World War II Aerial Photographs of the Western Pacific held in the University of Hawaii Library Map Collection 5 by Mabel K. Suzuki and Ross R. Togashi Users and Geographic Areas of Interest in an Academic Library Map Collection, 1983-1989: Implications for Policy Development 15 by Charles A. Seavey and Heather F. Rex The Gilbert Thompson Collection, Library of Congress 27 by Paula Rebert The Map Cataloging Manual: Autobiography or Leadership Manual? 33 by Kathryn Womble and Mary Larsgaard

Book Reviews

Cartographic Citations: A Style Guide 47 Carolyn Martin John Charles Fremont: Character as Destiny 49 Charles A. Seavey Automap 50 John A. Olsen Shedding the Veil: Mapping the European Discovery of America and the World Based on Selected Works from the Sidney R. Knafel Collection of Early Maps, Atlases, and Globes, 1434-1865 52 Carol Urness

Et cetera

Index to Advertisers 2 Association of Research Libraries Geographic Informaton Systems Literary Project 45 by Prue Adler and Donna P. Koepp NACIS Annual Meeting 1992 53 In Memorium 54 by Christopher Baruth Final Word 55 by Jenny Marie Johnson

~ MERIDIAN 7 ADVERTISING STATEMENT Meridian accepts advertising of prod ucts or services as it improves commu nication between vendor and buyer. Meridian will adhere to aU ethical and commonly accepted advertising practices and reserves the right to reject Map Link Imports and distributes maps rrom around the world any advertisement deemed not relevant or consistent with the goals of the Map over 46,000 titles in stock and Geography Round Table. Enqui • topographic series for over 60 nations ries should be addressed to David A. thousands of city plans Cobb. Advertising Manager, Harvard • thematic maps, atlases, globes and related products Map collection. Harvard College Library. Cambridge. MA 02138. Phone (617) 495-2417. FAX (617) 496-9802. JUST PUBLISHED: e-mail DCOBB@HARVARDA. HARVARD.EDU SUBSCRIPTIONS ~- -...... -- ... Meridian is published twice yearly. To ... -'---'-. -...... - subscribe, or to change an address. ~-._. ;::::£ :- please write to Christine E. KoUen, ;;::..{$S: .::=!$!$.... Subscription Manager. Map Collection, ;;::: :::::::- ''::: ~3 ii University of Arizona Library. Tucson. \-;--,.~-:-- ~-:::::= s: ,S AZ 85721. Subscription rates are $20.00 for individuals; $25.00 for institutions. Add $5.00 for foreign subscriptions. Individuals must prepay. institutions may be billed. All foreign subscriptions must be paid in U.S. dollars. Make checks payable to ALA/MAGERT.

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, MEltl()IAN 7 ~ INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Meridian is published semi·annually be the American Library Association's Map and Geography Round Table. Meridian wel comes articles from all disciplines which discuss any aspect of the MERIDIAN world of cartographic information. EDm>' There are two parts in the editorial selection process. Research Geor1e F. McClaory, Jr. Uni.ersity of Kansas articles will be selected by the double blind referee system, using at ASSOCIATE EDITOR least two readers in addition to the editor and associate editor. Jenny Marie Jl>hnson When published, articles which have been refereed wiD be dearly University of Washinglon labeled as such. The journal will contain some non·researchl REVIEW EDITOR Brent Allison refereed articles which contribute to our knowledge of the practice Uni.ersily of Minne$Ol.l. of information storage and retrieval for collections of cartographic PRODUCTION MANAGER materials. Non-refereed materials will be labeled as such. Donna P. Koepp Un;versi'y of Kansal Accomplishing suggested revisions to accepted material is the PRODUCTION COORDINATOR responsibility of the author. The editorial staff reserves the right to EIiJ.abtlb A. Barnhill make minor changes for the sake of clarity. Authors will be pro Un;versi'y of KlIUll$ vided with page proofs prior to publication. SUBSCRIP1l0N MANAGER Christine Kollen Full length manuscripts should generally not exceed 7,500 Univmily of Ari~ona words, although exceptions can, and will be made. Shorter material ADVERTISING MANAGER David A. Cobb is at the discretion of the author. All editorial material should be Universily of Illinois addressed to: DISTRIBUTION MANAGER Charles A. Seavey Kalhryn Womble Univmily of Washing'on University of Arizona EDITORIAL BOARD 1515 East First Street Ralph E. Ehrenbtrx Tucson, Arizona 85719 Library of COI1Jl",s. Pltilip Hoehn Universily ofCaliforni•• Berl

~ MERIDIAN 7 3 RARE ANTIQUE MAPS, ATLASES & GLOBES

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4 MERIDIAN 7 ~ WORLD WAR II AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC HELD IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII LIBRARY MAP COLLECTION Mabel K. Suzuki and Ross R. Togashi

During the recent Persian Gulf Although users and their needs have War. magazine and newspaper changed. these recollnaissance readers as well as television viewers photographs remain an extremely were introduced first-hand to the role important source of information. of remote sensing. satellite imagery. Their value lies in the fact that an and aerial photographs in military aerial photograph captures on film a Allhoug.h u~rs and operations. Images of possible SCUD particular place at a specific moment their needs hive. missile launch sites in Iraq and the of time without the discrimination of changed. th~ r«on naisSilnce photographs hundreds of burning oil wells exud details found in a map of the same remain an 6lremely ing thick black smoke and its drifting area. In the eyes of a trained and important source of over the Arabian Peninsula remain experienced photo interpreter. aerial information. fresh in our minds today. But the use photographs provide a wealth of of aerial photographs by the military information. predates the Culf War by many In the late 1950s. Professor Joseph decades. E. Spencer acquired a significant During World War II aerial collection ofaerial photographs of the reconnaissance photography was Pacific Islands which had become heavily used. and its technology was declassified government surplus extensively developed. Aerial photo materials from the Office of aval graphs were used by the military on Research for his University of Califor both sides of the war for several nia. Los Angeles (UCLA) Geography reasons: to constmct mapping of an Department. These photographs. area. to locate enemy positions and taken generally between 1942 and potential targets. and to assess and 1949. primarily concentrated on areas better understand the situation of an of real or potential military impor· area at a particular point in time. In tance including Taiwan. Laos. some cases, photographs were taken Borneo. Malaysia. Philippines. During World Wu II during bombing missions to verify Moluccas. Celebes. Hainan. New nri.d rKOnn.-is$.lIncl' pholognphy W.lI$ that targets were hit successfully. Guinea. Burma. Java. Banda Sea. heavily used. and its Other photographs were taken by Timor Sea. Rores Sea. Vietnam. the fechnology was airborne journalists for news report Carolines. Indian Ocean. Sumatra. extensively developed. ing and publicity purposes. Pescadores. Thailand. Solomon At the war's end, one of the Islands. and southern Japan. positive results from the destmction The collection probably arrived at was the compilation. declassification. UCLA during the early 1960s in and subsequent distribution of maps forty-five large cardboard boxes and and aerial photographs held by the five wCM:>den crates: the crates and United States government. After fifty boxes fom,ed a cube measuring years. the value of these aerial 72xl00xSO inches and weighed photographs has not diminished. approximately 6.000 pounds. The

ea MEIUI)IAN 7 5 photographs remained mainly in 70.854 photographs in the World War storage and were largely II collection of the Western Pacific). underutilized. In 1983 a near tragedy Coverage is world-wide in scope. occurred when a fire damaged a with special emphasis on Hawaii. the portion of the collection. Of the fifty Pacific, and Asia. The Map Collection boxes. nineteen were damaged. The is administratively a part of the concern of faculty and students for Government Documents and Maps the surviving photographs prompted Department within the University of offers to and acceptance by the Hawaii at Manoa Library. The University of Hawaii and Cheju documents department is a regional National University in Korea. These federal depository of the Government Printing Office and as such receives The M..p Colle<:tion is universities were selected because of administutively .. put their proximity to the locations all GPO distributions including USGS of the Government photographed as well as an aggres topographic map products, DMA and Documents .. nd M..ps sive interest in the development of NOAA nautical charts. and maps Department within the produced by the CIA and other University of Hawaii at Pacific rim and basin programs. The Manoa Library. unharmed photographs were federal agencies. Aerial photographs reboxed and were shipped to the two are usually purchased selectively or sites in 1984; twenty-eight boxes went donated from various sources such as to Hawaii and nine to Korea. the UCLA Geography Department. The sheer magnitude of the aerial KOREA COMPONENT photographs project was felt when Dr. David Nemeth. the UCLA twenty-eight very large. extremely faculty member responsible for the heavy boxes arrived. Even more transfer of the photographs to these overwhelming was the discovery two universities. spent a year (1984 / that. while there was an accompany 1985) at Cheju National University ing index, the collection was far from (CNU) on Cheju Island. Korea. Using complete. In fact, many of the 542 the Spencer Photograph Collection as described items were never found in the core. Dr. Nemeth was instrumen either the Korea collection or in the tal in establishing the Joseph E. Hawaii collection. It was presumed Spencer Aerial Photograph Collection that these missing items were de and the Remote Sensing Laboratory stroyed in the UCLA fire. at the CNU Central Library. He wrote A small grant from the University a number of articles publicizing the of Hawaii Foundation paid for collection. The University of Hawaii additional student help to unpack. Library donated their duplicate sort. catalog. and file the large copies of World War II Army and collection. The Cartography Section Navy gazetteers to CNU to assist of the Geography Department also with their identification of place loaned the library one of its student names. In addition. cataloging and assistants. In addition, file folders indexing procedures were shared. By and file cabinets had to be purchased the end of Dr. Nemeth's stay. the from library funds. Korea component consisted of. in One of the first steps taken was to order of descending size: Japan. photocopy the index sheets. cut and Korea. Taiwan. the Philippines. paste the individually described Melanesia. and the Netherlands items on to 3xS cards, and match Indies. them with the individual sets (sorties) which in the haste of the reboxing HAWAII COMPONENT after the UCLA fire were not packed The Map Collection at the Univer in any particular order. Anyone of sity of Hawaii Library's current the twenty-eight boxes could have holdings include approximately contained a particular indexed item. 140,000 sheet and folded maps and For a large majority of the collection, 86.000 aerial photographs (including an index card had to be devised,

6 MERIDIAN 7 ea similar in style to the existing index. unidentified. It was unclear, too. whether the initial Professor Everett Wingert of the indexing was done by UCLA or the UH Cartography Department and the Navy. Figure 1 is the index card form library's Science and Technology used at UH. Librarian, Basil Idler, were the primary consultants for the technical aspects of the photography; Charles (Sortie) E. Taylor of the National Archives Index no. Mission/proj. _ Cartographic and Architectural Branch also generously assisted with Location _ the identification and interpretation of the photographs. It was difficult at the outset of the project to determine Coordinates _ whether any of our photographs matched the World War II photo Date Time _ graphic negatives in roll format housed at the National Archives. F.L. Altitude' _ When the indeXing portion of the Angles Print nos. Total expo _ project was completed, the final count of the collection included 1,032 sorties with 70.854 photographs. The area files are shows in Table 1. The information for the index was Due to other Map Collection taken primarily from the titling strip activities, staff turnovers and lack of on the bottom (or in some cases the funds. the holdings information still top or sides) of the photographs remains in index card form. But themselves. In most cases, the identi because of the geographical nature of fication was quite clear about the the collection, the user can consult location, date and time of the event. this catalog to quickly determine flying altitude, and focal length of the whether a region is represented. camera. Numerous U.s. Army and Some sets are accompanied by Navy gazetteers also proved useful in flightline diagrams but many are identification and coordinates on the without, a major inconvenience for photographs' backs were especially users. A future project, now under helpful. Other information was found consideration. would draw these scribbled on backs or containers. But diagrams and develop a computer a few photographs still remain ized database,

Table 1.

FILE NO. AREA SORTIES PHOTOGRAPHS

I Indonesia 411 33.370 II Papua New Guinea 18 270 IT! Philippines 420 30.199 IV Solomon Islands 114 2,910 V New Hebrides 1 9 VI Other Southeast Asia 12 1.250 VII Far East 42 2,206 VUI Volcano Islands 2 19 IX Others 3 455 X Unidentified 9 166

Total 1,032 70,854

ecNt MERIDIAN 7 7 Parts of the Pacific region have changed a great deal while other parts have seen little change since A) Fi!(' 1.A.1? 375 World War n. Therefore. it is prima M<'lInd<.'ring river lInd rily for the historical perspective and oxbow 11lkes of central in "change detection studies" that the Borneo, N('therl,md Indit'S (now Indonesia). potential use of these photographs Not<.' th(' lIr('a to the right appears limitless. Applications in the of the river that is less fields of history. geology. hydrology. d('ns('ly v('g<,tllted. archaeology. soils. agriculture. forestry. mineral resources. and urban planning have brought re searchers to study the photographs in this collection. For example. a major Hawaii crop grower has used these photographs to study the feasibility of growing crops in Indonesia. Research topics have varied among the university's graduate students and post-graduate research ers. Several of these users are study ing the shifting patterns in crop 6) File I.F.37 543 Aju Island. 11 cor1l1 atoll growing from self-sufficiency and off the co<'lSt of New farmsteading to larger-scale cammer· Guinea. Neth<.'rland cial agriculture in regions of South Indit'S (now Irilln JlIya. east Asia. Other research concerns Indonesill). physical changes in the natural environment that have occurred in coastal areas due to agricultural practices and urbanization. Studies on deforestation and its effect on the ecosystem due to urban growth. resettlement and logging is an important issue to geographers studying Indonesia. Several volcani· cally active regions in Southeast Asia are of great geologic interest to researchers investigating volcanology and geophysics. These research topics represent a few of the potential uses of the collection. The University of Hawaii's central ized location in the Pacific Ocean C) File 111.6.22 638 An oblique vi<.'w of promotes scholarly exchange be B.ltllngllS lInd B1I11Iy,m tween the East and West. Hawaii B.1YS in Lu~on. Philip serves as both a bridge and host for pines. Note the expanse researchers and scholars from Asia. of agricultur;lllots. the Pacific islands. and the mainland United States. Faculty and students of the university community as well as outside researchers use its many resources. It is only natural in such an environment that the University of Hawaii is at the forefront of the rapid emergence and growth of Pacific and

, MERIf)I,\N 7 ~ 0) File 11I.8.29 672 An oblique view of Comp"ter Geography/Cartography Volcano Island located in Among the possible future projects Lake TaaJ. LUlon. of this collection is the use ofcomput Philippines. The name of ers to index. catalog. and display the lake on Volcano these photographs. The UH Map Island is appropriately called Crater lake. Collection is a traditional collection consisting primarily ofsheet maps and aerial photographs. Efforts are currently underway for the collection to expand into the realm of computer geography and geographical infor· malion systems (GIS). The collection has been awarded a grant through its affiliation with the U.s. Geological Survey as an Earth Science [nfonna

E) File IV.A.71236 tion Center (ESIC) to receive Strategic A \·ertical view of Mapping Incorporated's ATLASOOCIS Torokina Harbor and software. The collection is also airstrip on Bouganville actively seeking funding and techni Island. Solomon Islands. Note the activity of cal assistance from the library and vessels in the harbor and other departments at the university. the numerous aircraft Other endeavors for the development lined upon the small of the collection are the acquisition of airstrip. additional mapping software. GIS programs. and hardware that are appropriate for a library setting. It is hoped that with the acquisi tion of computer hardware and software we will be able to construct a database to search these thousands of World War U photographs in an Asian country studies. As this region efficient and speedy manner. Brain continues to grow in importance, storming discussions between the these aerial photographs will become library's Government Documents/ more valuable as a primary source of Map Collection staff and the faculty information. of the university's Geography Department's Cartography Section FUTURE ENHANCEMENT have produced some interesting PROJECTS ideas. These ideas include jointly Ffightlille diagrams funded projects. topics for possible As previously mentioned. the masters' theses. and the hiring of aerial photography collection does undergraduate and graduate cartog· not include mghtline diagrams for raphy students to assist the Map the majority of the sorties and Collection staff on these potential missions. One of the top priorities for projects. One of the proposed projects this collection is to construct is to produce a computer database for flightline diagrams in order to these aerial photographs which can provide easier access to the photo be searched by key word or place graphs. With such diagrams, the ease name. Another project is to construct and efficiency in locating the appro a "graphic computer index" to priate photograph for the user will be pinpoint a spot on a map image on increased and unnecessary handling the screen which would produce a and potential for damage or misfiling listing of aU photographs of that will be decreased. place. • F. C. and H) File I1LB.l40 1230 Th~ photographs taken from a seqUencE' of twertty-Qne photographs taken during a bombing mission over Subic Bay and the village of Olongnpo on Luzon. Philippines. A large ship is being bombed and subsequently hit. Note the .._>H shaped features in the shallow waters of the harbor and riVI:'!" mouths which appear to t:Noo large ftsh traps.

