heavy metals concentration and acceptable Instrument- Atomic absorption spectroscopy (EC determined limits i.e. Lead 10ppm, Arsenic 3ppm, Mercury 3 Electronics Corporation of India Limited AAS Element AS ppm, Cadmium 3 ppm, Antimony 5 ppm. In the present AAS-4141) equipped with a deuterium lamp for background study, 9 elements, As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Al, Zn, Ca and correction was used for determination of trace elements and Mgwere estimated quantitatively in 30 herbal cosmetic heavy metals. preparation available in India by Flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy followed by Sample- 30 samples of marketed herbal preparations were recovery studies as per ICH guidelines.3 collected. The brand names were given the codes serially. The details are given in Table- 1 Table No. 01: Herbal Cosmetic Product formulation(s) and detail(s): SL No Composition of Formulations Uses of the formulation Sample code 1 Prunus aemrniaca, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Avena sativa. Remove dark spots and blemishes. 1.0 2 Aloe barbadensis. Useful in skin darkness and dryness 2.0 3 Ocimum sanctum Antiseptic, Antifungal, Cleansing pores. 3.0 4 Carica papaya Heals damages skin, Control oil of skin 4.0 5 Flagariavesca Remove skin dead cells and impurities. 5.0 6 Rosa, Trigonellafoenum graecum, Santalum album Improve the complexion, Skin pore cleansing and 6.0 revitalizing. 7 Citrus sinensis Astringent, Moisturizer, Scars, Acne, 7.0 Smoothness. 8 Rosa, Santalum album Anti-aging, Tone up the skin, Tighten the pores. 8.0 9 Citrullus lanatus Moisturizer, Refresher, Skin toner and tighter. 9.0 10 Solanum xanthocarpum Antiaging, Skin cleansing. 10.0 11 Citrus limon Skin nourishment, Cleansing and moisturizing. 11.0 12 Citrus sinensis, Carica papaya, Malus domestic, Prunus serotina, Pimples, Antiaging, Skin cleansing, Softening. 12.0 Fragaria vesca, Citrus limon, Punicagranatum, Prunus persica. 13 Citrus limon, Crocus stivus, Curcuma longa, Santalum album. Depigmentation, Skin cleaning and fairness. 13.0 14 Azadiractaindica Antiaging, Skin softening. 14.0 15 Rosa, Prunus amygdalus, Crocus stivus, Citrus limon, Curcuma Fairness, Softness 15.0 longa, Santalum album. 16 Embeliaribes, Rubiacordifolia, sidacordifolia, Acacia catechu, Acne, Pimple and blemishes. 16.0 Valerianajatamansi, Swarna gairik, Acorus calamus, Psoraleacorylifolia, Aloe barbadensis, Curcuma longa, Azadiractaindica, Santalum album. 17 Eletteriacardamum, Valerianajatamansi, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Skin fairness and glowness. 17.0 Vetiveriazizaniodes, Moringaoliefera, Cyperusscariosus, samudraphen, Brassica compestris, Valerianawallichii, Saussurealappa, Pavoniaodorata, Cinnamomumglaucescens, Curcuma longa, Azadiractaindica, Santalum album. 18 SymplocosRacemosa, Punicagranatum, Mangiferaindica, Fairness 18.0 Azadiractaindica. 19 Curcuma longa, Santalum album. Antifungal, Antiseptic. 19.0 20 Aloe barbadensis Anti-aging, dehydration of skin. 20.0 21 Citrus limon, Triticum stivum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Calendula Detoxifying and nourishment of skin. Protect 21.0 officinalis, Aloe barbadensis, Curcuma longa, Azadiractaindica, from sunlight. Santalum album. 22 Azadirachtaindica, Curcuma longa, Santalum album Antifungal, Antiseptic. 22.0 23 Rubiacordifolia, sidacordifolia, Swarna gairik, Acorus calamus, 23.0 Psoraleacorylifolia, Aloe barbadensis, Curcuma longa, Azadiractaindica, Santalum album, Rosa 24 Ocimum sanctum, Honey (saccharine liquid) Antiseptic, Antifungal 24.0 25 Rosa, Prunus amygdalus, Crocus stivus, Citrus limon, Curcuma 25.0 longa, Santalum album. Crocus stivus 26 Rosa, Santalum album, Fragaria vesca, Carica papaya Fairness, Softness 26.0 27 Citrullus lanatus, Citrus limon Antiseptic 27.0 28 Eletteriacardamum, Valerianajatamansi, Valerianawallichii, Skin fairness and glowness 28.0 Vetiveriazizaniodes, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Moringaoliefera, Cyperusscariosus, samudraphen, Brassica compestris, Saussurealappa 29 Santalum album, Azadiractaindica Antiseptic, Antifungal 29.0 30 SymplocosRacemosa, Punicagranatum, Mangiferaindica, 30.0 Azadiractaindica, Curcuma longa, Santalum album. Fairness ISSN: 2320-4850 [61] CODEN (USA): AJPRHS Chakraborty et al Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2019; 7(5): -60-65 Reagents and Chemicals Sample was removed from the hot plate if effervescence becomes excessively vigorous. Further 30% hydrogen Nitric acid (SDFCL, Mumbai), Hydrochloride acid (SDFCL, peroxide was added in 1 ml increments, followed by gentle Mumbai), Sulphuric acid (SDFCL, Mumbai), Hydrogen heating until the effervescence was subsides.5 ml of peroxide (Merck Millipore), Sodium borohydride (Sigma- concentrated hydrochloric acid and 10 ml of deionized water Aldrich), Stannous chloride (Sigma-Aldrich). Water used in was added and the sample was heated for another 15 min all experiments was ultrapure water from Milli-Q-water without boiling. The sample was cooled and filtered through purification system. The standard solutions were prepared in a Whatman No. 42 filter paper and diluted to 50 ml with five different concentrations to obtained calibration curve by deionized water.7-9 diluting stock solutions of 1000 ppm of each
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