OTHER PACIFIC BASIN AND reels of microfilm of documents and RIM PHOTOGRAPHY correspondence from the files of the Trust Territory of tlte Pacific Islands former Trust Territory government. Archives Each government in Micronesia has a The University of Hawaii Library set of the microfilm. as does the also houses the Trust Territory United States National Archives and Archives which includes over 2.000 Records Administration. In addition.

10 Mt:RIDIAN 7 ~ I. J. and K) File IIIA90 11'" Three photographs taken from a sequence of eleven photographs showing the harbor city of Cebu and a nearby airstrip on Cebu Island, Philippines. Note the disabled ships. burning pier area. and the extensive damage to the city and airstrip.

the University of Hawaii received of the World War II coverage of both maps. aerial photographs. an audio the University of Hawaii and Bishop visual and a photograph collection Museum collections. Coverage from the former Trust Territory extends from 1945 to 1976. The earlier government. The 10.784 photographs photography (1945-1971) appears to further update the Micronesia portion be part of the U.s. Navy photography

~ MERlI)lAN 7 11 L. and M) Files IV.A.3'1 698 and IV.A.32 699 Two photographs (one conventional and the other infrared) of a bombed airstrip on Buka Island. Solomon lsl

while the latter years 0975-1976) an extensive collection of World War were done for the Public Land Survey II Navy aerial photographs for Project by a commercial firm. various parts of the Pacific. The The library's Preservation Depart collection was "rescued" from the ment is currently undertaking a incinerator of a deactivated Army major project funded by a U.S. headquarters. so the story goes. by Department of Education Title lI-C the late Edward H. Bryan. Jr., founder grant to digitize approximately of the Pacific Scientific Information 25.000 non-aerial photographs of Center at the museum. The collection people. buildings. ships and the like consists of approximately 65.000 included in the Trust Territory of the aerial photographs of parts of Pacific Archives. After digitization. Micronesia. Melanesia. and to a lesser the photographs will be accessible extent. a part of Polynesia. An index through specially designated com to the collection. Air Photographs ofthe puter terminals. The Map Collection Pacific Islallds Filed i/1 Bis/lOp MuscuII/. is exploring the possibility for aerial serves as its catalog of holdings. A photographs to be digitized and small portion of the museum's preserved in a similar manner. collection overlaps and duplicates some of the UH holdings. This Bishop Museum World War If Aerial photograph collection is currently a PllOtograph Collection part of the museum's newly created The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mu Archives Department. Although seum. located in Honolulu. also owns these two World War II aerial photo-

1,2 MEIIIDIAN i eGd graph collections are housed in separate institutions. together they total an estimated 140.000 photo graphs of the Pacific Islands during the 19405 (including the approxi RAISZ LANDFORM MAPS mately 5.000 photographs contained in the Trust Territory Archives) available for researchers in Honolulu.

The flllfilors of f!lis article hope IImt they have piqued readers' illterests to enCOl/rage the sharing ofideas and experiences with aerial photographs a/ld compllter indexing. Mabel K. Suzuki is a government documents librarian at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Library. A University of Hawaii School of Library and Information Studies graduate. she was the library techni cian when the aerial photograph collection first arrived from UCLA. Ross R. Togashi is the current Map Collection library technician. He holds an undergraduate degree in geography and has enrolled in the UH School of Library and Informa tion Studies all a part-time basis.

25th ANNTVERSARY MEETING The Western Association of Map Libraries is celebrating its 25th year with its fall meeting in Hawaii. Brigham Young University. Hawaii. at Laie, Oahu, will be the site for the meeting commencing on Wednesday, November 4th, continuing through Saturday, November 7th. In addition to a business meeting and contributed paper sessions, there will be a tour of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and an opportunity for golf with Boy Manipon at the Kahuku municipal course. On Friday, Novem 30 handcrafted maps from around the world ber 6th. the group will ny to Hilo for by a master ojcartography, Dr. Erwin Rasiz two days of touring which wilJ include Volcanoes National Park. the Write or call for infonnation: Volcano Observatory. Kilauea Crater, P.O. Box 2254 Thurston Lava Tube. the Lave Tree Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 State Park. Kapoho. and Kalap.:·lOa. 1(800)242-3199 For registration information please contact Riley Moffat. Brigham Young in Massachusetts call University. Hawaii. P.O. Box 1966, 1(617)868-3199 Laie, Hawaii. 96762. Phone (808) 293 3850. Fax (808) 293-3877.

13 CHOICE Outstanding Reference Book, 1991 Coming Soon!!!! THE CONSERVATION ATlAS THE NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TROPICAL FORESTS: OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: EXCAVATIONS IN THE World Conservation Union HOLY LAND Editors: N. Mark Collins, Jeffrey A. Sayer, Editor: Ephraim Stern Tnnothy C. Whitmore Assistant Editor: Ayelet Gilboa lili(An) exceptionally valuable and timely atlas." Editorial Director: Joseph Aviram -CHOICE (6/90) Revised and updated, this is a new 256 pages • 9 x 12 • 55 four-color maps edition of the classic in this field. 50 illustrations, some four-color 4 volumes • c. 1600 pages ISBN: 0-13-179227-X. $95.00 9 x 12 • two-color throughout 64 pages full-color • c. 2000 illustrations ATlAS OF SOUTH AMERICA ISBN: 0-13-276288-9 • $355.00 Moshe Brawer Special Introductory Price: $295.00 144 pages • 8 %x 11 ~ FREE catalog card packs available More than 100 maps, drawings, photographs ISBN: 0-13-050642-7. $65.00 THE CONSERVATION ATlAS OF TROPICAL FORESTS: AFRICA THE NEW ATlAS OF World Conservation Union AFRICAN mSTORY Editors: Jeffrey A. Sayer, Caroline G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville Harcourt, N. Mark Collins liliSe1Ves as an excellent introduction and ove1VieYv..." 256 pages • 9 x 12 • 62 maps -RBB Booklist (2/91) 37 in four-color • 55 four-color illustrations 144 pages • 8 %x 11 ~ • 103 maps ISBN: 0-13-175332-0. $95.00 ISBN: 0-13-612151-9 • $65.00 Special Introdutory Price: $85.00 THE ATlAS OF BRITISH THE ATlAS OF MEDIEVAL OVERSEAS EXPANSION JEWISH mSTORY A.N. Porter Haim Beinart 272 pages • 6 x 9 144 pages • 119 two-color maps ISBN: 0-13-051988-X. $45.00 ISBN: 0-13-050691-5 • $55.00 Special Introductory Price: $45.00 ATlAS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY THE DICTIONARY Michael Freeman OF ENVIRONMENTAL Consulting Editor: Derek Aldcroft QUOTATIONS liliFreeman's brieftext and maps, graphs, and Barbara K. Rodes and Rice Odell charts provide much food for thought as he shows c. 288 pages • 6 x 9 the tremendous variations among nations." ISBN:0-13-210576-4 • $35.00 -RBB Booklist (9/1/91) Special Introductory Price: $30.00 183 pages· 7 x 10. 250 maps, tables, charts, graphs ISBN: 0-13-050741-5 • $40.00 SIMON & SCHUSTER - IiAcademic Reference Division 15 Columbus Circle, 26th floor New York, NY 10023 A Paranwunt Communications Company Questions? Call us at (212) 373-7353

14 MERIDIAN 7 ~ Users and Geographic Areas of Interest in an Academic Library Map Collection, 1983-1989: Implications for Policy Development

Charles A. Seavey Heather F. Rex

Dnta collL'Cted lit (111 ARL library /IIap ate collection and cataloging policies. col/cetiofl over seven years abortt llsers Two primary questions need to be and their areas ofgeographic il/terest addressed when investigating users roughly corresponds with previous of cartographic collections and the resmrc/l. Users' primary areas of usage of those collections: geographic il/ferest relate to the immedi ate area (state) with den/Qud decreasing 1. What categories of user can be as distance from tlwl state increases. identified? ConceptI/ally. the perceptioll of immedi 2. What geographic areas were of ate locofe as prime generator of llsage is interest to the users of the confirmed while findings about geo collection? graphic areas of interest are more complex tJUltl those reported ill earlier Answers to these questions should studies. Implications for both coll«tioll provide some conclusions about development Qnd cataloging collection development. cataloging prioritization and possibilities for I"lllre priorities. and future research possi research are also discussed. bilities. Reviewing relevant literature Data both on u5ers and begins generating some answers to on their geographic Maps and other cartographic formats these questions. and further informa areas would be are becoming an increasingly impor tion is available from an analysis of invaluable 10 librarians tant infomlation source in an energy 16,572 users. and their areas of managing map collections... and environmentally conscious age. geographic interest. at the University Libraries of all types are either of New Mexico Library's map starting to build. or placing increased collection from 1983 to 1989. emphasis on. map collections (Carrington and Stephenson 1978: literature Review Cobb 1986. 1990).1 This increasing Library Literature and GeoAbstracts emphasis necessitates paying atten were searched for relevant articles tion to collection development and published since 1970. Studies which cataloging priority decisions. Data reported actual data similar to that both on users and on their geographic collected from the University of ew areas would be invaluable to librar Mexico study on either users (by ians managing map collections various categories) or usage by geared to meeting user population geographic region were of primary information needs. With such data. interest while literature discussing map librarians could formulate a the disciplinary or departmental theory of collection usage which origin of map collection users was of would assist in developing appropri- secondary importance. Eight studies

~ MEllllllAN 7 15 reported on either users. usage. or the 75.000 sheet collection at the both. They are discussed in chrono Department of Geography. Univer logical order. sity College. Swansea. Wales (Bridges Hagen reported on 1.565 individu 1978). Data were assembled from als using the main map library at circulation records and the librarians' UCLA. 1%7-1%9 (Hagen 1970). Data observations of in-house usage and were collected from forms filled out includes information on both users by individuals actually checking and usage. The data do not include material out. as opposed to using ··.. .lunchtime or evening use by materials in-house. While Hagen members of staff who have access to presents data by department/major. the collection outside normal work· rather than level (undergraduate. ing hours:' etc.). 45.75% of his users did not In a 1974 replication of her original report disciplinary affiliation or were work. Ray reports on 1.360 users (Ray undergraduates who had not yet 1978). The map collection had grown decided upon a major. Of the 54.25% to 170.000 sheets by the time of the (N=849) for whom data were avail· second survey. This second report able. geography. largely in the person also summarizes, and presents data of undergraduate majors taking a from, the 1972 survey. In both required course on map reading. studies, the five depMtments with the provided the largest percentage greatest number of borrowers. (8.8%) of total users. The remainder accounting for roughly one-third of provide an impressively cross the total were (in order): forestry. disciplinary list: 11 departments in geology, geography, zoology. and the humanities: 12 in the social botany: the remaining hvo-thirds of sciences; 4 in fine arts; 9 in the life the borrowers represented 80 other sciences; 8 in the physical sciences: departments. History. anthropology. and users from five independent political science. recreation. design. ...il b«om" imporbnt schools. Architecture and Urban and psychology are mentioned as 10 krlow who is using lht colJ«tion.;lS wtll ;IS Planning. Law. Library Science. departments with at least 12 borrow wh;lllhty;lft using. Business Administration and Educa ers in any given year (Ray 1978. 15). tion (Hagen 1970.30·31). Treude summarized a survey of Ray describes users and usage at 500 users of the 180.000 sheet collec the map collection of the University tion at the University of Minnesota in ofSouthern Illinois (STU). 1980 (Treude 198]). It is not clear if Carbondale. from June to December this figure represents the total 1972 (Ray 1974). At that time the map number of users at the collection or collection contained approximately simply those who were willing to fill 150.000 sheets. Data on users (N=223) out the forms. Us.'ge by general were gathered from borrower category, as well as specific data on records. and data on usage (N=2.72U type but not geographic region of were collected from circulation materials used, was described. records. One hundred forty one users of the Miller. et al. surveyed 91 users at UCLA map collection were surveyed the University ofOregon map in the fall of 1988 (Deckelbaum 1989), collection in 1977 and reported on an Although this paper is primarily earlier survey of 112 users done in about how and why users arrived at 1972 (Miller. et al. 1977): this informa the collection. it does include some tion was on users only. Their data data on type. but not area. of material were gathered from survey forms consulted. Deckelbaum reports on distributed to users of the 150.000 usage by 31 departments with sheet collection. which at the time geography. history. and political was administered by the Geography science being the three heaviest users. Department. His conclusion that usage by the Bridges reported on 875 users at social sciences. humanities. and life

16 sciences has more than doubled since Ihat the consistently highest percent the Hagen survey is suspect because age of users of the map collections of a large decrease in the number of studied is students. followed by unidentified users (Deckelbaum 1989. faculty except where Treude and 176): the increases in use by these Deckelbaum both report a higher disciplines may simply be due to a percentage of off-campus users: both better reporting system. Treude and Deckelbaum were Finally. Brunvand describes the studying map collections located in refiling of 1.007 maps used by the largest urban concentrations in patrons of the 15.000 sheet collection their respective states. While Bridges' at Fort Lewis State College. Durango, figures for on-campus use had to be Colorado from August 1989 through aggregated (i.e.. she did not differen July 1990 (Brunvand 1991). The area tiate between faculty and students). of each map used was plotted on an her off-campus usage is consistent appropriate index map. At the end of with the other studies. Because of the primacy the year she had precise data as to of geographic area. as areas of patron interest but no data Usage by Geographic Region opposed to subject. map 2 colledion development on the patrons themselves. The map library community has may be far more long recognized that map users are quantifiabhfend Users by Category primarily interested in the geographic predictable than that for Particularly in academic map area depicted by the map being other formals. libraries where collection develop viewed. not in cartographic or ment policies may be based upon production techniques.3 Because of user type and user demand. it the primacy of geographic area. as becomes important to know who is opposed to subject. map collection using the collection. as well as what development may be far more they are using. quantifiable and predictable than that Table 1 summarizes data on users for other formats.· This theory has presented in seven of the studies been developed into an operational reviewed above. Data are collapsed collection development plan into categories congruent with those (Larsgaard 1987. chapter 1 and 301 employed in the study at the Univer 312) but there are no reports of any sity of New Mexico (i.e., faculty/staff. experience with. or long term testing students, public). This table indicates of. these ideas. While a suggested framework is in place. there are few guidelines as to how specific collec Table 1: Percentage of Users by Category tions might approach collection development (and cataloging priori Study N Faculty Students Other ties) based on the local situation. It could be assumed that the geographic Ray (1974) area of interest to most of the patrons (users) 223 19.0% 76.0% 5.0% of a map collection will be the local (loans) 2721 10.0 88.0 2.0 area. "the state:' and that interest in Miller, et al (1977) other areas will decrease as distance (1972) 112 10.9 83.0 5.0 from the location of the map collec tion increases.s But this assumption (1977) 91 8.0 88.0 5.0 does not. at this point. have enough Bridges (1978) 875 94.6" 5.4 supporting evidence to begin to state Ray (1979) 1360 14.0 77.0 9.0 it as a general. let alone a testable. Treude (1980) 500 2.0 82.0 14.0 hypothesis. Table 2 summarizes the four Deckelbaum (1989) 141 4.2 75.2 20.6 studies which presented data on geographic area of usage. Data are .. 94.6% departmental usage. The study did not differentiate collapsed slightly for clarity of between students and faculty. presentation. The two Ray studies are Table 2: Usage by Region, Four remarkably consistent across time, Studies shOWing thi1t approximately 93% of the usage. by area, was generated by Ray (1978) 1974 1978 the United States. lllinois. with 1.6% of the landmass of the United States. Illinois 68.0% 61.6% accounted for over 60% of the usage: Nearby" 9.0 11.6 the "nearby" states. comprising 9.8% USA 16.0 19.6 of the landmass. accounted for All other 6.0 7.2 roughly 10% of the usage. and the remaining 88.6% of the United States N = 15,343 (circulation records) with the rest of the world accounts Location of map collection: Illinois for the remainder. In the Bridges study. Wales. 0.2% of the landmass of .. Nearby: Indiana. Kentucky. Europe. accounts for 43.4% of the Missouri. Iowa, Wisconsin, usage. while the rest of the British Tennessee. Arkansas (Tennesse Isles (3.t % of Europe) accounts for and Arkansas arc non-contigu another 19.3% of the usage. The rest ous) of Europe plus the entire world makes up the rest of the usage. One would like a more detailed break Bridges (t978) 1978 down of "Europe." but nevertheless the data are not inconsistent with Wales 43.4% Ray's findings. Brunvand. like Ray. British Isles" 19.3 indicates that over 90% of the usage is Europe 21.5 generated by the United States; 83% Africa 6.7 of the usage in Brunvand's study is Americas 4.9 generated by the "Four Corners" All other 4.2 (Arizona, Colorado. New Mexico. Utah) area. or 11.9% of the landmass N = 841 (combination of circulation of the United States. Allowing for and in-house usage) differences in type of library, and Location of map collection: Wales local geography. the four studies are remarkably consistent. .. British Isles: England. Scotland, Two tentative conclusions may be Northern Ireland. Eire drawn from the literature review. First of all. as previously mentioned. Brunvand (1991) students arc consistently the largest percentage of users across the stud Colorado 41 % ies; this tallies with conventional Four Corners" 42 wisdom about users of academic Western U.S..... 4 libraries in general. Based on the Rest of U.5. 5 demographics of Treude (1980) and Rest of World 8 Deckelbaurn (1989). it was expected that off-campus usage at the Univer N = 1,007 (maps refiled) sity of New Mexico would exceed Location of Map Collection: SW that of the faculty. Secondly. usage by Colorado geographic area reported from 1) a map collection administratively part .. Four Corners: Arizona. Colorado. of a regionally important general New Mexico. Utah library (SIU) of moderate size: 2) a .... Western U.S.: west of 1040. or the small map collection administratively nine western states (counting part of a geography department: and Alaska and Hawaii) not included 3) a regionally important. but small. in the Four Corners region. map collection is centered on the local (locally defined) area and

" MERlD[,\N 7 """ decreases in proportion to distance shrinking budgets. Careful develop from the map collection. ment of cartographic collections, Neither Ray nor Bridges were indeed all collections, will become really investigating their usage with increasingly important in the years an eye towards collection develop ahead. At any library that does not ment and cataloging priorities, hence aspire to having a comprehensive both report the data without any world-wide collection. knowledge of analysis as to the implications in potential user demand will become a those areas. Brunvand does conclude critical piece of information. from her study that 1) usage, and hence collection development and The University of New Mexico Map Careful development of cartographic collections. cataloging priorities. can be predicted Collection indeed all collections. by locale of the library; and 2) a small The map collection of the Univer will bceome increas map collection can satisfy a large sity of New Mexico is: 1) the largest ingly important in the percentage of the user population map collection in the state. 2) located years ahead. (Bmnvand 1991.40). in the largest academic institution in the state, and 3) located in by far the The University of New Mexico largest city in the state. In staling Study those conditions we claim a condition Data from 16,572 users of the map of demographic differentiation from collection of the University of New the studies reviewed above. UCLA is Mexico. Albuquerque (UNM) for the largest pure map collection in 1983·1989 were collected with the California. but not the largest collec assumption that most usage is tion of cartographic materiaJs. nor generated by the local (defined as does Los Angeles dominate Califor state in this case) area and that usage nia the way Albuquerque does New decreases as distance from the local Mexico, area increases. Evidence from the For the years 1972 through 1987, Ray, Bridges. and Brunvand studics, the UNM Library's map collection as well as the subjective impressions was situated iJl a large room. previ of many map librarians, tend to ously the Reference and Serials confirm these assumptions. However, departments, in the West Wing of these studies were in sufficiently Zimmerman Library. The West Wing different settings and were conducted is the original and the oldest part of with such smaller data sets as to the library, built in 1937 as a Works warrant replication. Progress Administration (WPA) It appeared that the UNM Map project. Its historic significance kept Room was being used by more the West Wing from being modern members of the general public (off ized during renovation projects in campus) than others had reported other parts of the growing and (see Table 1). Secondarily, we were expanding library system. The interested in seeing if area of geo approximately 3.200 square foot graphic interest could be differenti space in the West Wing used as the ated among the three broad catego Map Room originally was lighted ries of users employed in the data with only reading lights on the collection instrument. At a somewhat massive oak study tables, almost all more general level. we were inter of which were removed to bring in ested in providing a possible exem map cases. For the Map Room this plar study for data collection and fact resulted in an early closing and analysis at other map collections. no evening hours; the collection was Using the relatively simple data open 44.5 hours a week. being collected, we hoped to demon The on.ly access to the map collec strate the value of such data for tion was through a gate in the twelve managers of cartographic collections foot high wrought iron grill that was faced with increased costs and the area's west wall. Just inside the gate there was a lighted stand with and to note the growing emphasis on sign-in sheets. The sheets asked for the library's mission to disseminate date. patron name. geographic area of geographic information. not just interest. and whether the patron was curate a paper collection. student. faculty /staff or public. With Although the move brought the restricted means of access to the several other changes. the need to room. and the proximity of the know who used the collection and reference desk to the front gate. it what they used remained unchanged. was difficult for patrons to get into Access to MAGIC still is restricted to the room without signing in. Even if a a single door inside of which the patron forgot to sign in on her way sign-in stand is again located. A into the room. she was asked to do so reference and loan counter are just by the staff. Only if a patron was steps beyond the signing in area so, particularly resistant was she excused just as in the past, staff are present to from signing in. After resistant encourage patrons to sign in or to do patrons left. however. the staff or it for them later. Even with all the student assistant who had helped mechanisms set up to ensure that them would note on the sign-in sheet visitors sign in upon entering the how many patrons had used the map collection, it is estimated that 1 collection during the transaction and in 10 visitors does not sign in which what their geographic area(s) of means the count of users may be up The move 10'" new. less

to MEIlII)IAN i ~ MAGIC holdings and numbers of no area Cutters were used. users for the fiscal years encompass • ew Southwest (G4300) was not ing the years of the study. used unless specifically written as such. Southwest was encoded as Data Collection and Analysis G4295. The study involved looking both at • The G-schedule number for the users of the map collection and at smallest area encompassing the The study involved their geographic areas of interest. entire request was used. States are looking both at use1'5 of Sign-in sheets, collected since January coded GxxxO. regions within states the map collection and 1983, were the instrument used for Gxxx2 (with no area Cutter) at their geographic areas of interest. data collection. One of the co-authors counties are coded Gxxx3 (with no has been in charge of the collection area Cutter). all cities Gxxx4 (with for the entire data collection period. no area Cutter). Efforts to locate continuous runs of sign-in sheets prior to January 1983 2. Data relating to users. have failed. • Only data that indicated both user The sheets used for sign-in have type and geographic area were spaces for type of user (student. used in the study. If either data faculty/staff. or off-eampus) and element was missing. no entry was geographic area of interest as well as made for that user. the date. User codes were assigned • If a user requested more than one thus: area that user was recorded in the study for each area he/she re 1 -Student quested. Therefore the study 2 - Faculty/staff although indicative of volume of 3 - Public use cannot be used strictly as such. • Likewise if several users together Areas of geographic interest were requested a single geographic area identified by using the four-digit area during one visit. each user was codes in the "G-elassification Sched· Only d;1lt;1l that ind.iuled recorded separately for that area. both user type and ule" of the Library ofCongress (U.s. The rationale for both this and the geoguphicun were Library ofCongress, 1976). The final above decisions is that a user/area used in the study. data item was the year/month code study must record aU instances of entered as four digits also. e.g.. 8901 the match between requestor and is January. 1989. map requested.

Conventions Adopted for Data Data were entered in the Entry QUATIRO PRO spreadsheet pro 1. Data relating to area coding. gram which was then used for aU • No attempt was made to interpret subsequent data manipulation and users' meaning of any geographic calculations. Data were entered as a area marked on the sign-in sheet. separate file for each of the 83 months Even if their area of interest turned of the study: data for January 1988 out to be different from that were not available because the originally marked the sign-in collection was closed during its move notation was not changed. to new quarters. Annual aggregated • Only four digits were used to files were created by linking the encode an area because this was individual monthly files. and fmal found to be the smallest unit summary files for users and usage reliable across all users' intentions were created by linking the annual to describe their needs. Some users files. will be specific, but most give the larger geographic area needed. It Data on Users was this larger area that was Table 4 presents aggregate data for recorded for the study. Therefore. users of the UNM map collection. by

" Table 4: Users, by Category, 1983 ries of user increased over the period 1989 of the study. Student usage increased by 16.2%, faculty by 85.2%, and off Category N Percentage campus by 87.8%.

Student 10.213 61.62 Data on Usage (Areas of Interest) For clarity of presentation. data Faculty 2.153 13.00 were aggregated into 11 areas de Public 4.206 25.38 fined as: Total 16,572 100.00 • New Mexico - the state of New Mexico • Contiguous States - Arizona. category for the duration of the Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah study. As expected, students are the • United States - the rest of the largest single group of users of the United States map collection. Faculty and off • World/Western Hemisphere campus usage is consistent with the the entire world, or the entire previously reported studies. Off western hemisphere campus usage exceeds faculty usage, • Africa, Asia, Central America, reflecting both the demographics of Europe, South America - defined the position of the map collection in in accordance with the areal New Mexico and the findings of the definitions found in the Library of Treude and Deckelbaum studies. Congress "G-C1assification Sched Table 5 shows that the type of user ule" (U.s. Library of Congress, has been slowly shifting over the 1976) course of the study. Faculty and off • Other - everything with a G campus usage has been accounting classification number higher than for an increasing percentage of use 8900, basically Oceana while the student percentage has been dropping. These figures should Table 6 summarizes the geo be viewed in the context of an overall graphic areas, aggregated as above, increase in usage (see Table 3). In requested by users for the duration of absolute tenns, usage by all catego- the study. New Mexico, which is 3,6% of the landmass of the United States. accounts for almost half of the Table 5: Percentage of Users, by Type 1983-1989 total usage of the collection. The 70 contiguous states. or 18.7% of the landmass. account for another 8.1 %; and the rest of the United States 60 16.9% of total usage, New Mexico. combined with the contiguous states so and the rest of the United States, accounts for 73% of the total areal 40 usage of the collection.

Conclusions 30 • - ~. " About Users This study does not offer substan t--""'- 20 tially different conclusions about users than the previously cited 10 studies. Our percentage of student 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1968 1989 use is slightly lower. and our percent age of off-campus users somewhat 1-- Students ---- Faculty ----..;-- Public higher, than all of the other studies.

22 M£HIOIAN 7 ~ The percentage of faculty users is considerably larger. Further data consistent with that reported by Ray analysis may show that the variation and Miller, et al. but rather higher in geographic usage may be gener than that reported by Treude and ated by the large proportion of off Deckelbaum. There is no immediately campus users at New Mexico. obvious explanation for the differ The implications for library ences. On the face of it. the Minnesota cartographic policy development and UCLA map collections are the seem clear. Small and medium sized most similar to that at New Mexico in institutions and collections will have terms of their urban location and to take the local area pattern into research missions. It may be that the account when working on a collection lower percentages of faculty usage development, or cataloging priority. are based on sampling error at policy for maps. We suggest that Minnesota and UCLA rather than any even large map collections (>200.000 real differences. Replication of their sheets) are probably affected by the studies. possibly based on larger pattern of usage demonstrated here. samples or populations, would shed We suggest that priority be assigned light on the problem. in the following a real sequence:

About Usage 1. State in which the collection is It seems quite clear that geo+ based graphic area of interest is going to be 2. Contiguous states, subject to some Acquisition of material determined by local area with usage modification. based on gathered relevant to the local area declining as distance from the data. While Oklahoma and Texas should assume a top collection increases. Although the are contiguous to New Mexico, priority. specific geographic locations vary, users are more likely to look west the two Ray studies. Bridges. rather than east. Brunvand. and this study all conform 3. The rest of the United States to this pattern. Usage in this study is 4. The rest of the world dependent more varied than that reported by the on the demographics and areas of earlier studies but the user base is interest of local users

Map libraries in states contiguous Table 6; Percentage of Usage, by with internationaJ boundaries should Geographic Area, 1983·1989 consider users' demand for neighbor ing country maps in any collection Area Percentage of Usage development statement. Acquisition of material relevant to New Mexico 48.0 the local area should assume a top United States 16.9 priority. Large scale mapping of the local area, available through the U.S. Contiguous States 8.1 Government Printing Office deposi+ Europe 6.8 tory program or by purchase from Central America 5.9 the U.s. Geological Survey, is easily WoridWestern identified and acquired. Locally Hemisphere 3.6 produced mapping is not always easily identified, or acquired. and Asia 3.5 collections will have to place in South America 2.2 creased emphasis on developing Africa 2.2 sources for this material. North America 1.7 Cataloging programs should reflect the priority of local area usage. Other 1.1 Federally produced large scale topographic sheets do not really need Total 100.00% cataloging. Locally produced material

eGl) MERIDIAN 7 23 does need cataloging attention even NOTES if. as frequently happens. records do not already exist in the bibliographic lDavid K. Carrington and Richard utilities. This means more original W. Stephenson (t978) reported on 684 cataloging for those working with map collections in the United States.

M ...thodologinlly. this study W.llS cartographic material. Cobb (1986) reported on 919 collec not complt."X i1nd could usily b... Methodologically. this study was tions. and Cobb (1990) reports on 974 ~pliul~ with. or withouL.th... not complex and could easily be collections. Some. but not all. of this sp~ ..id of tht .. dsh...... l prognm. replicated with. or without. the aid of growth is attributable to better data the spreadsheet program.&Certainly collection methods. other data elements can be added to ?fhe present study had been the matrix. For instance. dividing the completed and submitted for undergraduate population by class or publication when the Brunvand by lower/upper divisions might article appeared. provide additional useful information Yfhis is almost a truism in map on users. While we did not report the library circles. See L.1rsgaard (1978. findings. we are in the process of 92: 1987. 123-124). Larsgaard is analyzing Europe and the L.11in discussing cataloging. but the American areas on a country-by importance of geographic area as country basis to add to OUT under prime access point runs through the standing of usage in those areas. and discussion. additional analysis of the United States 4Seavey (1982) argues that the usage on a state-by-state basis will number of maps for any given area is refine understanding ofthat area. a function of format and scale. Once A further refinement of data format and scale are determined the collection could identify the type of number of maps required to cover a material used to satisfy patron needs. given area is absolutely predictable. Le.. topographic maps. thematic maps The vast bulk of maps produced (perhaps broken down by LC subject worldwide are produced to pre code). atlases. etc. All of these steps determined scales and formats. and will aUow the cartographic collection the map collection developer knows manager to refine acquisitions and in advance the quantity of material cataloging practices to better meet local involved in acquiring such material. conditions and information needs. Larsgaard (1987) further develops the In a time of fiscal retrenchment idea. librarians have to be ever more "'This assumption is another careful in making collection develop unarticulated. and largely untested. ment decisions and in allocating notion widely held by map librarians. internal resources to manage our The authors have. between them, collections. Map col1ection develop over 25 years of experience with This study suggtSIS thilt ment can be more easily quantified several map collections. loeil! u ...... contiguous spread~ stillt'S (i1~u). i1nd tht than that for other formats. The lQur feeling is that using a I"t."'St of tht counlry will question then revolves around the sheet gives managers and researchers ..«ount for wtll ovu geographic areas that users need/ far more power to manipulate the hilU tht uSilg'" of i1ny use. This study suggests that local data to answer various questions. givtn c:ollmion. area. contiguous states (areas). and Most commonly used spreadsheet the rest of the country will account programs have sorting capabilities for well over half the usage of any similar to QUATIRO PRO. Given the given collection. Given this infonna· almost ubiquitous presence of the tion map librarians should be able to microcomputer in libraries. develop better plan their collection develop ing an analysis program similar to the ment activities and establish catalog one described here should be an easy ing priorities. task.

MEltrl)IAN 7 f«ie LITERAllJRE CITED 80:27·31. Larsgaard. Mary. 1978. Map Bridges. Glenys. 1978 Map Use at a Librariallsilip: Anltltrodllction. 1st University College Map Library. ed. Littleton. CO: Libraries Unlim BI/lleti" (Special Libraries Associa ited. tion Geography and Map Division) __.1987. Map Librarianship: All J1 UD-17. Illtrodilction. 2nd ed. Littleton. CO: Brunvand. Amy. 1991. Mental Maps Libraries Unlimited. and Collection Development: A Miller. G. Don. et al. 1977. SlIrvey of View from Colorado. Illformatioll Users at the Ulliuersity of Oregoll Bldletill (Western Association of Map Library. ERIC document ED Map Libraries) 23(no. 1):35·41. 144593. Carrington. David K. and Richard W. Ray. Jean M. 1974. Who Borrows Stephenson. 1978. Map Co/fl'Cliolls Maps From a University Map ill tile U/lited Siaies and Callada. 3rd Collection-and Why. Special ed. New York: Special Libraries Libraries 65

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~ MERIDIAN i Moscow Like You've Never Seen It Before The New Moscow: City Map and Guide from Northern Cartographic*

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Technical attributes: dimensions =97 X 69 em; two sides printed in full color; R.F. of Moscow = 1:35,000; R.F. of Central Moscow =1:15,000. Additional insets: Moscow Region, Moscow Metro and Kremlin.

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26 MERIDIAN 7 ~ The Gilbert Thompson Collection Library of Congress

Paula Rebert

Thompson 'WITS active as IT topographer from the mid- to late-nineteenth during tlte Civil War, in the great century and had been collected by surveys of the Americall West, and ill the Gilbert Thompson. early years of tlte u.s. Geological Survey. Gilbert Thompson was a signifi The Gilbert Thompson collectioll at tlte cant nineteenth century cartographer Library of Congress. Geography and Map about whom little has been written. Divisioll cOlllains maps. photographs. He served as a topographer in the and drawings docllmcntillg tile work of Union Army during the Civil War. George M. Wheeler's surveys west of the participated in the great surveys of l00th meridian. The materials illustrate the American West. and was ap ,!i"eleel/tl! centllry preparntiolllllld pointed to the US. Geological Survey reproduction tec}lIIiqllCS. Topographical when it was formed. Born in draftsmanship is further represented by IT Blackstone, Massachusetts in 1839. group of original drawings by IT colleague Thompson first trained and practiced ofTlJompson·s. lohn E. Weyss. as a printer. When he volunteered at the outbreak of the Civil War. The Gilbert Thompson collection. a Thompson was assigned to the When he volunteered at visually and historically interesting United States Engineer's Battalion the outbreak of the Civil War, Thompson was colJection in the Geography and Map where he received his training as a assigned to the United Division of the Library of Congress. topographer. After the war, Thomp Slates Engineer's was acquired by the library nearly son continued as a civilian topogra Ballalion where he 100 years ago. Although preliminary pher for the War Department until received his training as il topographer. appraisal had determined that the 1866 when his association with the collection was intrinsically valuable western surveys began. and merited vault storage. the He worked as a topographer on materials never had been fully George M. Wheeler's Geographic organized. At an earlier time, part of Surveys West of the 100th Meridian the original Thompson collection was and was appointed chief topographer dispersed, distributing some of the of one of Wheeler's field parties. maps throughout the division's When the great surveys were dis collection. There is a need to under banded, Thompson joined the newly stand the nature of the materials still organized US. Geological Survey and housed in the vault and their relation was assigned to work as a topogra ship to those items already in the pher with Grove Karl Gilbert map general collection. ping the shores of ancient Lake The portion remaining in the vault Bonneville in Utah. Thompson then contains approximately 135 items and became chief topographer and consists of three material categories, director of various western divisions maps, photographs and draWings. of the U.s.GS. and eventually The largest category is maps: most returned east to take charge of the are manuscripts or photoreproduc southeastern division. He was tions. There are also a number of appointed chief geographer of the photographic prints and a group of Geological Survey, settled in Wash carefully executed topographic ington, D.C., and became active in drawings. All of the materials date several historical societies. He died in

27 Washington in 1909 (U.S. Department Thompson collection are not printed of the Interior 11950-551. 343). A sheets. most of the materials can be contemporary of Thompson's said correlated with maps that were that printed for the projected Topogmpl/icaf Atlas or the Gt.'Ological Atlas. A few as a maker of maps his skill was maps showing astronomical stations superior. and in that duty he was were prepared to illustrate Wheeler's active to the end. His drawing final report (Wheeler 1875-89). was the admiration and despair Often a number of sheets in the of younger men: it was said that th~ th~ Thompson collection were found to Most of m.llp5 in he draw so that you could see the Thompson collmion represent the same atlas plate at p~rt.llin country portrayed. His name to his work on various stages of the mapping th~ Wh~~I~rSUl'V~y. printed on a map is a certificate process: survey. compilation. draft of its correctness and is so ing. and proofing. There are ex recognized wherever the maps of amples of route surveys. and since the U.S. Geological Survey are they are dated 1878. when Wheeler's used. (Benjamin 1910. 9) systematic mapping was well estab Most of the maps in the Thompson lished, they must have been per collection pertain to his work on the formed as a preliminary stage in the Wheeler survey. The geographical preparation of a full topographical surveys of the territories of the map. The route surveys traverse the United States west of the 100th geographical area of central Oregon meridian. directed by Lieutenant for which an atlas sheet was planned George M. Wheeler of the Corps of but never published. The compilation Engineers. was one of hvo surveys process is represented by several conduced prior to the forming of the sheets that show planimetric fea U.S.G.5. that had military sponsor tures.2 These photoreprocluctions Often.ll num~r of ship and perhaps has been less contain the base information to which sheets in th~ Thompson studied than the civilian surveys.' the topographic depiction wouJd be collmion Wl!.r~ found 10 Wheeler's first independent expedi· added. One of the sheets has had ~prnenllh~ S.lIm~ .lIlIu pbt~.t vuious sl.llges of tion was in 1869: over the 10 years form lines for hachuring drawn on the m.llpping process: that the surveys existed they devel· the planimetric outline: another has survey. compil.lllion. oped from reconnaissance operations place names and elevations added by dufting. and proofing. to systematic astronomical and hand. Several manuscript maps trigonometrical surveys and map demonstrate the process of drawing production. Wheeler introduced a the finished map in pen and ink.3 One regular grid format to cover the entire sheet with delicately rendered western territories in contiguous map hachures and lettering. is only half sheets. a system later applied by the complete; in the areas of the map that U.S.C.5 in its quadrangle mapping. have not been inked form lines and His original plan for mapping at a the courses of rivers have been scale of one inch to eight mues was penciled in faintly (fig. 1). Other later revised to a scale of one inch to manuscripts. complete and beauti four miles so that the area of the fully drawn. differ from the pub United States west of the lOOth lished maps. One is lettered "re meridian would be divided into 95 jected:'! There are a number of rectangles. and each rectangle would photoreprocluctions that were used as be covered by four map sheets proof sheets.ssometimes labeled (Bartlett 1962.351). Wheeler pub "standard correction sheet.·... Correc lished a number of progress maps tions have been handwritten over the with his annual reports showing the images and included additions such grid format and the status of the as place names. spot heights. grati work but the survey was discontin cule lines and railroad routes or notes ued before all the maps had been to remove certain lines. draw pat completed. Although the maps in the terns. or change lettering styles. The

28 MEHll)IAN 7 eG6 proof sheets can be compared with reductions and must have been made the corresponding printed plates for in a camera, The first cartographic the projected atlas where it can be cameras were in use in 1860. and seen that some of the indicated these cameras were operated without changes were incorporated into the electric lighting until 1900 (Koeman final maps. 1975.139-40). The final atlas sheets The survey's work proceeded in were printed by lithography: the title times which provided an environ page bears the name ofJulius Bien. a ment of innovation and rapid change lew York lithographer who printed in map production and reproduction many important maps. The rapid processes. The many photo development that the lithographic reproductions among the Thompson process underwent at the time of the materials suggest the willingness of Wheeler survey is indicated by the Wheeler's organization to experiment imprint of "The Graphic Co. with new techniques. Some of the PhotoLith:' on somc of the black-and large photoprints lISed for white sheets. Thompson must have compilation and proofing may have been interestcd in map reproduction been made by contact photography. processes as he collected some while many reproductions are drawings made by heliogravure. a

Figure I. 5l-ctlon of the inrompk'le pen ~nd ink m3nu~pl m.lp for 31las sheet 00. 52D showing n'1llr~1 Colorado. ~ BrN ofthe sh<.~lthal has nol been inkOO ronlailUl f~inlJr pt.'fICiJIed rivet" COUJ"!ieSand form lines fOf hKhurin~.

Figure 2. Wheeler's Peak drawn by P.W. Hamel

,\U:RlI)IAN 7 ~ survey report (Emory 1857-59). tile Geography and Map Division for The variety of materials in the selectillg the Thompson collectioll for my Thompson collection offer evidence research project as alu1Iior Fellow for research in several lines of in durillg file fall of 1991 alld for the quiry. There are examples of work assistance (llid cOlltinuing illferest ill file and information about the careers of projecf. the little-known nineteenth century cartographers Gilbert Thompson and John Weyss which could be used in constructing accounts of their carto NOTES graphic contributions and life stories. There are materials for a detaiJed lFor a study that pays particular study of the cartographic practices of attention to the cartographic goals the Wheeler survey. an important and methods of the survey. see element for a more complete study of Robert W. Karrow. ]r.. "George M. the survey. There are also manuscript Wheeler and the Geographic Surveys maps and photo~reproductions West of the l00th Meridian. 1869 relating to the early cartography of 1979." in Exploration and Mapping of the U.s. Geological Survey. The the Americal/ Wesf: Selected EsStlys. ed. Wheeler survey manuscripts and Donna P. Koepp (Chicago: Speculum photoreproductions. together with Orbis Press for the Map and Geogra Gilbert Thompson was the printed atlas sheets in the Geogra phy Round Table of the American a significant figure in Library Association. 1986). 120-57. the lineage of topo phy and Map Division's collection, graphic cartographers, are particularly interesting as illustra 2'J'he Wheeler Atlas was never and his collection holds tions of nineteenth century map actually published. For a complete much interest for the preparation and reproduction description of the sheets being cited study of the develop here. see Laurence Schmeckebier's ment of topographic processes. Compilation and drafting mapping. techniques, the early use of photogra Catalog alld lndex of tlie Publicatiolls of phy. and the competition between the Hayden. King, Powell. alld Wllee/er different printing processes are Sliroeys. U.s. Geological Survey demonstrated in the materials and Bulletill 222. Washington: GPO, remain in need of further exploration. 1904:60~65. 019.3:222). Schmeckebier The Thompson collection is also a arranges the sheets in numerical source for the study of topography order within each state. Atlas sheet draWing as it contains Weyss' nos. 520, 620. 69A. 84e. original drawings. one drawing by 3Atlas sheet nos. 520. 78A; Final the mysterious Hamel. and a number Report plates 2:2. 2:4. 2:5. 2:6. of photographs that served as models ~Atlas sheet no. 78A. for published engravings. Gilbert 5Atlas sheet nos. 380. 49. 50. 57. 58, Thompson himself was a topographic 65.66. artist. as attested by the meticulous 6Atlas sheet nos. 49. 57. 58. drawings in his Civil War diary (Thompson 1861·65) and an engrav ing in Wheeler's final report (Wheeler LITERATURE Cm:o 1875-89,1: pI. VIU). Gilbert Thomp son was a significant figure in the Bartlett. Richard A. 1962. Great lineage of topographic cartographers. Surveys of tile American West. and his collection holds much interest Norman: University of Oklahoma for the study of the development of Press. topographic mapping. Benjamin. Marcus. 1910. Gilbert Thompson. [Washington]: Society of Colonial Wars in District of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Columbia. 1would like to thank Ralph Ellreflberg. Emory. William H. 1857-59. Report 011 Ronald Grim. alld RicJ1fIrd Stephellson of the United States and Mexican

~ M£ltIDIAN 7 31 BOIII/dary Suroey. 2 vols. in 3. Predecessor Surveys. Preliminary Washington: U.s. Department of Draft. the Interior. (11.2:M57/1-S). Wasltillgtoll Post. June 25. 1903. Koeman. C. 1975. "The Application of Wheeler. George M. 1875+89. Report Photography to Map Printing and Ilpoll United States Geographical the Transition to Offset Lithogra Surveys West of till' One HUlldredth phy:' In Five Cel/turies of Map Meridian (final report). 7 vols. Prilltillg, edited by David Washington: U.S. Geographical Woodward.B7-S5. Chicago: Surveys West of the One Hun University of Chicago Press. dredth Meridian. (W8.5:v.no). Taft. Robert. 1953. Artists alld I//ustra Wheeler. George M. 1885. Report llpoll tors of tile Old West, 1850-1900. New /he Third In/ematiOl/al Geographic York: Charles Scribner's Sons. COl/gress al/d Exhibition at Vel/ice, Thompson. Gilbert. Journal: 1861+65. ltaly.1SS1: Accompanied by Data Washington: Manuscript Division. COllcemillg tlie Pril/cipal Govemlllell/ Library of Congress. Lmd and Marille Sliroeys of tile United States Department of the World. Washington: US. Engineer Interior. [1950-551. History of lhe Department. Office of Explorations Topographic Branch (Division): and Surveys. (W7.5:W56).

ART SOURCE INTERNATIONAL A SELECTION OF OLD MAPS AND BOOKS 1237 PEARL STREET BOULDER, COLORADO 80302 (303) 444-4080 FAX: (303) 444-4298

M!::ltJl)IAN i eG6 The Map Cataloging Manual: Autobiography or Leadership Manual?

Kathryn Womble and Mary Larsgaard

The Library a/Congress Geography alld that it covers all aspects of creating a Map Division (G&M) published the Map map cataloging record from coding Cataloging Mil/llial i/1 Marc/r1991. Tl1is fixed fields to classification to de paper looks briefly at tile development of scription to series to subject analysis. //lap ciltalogillg standards and illlllore The appendices cover topics includ depth at the resources IIsed to illferpret ing less-than-full level (minimal and apply tltem. It tlten disClisses selected level) cataloging. copy cataloging guidelines put {orlll i/1 G&M's 1991 procedures. and MARC content JIlllllual. The paper COl/elI/des with a designation. It should be noted that disClissiollllbout fire /Iced to expand the MCM deals strictly with hard cataloging standards alld guide/Illes 10 copy. mainly 20th-century maps. not ille/ude spatial data i/1 all fOri/wIs. with atlases. globes. remote sensing imagery. spatial data in digital form. ...the volume is In the final paragraph of his 1981 nor - except in a very few places destined 10 become a article on map cataloging standards. even with pre·1900 maps. classic in map librarianship. Robert W. Karrow stated: Having come from the Library of Congress. and with a generic title AACR2 may take cataloging into such as the Map Calaloging Manlla/. the 21st century. but it will do so the volume is destined to become a flanked by five-foot shelves of classic in map librarianship. As of manuals. guides. and rule mid-February 1992 over 350 copies of revisions. (Karrow 1981, 11) the MCM had been distributed by the In the spirit of Mr. Karrow's Cataloging Distribution Service.! prediction. the Library of Congress Indeed. it is a "must-have" for any Geography and Map Division (G&M) person or institution aiming to create published the Map Cataloging Manual map cataloging records to national (MCM) in March 1991. The MCM's standards in the United States. introduction begins: INTERNATlONAl STANDARDS This new Map Catalogillg Manllal FOR MAP CATALOGING represents more than twenty DEVELOPED IN THE 1970's years of effort to assemble all ...it is a "must-have" for The history of map cataloging any person or institu viable information. practice. and standards in the United States has tion aiming 10 create policy regarding the cataloging of map cataloging re

eG'6 MEK1l>IAN 7 bulk of the professional literature in AACR2. Treatment of cartographic which discusses their development materials had certainly leapt forward and implementation, were created from the days of AACRl. Treatment of carto during the latter half of the 1970·s. graphic mate.rials had DeLC (Online Computer Library NEED FOR INTERPRETATION certainly leapt forward Center). the national database which AND GUIDELINES from the days of AACR1. includes the largest number of map For those map librarians in the records and may be considered the 1970's who had the opportunity to mainstream database for map cata begin cataloging their collections to loging. first made the map format meet these newly-accepted standards. available on its system in 1976. For it became immediately apparent that map librarians. these years were a guidelines were necessary if any time full of planning for cataloging. consistency among map catalogers The next step after these standards across the country was to exist. were put into place to catalog maps In 1979 an international committee was for librarians in map collections consisting of Canadian. British, and across the country to dive whole American members of the map heartedly into their collections and community convened as the Anglo ...it became immediately start cataloging in earnest. American Cataloguing Committee for apparenlthat guidelines Until this time very little standard Cartographic Materials (AACCCM). were necessary if any map cataloging had been done in the consistency among map One of the purposes of the catalogers across the United States. and in some ways this meeting was to discuss the country was to exist. worked out for the best since map possible production of a manual catalogers did not come to their task for the interpretation of AACR2 with a long history of cataloging. for cartographic materials. While the book cataloging world had (Stevens 1980, 118) to make considerable changes in the way it did things after AACR2 was Three years later, in 1982, published in 1978 so few map librar· AACCCM's Cartographic Materials: A ians had ever done any pre·AACR2 Manllal of Interpretation for AACRl cataloging that they were not unduly a 258-page classic of guidelines for disturbed by AACR2's edicts. creating the descriptive portion of a They did voice legitimate com map cataloging record - was plaints about AACR2. First, non published. The American Library Library of Congress map librarians in Association reports that more than the U.s. had no say in the develop 1,BOO copies of Cartographic Materials ment of AACR2. This may have been were sold.2 logical as almost none of these map An effort is currently underway to librarians had done any cataloging, update Cartographic Materials in order but who better to give input in the to bring it in line with the latest area of user needs? Secondly. the AACR2 which was revised in 1988. perfidious 21.1 82 - the section in The Library of Congress Geography AACR2 that stated that an agency and Map Division is serving as An effort is currently could not hold intellectual responsi Secretariat and will soon begin underway to update bility for a publication - was a inputting into a word processor the Cartograplric: Matl'rials in order to bring it in problem. For anyone who had to deal changes and additions proposed by line with the latest with topographic or geologic map various organizations and individu AACR2 which was series, all created by governmental als since the 1982 publication of revised in 1988. agencies. this was a glaring inad Cartographic Materials. This material equacy. will then be distributed to the map Given these reservations. map library community and will serve as a librarians were pleased overall that starting point for the updating "cartographic materials" - and note process. Most of the work and that phrase, no longer just "maps" correspondence will be done by mail were given considerable prominence and electronic mail. perhaps with a

MEllll)lAN 7 ~ meeting to close the process. The documentation to anyone who American Library Association has requested it but the WAML work agreed to publish the revision of shop and publication distributed the Cartographic Materials. but it will documentation more broadly and probably be several years before it is systematically. available.) So until the appearance of the 1991 A mere three weeks after MCM, map catalogers in the U.s. had AACCCM had its first meeti.ng in two main resources for guidelines in Ottawa in 1979, the Western Associa applying map cataloging standards: tion of Map Libraries (WAML) held a WAML's Map Catalogillg Workshop two-day map cataloging workshop as Referellce Material from 1979 and part of its faU meeting held at the AACCCM's 1982 publication of University of Arizona in Tucson. John Cartographic Materials: A Manl/al of Schroeder, then head of the Catalog Interpretation. (Other cataloging ing Unit of G&M, led the workshop resources were available, of course, which was attended by 60 people but not devoted strictly to maps.) representing the United States, Even with these publications Canada. and Mexico. available in 1982, Dorothy McGarry Each workshop attendee received wrote in 1983 of continued interest a paperback compilation of materials within the map community for ...in 1979, the Western entitled Map Cataloging Workshop G&M's gUidance in map cataloging: Association of Map Reference Material compiled by Interest was expressed by some Libraries (WAMLl held Stanley D. Stevens. This material. a two-day map catalog at the WAML meeting to have complete with handwritten annota ing workshop as part of the Library of Congress Geogra tions, included the G&M's unpub its fall meeting held at phy and Map Division cataloging the University of lished internal manual for cataloging manual made available either as Ari:lona in Tucson. maps in accordance with AACR1 a separate publication or through plus a working paper on proposed information issued in Catalogiflg rule interpretations for the maps area Service BI/lletill. I [Dorothy of AACR2. John Schroeder graciously McGarryI called John Schroeder allowed WAML to compile and print ... and he said that the preferred 120 copies of this material. Sixty way to disseminate information copies were distributed at the work will be through the CSB [Catalog shop, and the remaining 60 were sold illg Service Blllietilll, and that this and sent to interested parties in the can be done in the future. United States, Canada, and England.~ (McGarry 1983. 129) Before the 1979 WAML publication came out, copies of G&M's internal This policy was satisfactory to map documentation were out and about in librarians but only a few items of the map community. information from G&M ever came through the Cataloging Service Buffe By the early 1970's many map till! librarians had embraced the LC For those already familiar with the format. but there was still no G&MjWAML documentation of the body of detailed information to 1970's. the 1991 MCM will look very which to turn for guidance. familiar, in fact, disappointingly so. AACR1 chapter eleven was With the appearance of MCM in 1991, sketchy at best. and a lively trade map catalogers still really have only in unauthorized copies of LC two resources devoted strictly to map Geography and Map Division's cataloging as the MCM essentially internal cataloging manual replaces WAML's 1979 publication, helped to fill the gap. (Karrow and Cartographic Materials is still a 1981,3) necessity because the MCM generally John Schroeder was very generous does not repeat information that had about sending out a copy of G&M's been well covered in Cartograpllic

era MERIDIAN 7 Materials. Also the MCM goes far knowing how to apply the standards more into the mechanics of cataloging and use the interpretative resources - how to carry out a policy - than available but also knowing what does Cartographic Materials. those standards and interpretative The Library of Congress partially resources are. An excellent biblio~ explains the publication of the MCM graphic essay listing these resources with: for map cataloging appears as Mary Larsgaard's chapter contribution Recently. the demand for an entitled "Cataloguing and Classifica~ updated cataloging manual and tion" in fll!orma/ioll Sources in Cartog~ for gUidance on LC map catalog rnpl1y (Larsgaard 1990). These are the ing practice and policy has books (plus journals, microfiche. and increased dramatically due in online resources) that Robert Karrow part to the expansion of map referred to as "flanking" AACR2 in cataloging by the bibliographic 1981. utilities. the proliferation of One of Ihe strong poinls The table in Figure 1 graphically independent map cataloging of the MCM is that il... shows these resources nanking projects at other libraries and provides guidelines AACR2: it also shows the relation covering aspects of the ardlives, and the large number of ship of the resources to portions of entire calalog record librarians outside LC who are while the olher the map catalog record. One of the now responsible for cataloging resources are more strong points of the MCM is that it maps. (Library of Congress 1991. focused in their scope. (and the CSB for the very few items ix) that appeared in it about map cata Hence, the 1991 publication of the loging) provides guidelines covering Map Cataloging Manual from the aspects of the entire catalog record Geography and Map Division. while the other resources are more focused in their scope, It should also CATALOGING STANDARDS be apparent from Figure 1 that there AND INTERPRETATlVE are many places the map cataloger RESOURCES WORK TOGETHER must look for guidance. A busy One of the challenges for a novice cataloger can easily grow weary of in creating catalog records for maps referring to so many tools and (or any other format) is not only probably dreams of someday having these materials combined into one loose-leaf manual that can be up dated easily, ~", ~, .-", = cc ~uc(o.<) NAl' ~ "" ""' ~ Coded Fields , , , , , , - - Call Number , , , , , THE MAP CATALOGING MANUAL Description , , AT WORK FOR THE CATALOGER Subject Acress , , , , Once this shelf of map cataloging MCM ~ Map Cataloging Manual (LC) resources is at the cataloger's dis CSB· Cataloging Service Bulletin (LC) MARC· ~ documentation from bibliographie utility (OCLC RUN. etc.) posaL how and when will the cata LCG . LC Class G loger make use of the MCM? As GC - Geographic Cullers {LC microfiche} already noted. the experienced map NUC(CM)· National Union Catalog Cartographic Materials (LC microfiche) cataloger who has had access to the NAF - Name Authority File (online through bibliographic utility) AACR2 - Anglo~American Cataloguing Rules, 1988 rev. LC map cataloging manual through CM - Cilrtographic Materials (AACCCM) the 1979 WAML reference materials, LCRI . Library of Congress Rule Interpretations NOTF5 - Notes in the Catalog Record: Based on AACR2 and LC Rule Interpreta has used Cartographic Materials. has tions. by Jerry D. 5.'ye and Sherry L. Vcl1ucci (ALA. 1989) strong ties to the map library commu LCSH . Librilfy of Congress Subject Headings nity, and has perused much catalog SCM - Subject Cataloging Manual. Subject Headings (LC) ing copy on a bibliographic utility may find the MCM disappointing Figufl' L AACR2 is indeed "flanked" on Robert Karrow's proverbial five-foot with not much new information. shelves by "manuals. guides and rule revisions." This table shows which resources the map cataloger may tllTn to for help in creating a map cataloging record to At the opposite end of the spec national standards. trum. the novice cataloger should be

MF.Rlf)!Mi· i ea History Decision Table aware that this is not a "how to catalog maps" manual. It will not ....,- ...... "-""- ...... ,-....' proVide step-by-step gUidance on how to create a map cataloging G5771.5J.4 1919 .5J.4.-W.... of So>cJ.d-liboIJry-W_ ...... ns --,... _.,StwI_ of hdfopfnd~""... record. Rather. it expects the user to '...... 128S-1J7l-Mal'"- Srodond-lliotooy---,. know standard formats and rules. 13D6-1)29-.\bl'"- and it will provide guidelines and ns ,... C5711.5J.4 1989 u... dote of1"'bIi. 1I.o.....,..~bum.e...tl'" examples to help the cataloger make 11It 80""" 1J101-M~pt, ""~-"" atioo ...."'" of. ... '''''''gh 11.:...", decisions on tricky applications as h"''''gledat" he/she works through record cre SCoJU,md of old ,.., G577l.S1 1989 c:..,"...~1 hi't''''l' Sroll.nd-Ili",,"y- ation and alert the cataloger to '" M.p", TItt StI>Iwnd" NO ,... C57701.olll> l),ol~of Ja""'" Sroll~rod-M..pt_ various challenges that are common ohow,bound· ...... in map cataloging. Indeed, one tries --, .lone., f"""fl(" ~"",,1 Sfl'Sraploy ofStwll.loJUI ~..... ~ -Sroll.nd-Maps. original version note field for facsimi ...., les, etc.). 5

37 manual on rare maps nor is there any in the map literature about the grand entry for topographic or bathymetric possibility of coordinate searching. maps. Also of note is the use of the this seems like quite a let down. term "subsidiary map" in the index Providing geographic coordinates for and manuaL This term is not defined original cataloging is a very time in the MCM nor in the glossary found consuming task that is subject to in Cartographic Materials. It was considerable human error. This is an defined in the 1979 WAML materials area where computer programmers as "a map on a work, either set. could help by creating software that Appendix B on less single, or serial, which has not been would automatically supply coordi than-full level catalog considered the 'main map'" (Stevens ing may be of interest to nates from geographic subject those contemplating 1980,168) but this definition was headings if desired. For example, LC minimal-level catalog dropped from the 1991 MCM. These. subject headings handle political and ing for their own however, are complaints more about administrative geographic areas quite collections... the content (or lack of content) of the nicely; coordinates could be auto manual rather than the indexing matically provided for them. For non which appears to be quite thorough political areas. such as geologic and accurate. formations, the cataloger would Mysterious index entries are not perform the tedious task of determin the only indications that this volume ing coordinates. is an internal procedures manual. In The appendices on copy editing fact four of the five appendices cover procedures may also be of interest in internal procedures ranging from light of the consideration by LC to corrections procedures to guidelines begin using copy cataloging for maps for less-than-fuH level cataloging and (as well as other materials) at some procedures for editing NVC and GPO point yet to be determined (Rankin copy to meet LC standards. 1991.22). The final appendix on Appendix B on less-than-full level content designation nicely pulls cataloging may be of interest to those together into one place lists of MARC contemplating minimal-level catalog tags and indicators. language and ing for their own collections, al country codes, and a handy page on though the distinctions between a ending punctuation. Coding ex full-level and less-than-fullievel amples are given for the 007 field for record are not clearly shown any several types of reproductions, Le. where in the MCM. Less-than-full "aj-aazba for positive photocopy map level cataloging may also be of on paper" (Library of Congress 1991, The appendices on copy interest to those who are trying to E.19). Also in Appendix E, the editing procedures may also be of interest in create original catalog records for a cataloger finds a useful reminder that light of the consider lot of material (i.e., anyone cataloging inputtillg minutes, seconds, feet, and ation by LC to begin maps in this countryO. OCLC statis inches requires escape characters. not using copy cataloging tics show that the average record size apostrophes alld quotation marks. for maps...at some point yet to be detennined. for the maps format has been steadily Chapters 1 and 4 of the MCM are increasing from about 670 characters about classification and subject in July 1983, to 707 in July 1987. and access, respectively. These are to 735 as ofJuly 1991 (OCLO. It especially welcome since Cartograpl1ic scarcely seems likely that this is a Materials does not cover these aspects trend that libraries can afford to of map cataloging. Examples given continue and less-than-fulllevel within these areas are useful in that cataloging may offer a way to reverse they give both classification number this trend. and subject headings. Also of note in the appendix on The Ijst of subject Cutters dis less-than-fulllevel cataloging is the cussed should be expanded. For statement "Do not include coordi instance. the entire '"C' range of nates" (Library of Congress 1991, subject Cutters for physical sciences B.2). After many years of statements is nowhere to be seen. In addition. it

38 MERJI)IAN 7 ~ seems more logical to include the names in the MCM, the Erwin J. Raisz information about aerial views collection is erroneously C<"llled the (subject Cutters A3 and A35) in Edwin J. Raisz collection (Library of Chapter 1 with the other subject Congress 1991, 1.23). Cutters rather than separating it out Chapter 2 works well in conjunc into Chapter 9 on special treatment tion with Cartographic Materials in the There are useful paragraphs about area of description. When dealing classification and subject headings for with the title of a multisheet set coasts, as well as the statement "Class where one element on each sheet maps of Southern California or differs. the cataloger may replace that Northern California in G4360 or individual sheet information with a G4361 as appropriate. Do not use more general description for aU of the G4362.5 or G4362.N" (Library of sheets: Congress 1991,1.7). This is especially Comprehensive plan map [name frustrating because there are separate of township) Marion County, subject headings for ··California. Indiana (Library of Congress Southern" and "California, North 1991. 2.2) ern." Also on the topics of California and subject headings. note the In this case, the wording is placed in MCM's suspiciously detailed entries brackets rather than omitting the on the subject of wine. The reader words and using an ellipsis. gets almost a complete page discuss Also found in Chapter 2 are some ing subject headings and Cutters helpful Latin terms and contractions including viticulture. vineyards, wine seen occasionally on older materials and wine making. wine districts. for cartographer, engraver, and The cataloger should wine industry and wineries! (Library use the MCM and printer/publisher. Guidance on the Ca~togrllphicMaterillls of Congress 1991. 4.14-4.15) Progress projection statement is given: "the hand-in-hand particu can be made in the area of subject first word and any proper names larly when working on heading revision: it is most helpful within a projection statement are the descriptive area of a that "geology, structural" may now cataloging record. capitalized" (Library of Congress be subdivided geographically 1991,2.5). This advice differs from unfortunately. "geology. strati examples given in AACR2 and graphie"' still may not. Cartographic Materials in which only When putting together classifica proper names are capitalized; the first tion numbers, the cataloger is given word of the statement is not capital assistance in creating a scale symbol ized if it is not a proper name. for map series/sets. In addition to the When describing a map under usual scaled sets: other physical details, grammar should be uniform. In this sample, For a map series/set composed of MCM is directing the cataloger to be maps for which the scale is not consistent when using plural and expressed as. or based on. a singular forms. representative fraction (e.g.. Scale 1I0t given. Not drawn to scale. or a 2 maps: photocopies non-linear scale) use the designa 1 map on 2 sheets: photocopy tion as the scale value in the sooo (Library of Congress 1991, 2.14) call number. (Library of Congress 1991,1.19) The cataloger should use the MCM and Cartographic Materials hand-in Also useful for classing maps is a hand particularly when working on section on creating item Cutters for the descriptive area of a cataloging proper shelf listing order when entry record. For example. Chapter 3 talks is under a numeraL initial, or acro about notes in the catalog record. nym. G&M makes additions to its caU There is a good discussion on punc numbers for special vault collections tuation and form of notes and the use in the Division. In the list of collection

.w of notes to justify other portions of "Includes index and col. ill:' the catalog record. The MCM pro and vides a list entitled "Order of Notes" in which it lists the categories of notes "Insets: Tallahassee - Miami in prescribed order but then lists Ft. Lauderdale - Florida's sample types of notes within these Keys." categories in alphabetical order. The nol MCM says "the order of notes within these categories".is determined by "Includes index. col. m.. and considerations of style. aesthetics. insets: Tallahassee - Miami ...information on notes readability, etc:' (Library of Congress Ft. La.uderdale - Florida's includes a paragraph on 1991,3.4). Cartographic Materials Keys." (Library of Congress 1991. simplification in which nicely lays out an order for notes 3.44) catalogers are advised to within these categories that is differ simplify contents notes Chapter 5 covers descriptive access as complicated notes ent from the alphabetical order found and includes a helpful section ex "tend not to be read:' in the MCM (i.e.. '·Shows..... under plaining series tracings for titles that nature and scope of the item should include a representative fraction. The come first.) punctuation used in this case is The MCM allows for the use of a important for filing order in catalogs. note "Relief shown by satellite Chapter 6 on numbers is pretty imagery:' It would be helpful to straight forward and gives the reader know how G&M codes the fixed field useful insight into some of the for relief for such a note. Still on relief numbering conventions of govern notes. the standard note "Relief ment agencies, including Govern shown by contours" is not used when ment Printing Office printing codes. "contouring is the only method used Chapters 7. 8. and 9 are on sets/ [to show reliefl. and the contour series/serials, facsimiles/photo interval can be quoted." copies/reprints. and special treat "Contour interval 15 feet." ment. These chapters also expand. through the use of specific examples, but discussions found in Cartographic "Relief shown by contours and Materials on these topics. shading." Chapter 7 has a useful section on differentiating between sets/series/ (even though the contour interval serials. It also tells, for instance, how may be stated in the work) G&M handled the National Geo (Library of Congress 1991. 3.10) graphic Society's Makillg of America The MCM added a compass series - one copy classed as the diagram to the 1979 WAML series. second copy classed (and documentation's explanation on map presumably cataloged) individually. orientation. Other information on G&M apparently kept the contents Chapter 7 has a useful notes includes a paragraph on notes current in the series record to section on differentiat simplification in which catalogers are include all new sheets as they came ing between sets!series! advised to simplify contents notes as in. Conversely. each individual sheet serials. complicated notes "tend not to be record included a note referring to read" (Library of Congress 1991. the series title and call number. 3.43). Consider, however, the impor Also in Chapter 7 is a good expla tance of keyword searching in note nation of the standard map series fields for insets or ancillary maps that designation system (SMSD) and how are not being accessed through it is dealt with in catalog records. subject headings. SMSD's are not traced as a series but Finally on notes. combining simple instead as a variant title. This is a and structured notes into one note is change for G&M. as one would see if not allowed. For example: he/she is familiar with some of the

MEIUI)IAN i ilGe old AMS cataloging that G&M data on tape (reel, cartridge) and provided. compact disc - to none of which Chapter 8 is a gold mine of specific does the MCM speak. information on cataloging facsimiles. The Library of Congress is a photocopies, and reprints. It pulls pragmatic institution: it catalogs only together material that was spread what it collects, and since G&M does The Library of Congress throughout the WAML documenta not actively collect remote sensing is a pragmatic institu tion and also expands the informa imagery or digital data it does not tion: it catalogs only catalog it. While this is very under what it colleds, and tion found in Cartographic Materials. since C&M does not Chapter 9 on special treatment standable at the same time it does actively coiled remote includes guidelines for cataloging leave the many librarians who do sensing imagery or aerial views and materials from collect such data in a quandary. The digital data it does not specific commercial publishers and MCM addresses only one facet (albeit catalog it. government agencies. a very large one) of spatial data. This is just a taste of what is found G&M's cataloging is superb. and the between the MCM's covers. It will country·s map catalogers depend on provide the cataloger with many it, not only to help catalog map and specific guidelines and illustrative atlas collections quickly but also as a examples. It also offers some broader touchstone - a way to measure their philosophical points such as helpful own cataloging. discussions of the general principles More practically, setting up and of applying classification and subject maintaining cataloging policy is a Cutters, providing subject analysis. time consuming task. which is using ISBD punctuation in and probably why so many libraries look structuring the format of notes. and to the Library of Congress to lead understanding the difference in the them in this area. Currently. the structure of a series statement versus collections that include non-paper a series authority heading. spatial data do the best they can in creating systems to improve accessi MAP CATALOGING VERSUS bility. Librarians/curators get to SPATIAL DATA CATALOGING gether and say, in effect. ''This is how The complexion of "map·' collec- I do it - what do YOU do? And what tions is changing rapidly in the US. about dealing with this pesky situa today as the federal agencies upon tion?" whose generosity we have depended When they can, librarians attend or for many years go digital as quickly give workshops (with the givers as they can. Most notable in this learning as much as the attendees!). group are the US. Geological Survey, For example. the "Workshop on The compluion of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and Remote Sensing Imagery: Identifica "map" collections is the National Oceanic and Atmo tion. Control and Utilization·· was changing rapidly in the U.s. today as the federal spheric Administration (its active given on June 22, 1990 at the agendes upon whose sub-units such as the National Newberry Library in Chicago. generosity we have Geophysical Data Center). Even Holding workshops like this and depended for many before this began happening, many networking with colleagues will help years go digital as quickly as they can. university collections had been spatial data librarians move their collecting aerial photography that collections forward toward the goals seemed to multiply faster than of control and access for all spatial librarians could keep up with it. Thus data materials, no matter what the many catalogers across the country format. A prime example of this kind working with maps are also faced of collegial interaction is the Cana daily with the challenge of bringing dian Committee on Geomatics which other formats of spatiaJ data under has made considerable strides bibliographic control. These formats forward in the cataloging of spatial include aerial photography, satellite data in digital form. imagery, images on film. and digital When AACR2 came into being. the eG"6 MEIUDI.AN 7 '" map library world saw its materials tion promises -a manual ofG&M's go from "maps. atlases. etc:' and a guidelines for map cataloging. lowly Chapter 11 to "cartographic For providing this. G&M is to be Spatial data librarians materials" and an upwardly mobile commended. Publication of the MCM are poised at yet another break point where Chapter 3. The message today is loud represents many years of dedication "cartographic materials" and clear - all forms of cartographic and hard work by relatively few does not adequately materials are entitled to equal treat people. A volume that comes out of include all those ment in the cataloging world. Spatial the Library of Congress carries with it materials for which they are responsible... data librarians are poised at yet a special status and visibility that can another break point where "carto help focus attention on its subject graphic materials" does not ad matter. The MCM has joined Carto equately include all those materials graphic Materials in helping to provide for which they are responsible in a common base for Anglo-American workplaces that are still modestly map catalogers and help them called "map" libraries. continue to catalog maps at an ever Users seek spatial data and federal increasing rate. These two volumes agencies are sending libraries on are so valuable for "map" catalogers depository just that - in both analog that catalogers dealing with spatial and digital format. What the libraries data in other formats dearly long for (the word itself is based upon the similar guidelines. The MCM is Les word "book") are accustomed to internal cataloging manual devel buying to support "map collections" oped over twenty years in the Geog is stacks and map cases - bought raphy and Map Division. In this once every ten years, never needing respect. the Map Cataloging Manllal is maintenance and never needing G&M's autobiography and not a updating. What digital data demands leadership manual for the spatial data G&M is to be com for support is computer hardware cataloging community. The challenge mended. Publication of and software. In pushing for this facing spatial data catalogers. cur the MCM represents level of support perhaps map librar rently without the help of the Les many years of dedica ians/spatial data information special Geography and Map Division. is to tion and hard work by relatively few people. ists will be leading the rest of the develop that leadership manual. library world into the 21st century. whether they want to or not. In any case, access to information NOTES is power, and there is a great need to catalog all formats of spatial data in lTelephone conversation with order to provide access both biblio Cataloging Distribution Service, graphically and graphically. Library of Congress. February 21. 1992. CONCLUSION 2'felephone conversation with ALA The Map Catalogillg Mll/lllal was Marketing and Publications March published in part to respond to an 18,1992. Unfortunately. ALA did not increasing demand from individuals have statistics available noting if this outside of G&M for map cataloging number included copies that they guidance. Turning once again to sold to co-publishers Canadian OCLC statistics. the number of map Library Association and The Library cataloging records added to the Association in London. Lf not. the OCLC database by institutions other 1844 number of copies sold could be than LC surpassed the number added low. by LCG&M at some point in mid 3'felephone conversation with 1990. This is a clear indication that Elizabeth Mangan. Library of Con map catalogers are hard at work gress. March 20. 1992. across the country. For these catalog 4Telephone conversation with ers. the MCM provides precisely Stanley D. Stevens. January 29.1992. what its title implies and its introduc-

MElllDIAN 7 6)G6 LITERATURE CrTED McGarry. Dorothy. 1983. On the Cataloging/Cataloguing Front. Karrow. Robert W.. Jr. 1981. Innocent base line 4(5):129. Pleasures: lSBD(CM). AACR2. and OCLC News Update. Nos. 67 (August Map Cataloging. Bul/etin (Special 1991).27 (December 1987). 16 Libraries Association Geography (November 1983). and Map Division) 126:2-12. Rankin. Katherine. 1991. On the Larsgaard. Mary Lynette. 1987. Map Cataloging/Cataloguing Front. Ubruriallsllip. All Introductioll. base /ine 12(2):22- 24. Littleton. Colorado: Libraries Stevens. Stanley D. 1979. Map Catalog Unlimited. ing Workshop Reference Material. __.1990. "Cataloguing and Santa Cruz. CA: Western Associa Classification." In [Ilformation tion of Map Libraries. Sources ill Cartography. edited by Stevens. Stanley D. 1980. Anglo CR. Perkins and RB. Parry. American Cataloguing Committee London: Bowker-Saur. for Cartographic Materials. Library of Congress. Geography and Information Bul/etill (Western Map Division. 1991. Map Catalog Association of Map Libraries) illg Manl/af. Washington. D.C: 11(2n17-126. Cataloging Distribution Service.

Cartographic Citations A Style Guide At last, a citation guide for maps! Up until now, no style manual hasgiven more than superficial attention to the problem ofciting maps. mapseries, remote sensing imagery, and other cartographic materials. This guide covers the field comprehensively and concisely, in an easy-to-usefonnat Citation guidelines conformtogeneral styleguidelinesin the Chicago Manual ofStyle, so citations created with the help of this guide will be compatible with citations for non-eartographic materials.This manual is indispensablefor libraries ofany size and will beagreat help to studentsorresearchers as well. By Suzanne M. Clark. Mary Lynette Larsgaard, Cynthia M. Teague Published by the Map and Geography Round Table American Ubrary Association 1992 ISBN Q..8389-758I·X $10.00 Postpaid Order from: Kathryn Womble, MAGERT Distribution Manager. University of Washington. Su7.zallo Library, FM·25. Map Collection. Seattle. WA 98195. (206) 543--9392 Checks payable to MAGERT. Quantity discounts available.

?~~~~~~~~,..".=«~~~~~~~""""~~~~~~ I C>rilm.\lm

"""" MEIUDIAN 7 now available a new book by Thomas Suarez

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A unique and intriguing book, Shedding the Veil explores the European discovery of America and the world via an analysis of 61 key maps dating from 1434 to 1865. The earliest maps provide insight into the circumstances which led late medieval Europe to pursue long-distance travel, the cosmographic traditions inherited from classical times, and the pre·Columbian excursions into the Western Ocean. Mappaemundi of the early sixteenth century form the core of the book, and serve to investigate tbe great voyages of the Age of Exploration. After 1600 the work focuses on the colonization of North America, specifically of the American Northeast, extending to the early post-Revolutionary period. The beauty of this well·iIlustrated work lies in Suarez's success in synthesizing cartography and history, allowing the reader to glimpse the past through the interpretation of diverse early maps. The maps, portolan charts, and globe, all selected from the Sidney R. Knafel Collection, span every aesthetic mode and include the well-known as well as obscure. ''AllY collector or dealer will find this a valuable addition to their reference library. .. more thatl 300 footnotes and an extensive i'ldex evidence just how wide·ranging this work is" (-David Jolly). An asset for anyone interested in carta-history. Price US $ 65.00. 215 pages, 66 illustrations, including 25 in full color. Hardbound.

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Palm Springs was the scene in The ARL GIS Literacy Project grew early June for the launching of the out of several years of discussions by ARL GIS Literacy Project in which 31 the membership of the ARL concern research libraries are participating. ing how to address, introduce, and Meeting in conjunction with the integrate electronic services into Environmental Systems Research depository libraries. An ARL report. Institute. Inc. (ESRl) User Conference. Techllology & U.S. Govemmellf Illfor participants began the week with a ma/iOIl Policies: Catalysts for Ne'/I) two-day training session in GIS and Partnerships (ARL, 1987) examined ArcView software conducted by the existing information policies and staff of ESRI. proposed several new approaches to The Association of Research the delivery of government informa Libraries recently initiated the ARL tion via libraries, The report stimu GIS Literacy Project. The one-year lated a dialog in the community that project seeks to introduce. educate. continues today. and equip librarians with GIS skills. The ARL GIS Literacy Project seeks The increasing reliance upon GIS by to present a new model for approach The olle-year project multiple communities including ing existing problems while introduc seeks 10 introduce. federal agencies. requires that ing new services and capabilities into educate. and equip research librarians become effective research libraries, The first objective librarians with GIS users as well as educators of these of the Project is to address current skills. resources. The ARL Project intro needs. At an October 1991 Informa duces these capabilities to a limited tion Policies Fomm. ARL directors set of research libraries and seeks to: explored ways to provide effective and meaningful access to government • develop a core of GIS profession

eGe i\IElilDIAN i 45 Project. well over 60 research libraries standing of the nature and type of indicated an interest in the Projed. use anticipated in research libraries. Libraries offered to invest in needed The workshop training was resources and to dedicate staff to conducted by the ESRJ ArcView undertake a Significant local effort to design team. There was an opportu explore GIS applications with library nity for extended discussions with users and to serve as resource people the ESRI staff concerning product for other libraries that may subse- development. especially with the new quently elect to offer GIS services. In ArcCensus product. The goal of these response to the high level of interest. discussions was to identify user ARL with ESRI agreed 10 expand the infonnation needs in order to design Project to accommodate the need of a product to meet many of the the research library community. research library community's re The gO

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Cartographic Citations: a guides by addressing elements that are particular to maps and by Style Guide illustrating how to cite maps with SUUlnne M. Clnrk. Mary Ly"efte some good examples. This is a vast Larsgaard. Cynthia M. Teague. improvement. However. once again Chicago: Map and Geography ROllnd printed maps are the only Table, AmeriCfIll Library Association. cartographic medium addressed. 1992.23 pages. These examples demonstrate quite ISBN 0-8389-7581 -x. $10.00 dearly the need for a citation guide that specifically addresses the whole Cartographic Citations is a welcome realm of cartographic materials. Two source for both the scholar and the of the most widely used style manu librarian. With the increasing use of als simply do not provide the infor Cartogrllpllic Citations cartographic materials in a variety of mation needed to cite the different addresses all types of formats such as maps. aerial photos types of media found within this cartographic materials, including those on the and digital areal data files, the area. One does not deal with maps at cutting edge of question of how to reference material all. and the other does not discuss cartographic technology is becoming complex. Whether one is any map specific information. The doing research that involves the use third example given is attempting to of cartographic materials, or assisting furnish more help in this area. but the those doing the research. the question focus of the book is broader than of how to cite cartographic material cartographic materials. Because of has needed the answers that this this lack of assistance in citing book provides. cartographic resources, and because Of the many bibliographic style of the aforementioned increase in use guides available, none give the of these materials. the authors of amount of detail for cartographic Cartographic Citations state in their resources found in this publication. In introduction that "there is demon fact. some of the major style manuals. strable need for a citation guide to such as Ti,e Chicago Manllal of Style, assist map users" (p. 5). This is do not address cartographic materials indeed that guide. at alL Other guides give limited The first thing one notices is that treatment for a few particular types Carfographic CifatiOlls addresses all of resources. such as printed maps. types of cartographic materials, For example. the MLA Style Manual including those on the cutting edge of has a very brief section on maps and cartographic technology (e.g. com charts which recommends treating puter spatial-data fiJes). Automation maps and charts like anonymous is changing the way all types of books and adding the appropriate information are created, stored, and It is clear, concise. and applicable to anyone label (e.g. map). Readers are referred disseminated, and cartographic using cartoguphic to A Style Manual for Citing Microform resources are no exception. This materials in their and NOllpriflt Media for items such as citation manual provides guidance on research. globes and models (Achtert 1985. how to refer to even the newest forms 159). of cartographic information. All Archival Citations is a more formats are covered and one of the specialized style guide from Canada primary benefits of this guide is its giving citation guidance for comprehensive nature. documents at the Public Archives of Equally important is the easy-to Canada. Attention is paid to follow format of the book. The cartographic materials in greater authors have kept it simple without detail then the previously mentioned sacrificing the thoroughness needed.

ecie MEHll)lAN 7 41 This makes the guide accessible to a easy to carry and use. However. slim wide audience. Students from the page count does not indicate a junior high school level up through shallow treatment of the material. The citation guidelines doctoral programs. as well as teach The guide is packed full of examples. are the meat of the ers. librarians. and researchers can all These citation samples are divided work. but there are use this guide. It is dear. concise. and into six main categories and then other tasty morsels of information. applicable to anyone using carto further subdivided. The main graphic materials in their research. categories are: manuscript maps, One reason this guide is so easy to printed cartographic materials, use is that each section begins with an atlases. models. remote-sensing example called the "basic form." This imagery. and computer spatial-data form establishes the structure of the files. In order to gain some insight citation using generic terms such as into the depth of information. con "author" and "title." According to the sider the subdivisions under com introduction. "the basic form gives puter spatial-data files: satellite data. the proper placement and punctua software for manipulating spatial tion of the elements of the citation" data. map-data database, and map (p. 6). The examples that follow in created from database. each section show how the basic form The citation guidelines are the is adapted to specific references. meat of the work. but there are other A third benefit of the guide is tasty morsels of information. An flexibility; "general citation guide "explanation of map citation ele lines as mandated by The Chicago ments" gives the user clear and Mm/llal of Style were followed. concise information on the various ...this guide is to be particularly when manuals differed" used in conjunction parts of the citation. including those with a standard style! (p. 6). This compliance with a widely elements particular to cartographic citation manual... accepted citation standard allows the resources. It also explains how to deal guide to work well with various with some of the peculiarities of citation practices. author. title. and date information It must be remembered that the found on cartographic materials. guide is not entirely self-sufficient. Following the explanation section The authors state that "this guide is to is a glossary with definitions adapted be used in conjunction with a stan from the Glossary of Mapping. Chart dard style/citation manual. supply ing, alld Geodetic Terms and from ing the reader with specific examples Morris Thompson's Maps for America. for describing cartographic materials" Both the glossary and the explanation (p. 6). In other words. Cartographic of map citation elements make this Citations specifically meets the needs guide useful for the school age particular to these special resources. student or novice map user. Therefore. if recording a name or title Finally. the work concludes with that is not in a usuaJ format, another an index. It appears to be a fairly style guide that gives detail in these extensive and useful index for the areas must be consulted. For ex size of the volume. The authors have Both the glossary and ample. The Chicago Manllal of Style even included terms from specific the explanation of map devotes many pages in showing how examples (e.g. TIGER/Line Precensus citation elements make this guide useful for the to cite authors. including situations Files). This allows someone working school age student or dealing with more than one author. with some of these specific resources novice map user. pseudonyms. or editors. Cartographic to access the correct citation format CitatiOIiS is primarily concerned with even more quickly. details that are specific to maps and Cartographic Citations is truly other cartographic materials and thus valuable to libraries. schools. and has left more traditional questions of individuals. As cartographic materi citation practice to the established als continue to become an increas manuals. ingly used resource. scholars need to PhysicalJy the 23-page booklet is know how to cite them. This guide

48 MERIDIAN 7 ~ meets that need in a timely manner, graphic/Topographic Center. and the fact that it is straightforward 1981. Glossary ofMapping. Owrtillg. and easy to use makes it even more alld Geodetic Terms. 4th ed. Wash valuable. Cartographic CitatiOIlS is ington. D.C. highly recommended for library Fleisher. Eugene R. 1978. A Style collections and personal collections, Mal/lllli for Citi/lg Microform alld in short for anyone who uses carto NOllprint Media. Chicago: Ameri graphic materials in their work. can Library Association. Thompson, Morris M. 1987. Maps for LITERATURE CITEO America: Cartographic products of tile u.s. Geological Survey alld oillers. Achtert. Walter 5" and Joseph 3rd ed. Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Gibaldi. 1985. MLA Style Malllllli. Survey. New York: Modern Language University of Chicago Press. 1982. Tile Association of America. Chicago Manllal of Style: for authors. Cook, Terry, ed. 1983. Archival editors. and copywriters. 13th ed.. Glatiolls: Suggestions for the Citatioll rev. and expanded. Chicago. of DOClimellts at tile Public Archives of Canada. Ottawa: Public Archives Carolyn Martin Canada. University of California Defense Mapping Agency, Hydro- Santa Barbara, California

John Charles Fremont; some, fierce loyalty and admiration in others. His biographers have been Character as Destiny. equally mixed in their feelings. Rolle Alldrew Rolle. seems to take a fairly neutral stance Normall. OK: Ulliversity of Ok/ahoma on his subject. The work is well done. Press, 1991. 351 pages. A wealth of original sources were 15BN 0-8061 -2380-X. LC 91-50305. investigated. some for the first time. i//lls. $29.95. as well as the vast secondary litera ture. The narrative of Fremont's John Charles Fremont. the Path career is straightforward with no finder: Explorer, Soldier. Politician. obvious tilt towards making the man mapmapker. Despite several full either a hero or a charlatan (both Fremont remains an length biographies and the inevitable popular views in the 19th century>. enigmatic and contro TV miniseries starring Richard versial figure in Rolle does depart from traditional American history. Chamberlain. Fremont remains an historical writing in that he takes enigmatic and controversial figure in what is described as "a cautious American history. psychiatric approach" in analyzing His career as an explorer of the his topic. In Rolle's view Fremont's American west in the 1840's is career can be better understood if he probably familiar to most historians is seen as compensating for being left of cartography. He also played a still fatherless at an early age. RoUe controversial role in Caliiornia maintains, without belaboring the during the Mexican War, in 1856 was point. that Fremont's struggles were the first Republican Presidential partially the result of seeking support candidate, served as one of four from, yet simultaneously rebelling Major Generals (the highest rank at against. various authority figures he the time) in the Union Army during substituted for his missing parent. the Civil War, and was Governor of Your reviewer is rather skeptical of Arizona. the entire psycho-history approach Fremont was controversial tn his essayed by some in the last 20 or so own day. He evoked fierce hatred in years. The past is enough of a foreign

eG6 i\1EIUI)IAN 7 country even when solid primary Later aspects of Fremont's career evidence is available. as it is in this were never as successful, He con case. without trying to retroactively stantly skirted financial disaster. psychoanalyze a long dead subject. failed as a politician. failed as a Having said that. it must be admitted General (although he earned at least that Rolle has made good use of the some respect from his main oppo method. Two factors apply here. nent. Stonewall Jackson). and never First. Rolle went to some lengths to duplicated the glory of his early prepare himself for the task. He explorations. He claimed to be a mentions receiving training in friend of Native Americans. but The past is enough of a apparently condoned what can only foreign country even psychoanalysis and psychiatry at the when solid primary California Psychoanalytic Institute be described. as a program of extermi· evidence is available... and at the Cedars-Sinai Medical nation by his scout and ally, Kit without trying 10 Center in Los Angeles. The bibliogra Carson. retroactively psychoan.. Rolle's book is well researched and Iyu a long dead subjm. phy contains a good deal of literature from those disciplines mixed in with well written. He is neither hero the historical material. Second. Rolle worshipping nor muckraking and does not push the psycho-history that is history as it should be. The approach too far. Beyond viewing University of Oklahoma Press has Fremonfs childhood and early done their usual excellent job of book development through that lens. he production, including printing on does not trot out a psychological alkali paper meeting Council on explanation for each action in Library Resources guidelines for Fremont's career. I remain generally book longevity. The price. in this day unconvinced about the whole ap and age, seems eminently reasonable. proach, but Rolle's cautious use of The illustrations. except for a lamen the method does not detract. and may table lack of maps for either context add, to this volume. or as evidence, are well chosen and In considering fremont's career it nicely reproduced, One cannot help seems that his greatest. and most but notice that in the color portrait on lasting success, came early. His first the dust jacket Fremont bears a two exploring expeditions produced, startling resemblance to the Kevin in 1845. one of the great maps of Kline character in the movie western exploration. The spare and Silverado. The work is recommended unadorned map of 1845 doesn't for aU but the smallest libraries. attract the eye the way earlier, and later. maps do. but in its way it is one Charles A. Seavey of the most important scientific School of Library Science documents of mid 19th century University of Arizona America. Rolle could have spent Tucson, Arizona more time with this than he does.

Automap Alltomop is an electronic road atlas Phoellix. Arizona: AUTOMAP.lnc.. that runs on mM PC or compatible 1990. FOllr 3.5 or three 5.25 inch computers having at least 512K of diskettes; User Guide, 32 pages. free memory running MS-DOS 2.2 or $99.95. Available from: AUTOMAP. higher and hard disk with at least Illc.. 9831 SOlltll 51st Street, BlIildillg 4Mb of free space. Monitor support C-113. Plloenix. Arizona 85044. requires one of the following: Super Telepllone (602) 893-2400: Tete/ax YGA. YGA, EGA, CGA. or Hercules. (602) 893-2042. Alltomop configures with HP Laserjel.

50 MERIDIAN j iX'it Paintjet, Postscript. Epson FX/MX, menus will allow one to window up, Canon LBP-B, NEC Colormate, Epson down, left or right or zoom in and out 24 pin or any printer compatible with on the displayed map, A nice feature the above printers. Microsoft mouse that enlarges a small area immedi or mouse compatible can be used ately is done with the arrow keys or with this software. the mouse by creating a small win~ This program has the advantage of dow and then pressing the F6 key, This program has the being a combination of a Rand The area within the window will be advantage of being a McNally road atlas and a AAA trip the next map drawn on the screen, combination of a Rand tick all in one, One can choose When enlarging portions of the map McNally road atlas and a AAA trip tick all in between 15 different databases and a number of times cartographic errors one. overlays offering a multitude of are more noticeable in some areas. An additional layers and overlays of example is route 61 along the north information. Everything from label shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota. ing cities, mountains, wildlife ref It looks as though the ro.,d is veering uges, cliffs, valleys, Indian reserva out into the lake. One glaring error in tions, rivers, boundaries, scale and the parks listing is the omission of latitude and longitude along with a Yellowstone National Park. It shows host of others that can selectively be up on the map but isn't found in any turned on or off. Adding to many of the databases! In Pennsylvania. layers and databases can excessively Presque Isle State Park on Lake Erie clutter a map beyond recognition. doesn't show any signs of the bay Careful selection is the key here for that's supposed to be there, Maps producing useful and informative displaying a small area showing maps. rivers, there's no indication of any One of the main features is being size differential. Small tributaries are able to plan oul a trip by using the the same size as the larger river they menu options with either the arrow flow into. It's also hard to distiJ'guish keys or a mouse. Enter the town or between certain roads and rivers city that begins and ends your because they've been given the same journey with the option of picking color and line width. four additional cities to visit along Regional and state maps displayed the way. After entering the informa on screen are exceptional. For print tion the program will display mul out versions of a map it's best to use tiple routes to the final destination. a laser printer if you have one but The system then gives directions and using a color inkjet or a 24 pin printer route numbers to follow to get from will produce quHe acceptable results. one city to the next. This can then be It's best to have a fast computer printed out and used during the trip. because the time it takes to display a The program wiD also display a map map that has a number of overlays of the specified region with the takes a while to draw on screen. particular route in a flashing mode A fun and educational feature of A fun and educational visually showing where it is. The Automap is the geography quiz game feature of Automap is the geography quiz game map can then be printed out for use that's included as one of the menu that's included as one of on the trip, Displaying one of the options which can be played at a the menu options which alternative route choices will produce national. regional or state level. COln be played at a a new set of directions and map. AII/omap is helpful and fun to use national. regional or state level. Avoiding certain cities or driving on and is user friendly enough if you different types of roads and at don't mind some repetition in key various speeds are other choices that strokes in moving around the menus can be selected from the menu when a mouse isn't attached. The options. manual is easy reading, straight After a map has been displayed forward and brief with its informa pointing and clicking on one of the tion. There's also an online help icons or going into the pull down system that's easy to read and

~ MERIDIAN 7 " understand in case trouble occurs consider. Libraries and individuals and the manual isn't dose at hand. will want to discover AII/omap too. This package has a few small bugs but these shouldn't deter anyone John A. Olson from creating any travel plans or Assistant Map Librarian using Amomap as an electronic atlas. John R. Borchert Map Library It"s a fine package that every business University of Minnesota with traveling representatives should Minneapolis, Minnesota

Shedding the Veil: Mapping the European Discovery of America and the World Based on Selected Works from the Sidney R. Knafel Collection of Early Maps, Atlases, and Globes, 1434-1865 Thomas Suarez. .. .it is wonde.rful that a single coltedor could Singapore. New Jersey. LcmdOtl, HOllg Kong: World Scientific. 1992. Xill. 204 pp. put together such 15BN 9810208693. 565.00. trl'.llsures! It is easy to be critical of this book. All of the above leads to the hard starting with the title. Shedding the questions: what is the purpose of this Veil has a nice ring to it. but lacks book? Is the collection to be made meaning aside from the rest of the available for consultation by schol title and simply adds words; a ars? After reading the book and shorter title could have said every looking at the reproductions care thing necessary. Another irritant is fully. it seems better to forget ques that although Mr. Suarez provides a tions and just enjoy it. Assume the warm. personal introduction. most title refers to the revelation of the readers have no inkling of his back collection of maps assembled by Mr. ground. The sixty-one items dis Knafel. What a collection it is. And. in cussed in the book are from the these days of great cooperative collection of Sidney R. Knafel. who exhibits of major collections of great comments briefly on the collection age. it is wonderful that a single and tells us that the author is "one of collector could put together such those who concern themselves treasures! The author provides commerciaUy with cartography...·· readers with good information in a This helps. But there is little given spritely manner. The enthusiasm of Dates for thrl't' exhibits about Mr. Knafel in the book or in the the map dealer is obvious in the tone of the materials are promotional sheet distributed by the of the descriptions. which is a compli noted in the book which publisher. Dates for three exhibits of ment to the author. The reproduc suggests it is mean! as a the materials are noted in the book tions taken from the Knafel Collec catalog of the exhibit. which suggests it is meant as a tion begin with a gorgeous 1434 catalog of the exhibit. However. the portoIan (shown on the book jacket latest dates are from October 4 also) to an 1865 map showing the November 29.1992. when the exhibit Mass..,chusetts coast by George will be at the Bristol-Myers Squibb Eldridge. In discussing maps between Gallery in Princeton. New Jersey. so these dates the text is divided into the book is meant is to be more than seclionsas follows: I. "A World called the record of an exhibit. Finally. Europe" (the Isidore of Seville map of World Scientific is a publisher (since 1472 to the 1513 Ptolemy map by 1981) of books in science but does not Martin Waldseemuller); fl. "A New usually publish historical books. World" (from a portolan chart of 1434

52 MERIDIAN i ea commenting on the Atlantic islands depiction of North America as to a world map of 1655 from the Atlas separate from Asia. and if prior to marin of Arnold Colom): Ill. "Early 1506 it would be the earliest printed Colonization" (map dated 1583 of map to show the New World at all." Drake's circumnavigation to the 1865 Then hcconcludes: "By 1513, how According to David map noted above). The book is cvcr. this Waldseemuller map was a Jolly... it will be sought physically attractive. and the sixty· dated work. of interest only because afte.r by collectors and five illustrations (40 black and white: of the scarcity of maps from the early dealers. In my opinion 25 color) are good. Naturally. some· post-Columbian period." scholars could learn much from it as well. times the author writes about details According to David JoUy in the in the maps which are difficuJt to see fIyer about the book, it will be sought on the eight and a half by eleven after by collectors and dealers. In my reproductions. opinion scholars could learn much The advantage of working with from it as well. The book is a fine one collection is that the maps in it example of what can be accomplished are automatically the focus. That fact by the joint efforts of a collector and a also removes any criticism of the dealer. It is essentially the product of choice of subject. Describing relation· two people, and even though scholars ships between the maps is important will find points to criticize. they will and here the writer is adept. even also find much of great value. The lyrical. Sometimes the emphasis on book offers a lively text about somc "firsts" strains the writing: for very interesting and rare maps, example, in the text about the Waldseemuller map in Ptolemy's Carol Urness Geographia of 1513. Suarez says that if James Ford Bell Library the map was "conceived prior to University of Minnesota 1507, it would represent the earliest Minneapolis, Minnesota

NACIS Annual Meeting 1992

The North American Cartographic opment in children. cartographic Information Society (NAClS) will education. design, mapping software. hold its twelfth annual meeting at the geographic information systems, Ramada Inn in St. PauL Minnesota. navigation. and map library technol October 14-17. 1992. The Society is a ogy. There wiU be a mixture of young, interdisciplinary organization contributed papers, invited papers. whose goal is to promote communi· keynote speakers. poster displays. cation. coordination. and cooperation panel discussions. exhibits. and field among the produccrs. disseminators. trips. In addition a full day workshop curators. and users of cartographic on animated cartography will be information. The NACIS membership offered (registration for this work· includes professionals from govern shop is limited). ment. academic and private organiza For program and registration tions in Canada. the United States. informtion contact Dr. Jeffrey c. Mexico. the Caribbean, and Central Patton. Program Chair for NACIS XII. American Nations. Department of Geography. Univesity The program for this year's of North Carolina at Greensboro. meeting will include such topics as Greensboro. NC 27412. Telephone: cartographic activities in Latin (919) 334-5388. America and Canada. spatial devel-

~ M£lIlDIAN i 53 In Memoriam - John Brian Harley, 1932·1991

On December 20. 1991 the cartographic community lost one of its most brilliant lights and I lost a good friend and teacher. As Brian Harley was driving to his office in the Geography Department of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. he suffered a massive heart attack and died at the wheel of his car. John Brian Harley was born in Bristol. England. grew up in Staffordshire and attended the University of Birmingham where he received a B.A. (Honours) degree studying geography and history. He went on to receive his Ph.D. there in 1960. Most of his professional career was in academe. beginning at the Univer sity of Liverpool. then to the University of Exeter, and finally, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Before moving to Milwaukee, Brian achieved eminence in his field and was awarded a D.Litt. degree by the University of Birmingham in 1985 for "published contributions to the history of cartography and historical geography:' His move to the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 1986 was made possible by several factors, chief of which were the existence of the American Geographical Society Collection at UWM and the proximity of David Woodward in Madison. With the move of the distinguished AGS Collection to Milwaukee in 1978. the University sought a world-class scholar who could supervise research in the collection. When the position was finally approved. Brian Harley became the obvious first choice. and. the attractiveness of this position for him was greatly enhanced by the prospect of being closely situated to his co-editor of the immense History of Cartography project which he and David Woodward conceived in 1977. With his arrival in Milwaukee. Brian established the Office for Map History on the UWM Campus to administer the grant funded projects which he would undertake in the years to come. The most formidable of these was the (still) travelling exhibition "Maps and the Columbian Encounter" which has been seen by thousands of people across the country. His interest in the cartography of the Native Americans shown in the Columbus exhibition was to be expanded in the "Indian and Inuit Maps Project" for which a planning grant was provided by NEH in 1991. In addition to the major projects. the Office also administered a Visiting Fellowship Program which brought many interesting scholars from around the world to pursue research interests in the AGS Collection. and the "Maps and America" lecture series. Brian once remarked to me that he liked always to have "something in the hopper:' and, indeed. his scholarly output was truly remarkable. both in quantity and significance. His life was his work and during his work day he rarely strayed far from his desk which was evidenced by the fact that he almost always answered the phone on the first ring. Those who got to know Brian knew that he had. as well. a wonderful sense of humor and a great capacity for enjoying life. We always looked forward to the parties he held at his home at least twice a year, The interdisciplinary approach so evident in his writings was likewise reflected in his guest list-thus. in addition to historians of cartography and other geogra phers. one was as likely to encounter art historians. philosophers, architects and historians. I shall never forget that Brian's death occurred the day before he planned to give a large holiday party in his new house. The same facility with language found in his articles was also to be found in his oral presentations. Here he displayed a highly developed rhetorical style combined with a natural sense of theater. This resulted in his being widely sought as a speaker in Europe and North America. His hallmark trait was the manner in which used his glasses for emphasis as he alternated between his text and liberally interspersed freehand comments. His glasses would be torn from their moorings and vigorously deployed in one dramatic stance or another. soon to be thrust back in place to allow his continuation with the text. It was often antici pated that sometime he would let go and the glasses would go sailing across the room, but this never did happen. With the news of his passing. friends worldwide paid tribute to his memory. and memo rial services were held both in Milwaukee and in England, The one in Milwaukee attracted friends from as far away as New York State. As a student of his. I greatly treasured the privilege of having been able to work with him, and will sorely miss his wise counsel now that he is gone.

Christopher Baruth American Geographical Society Collection University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

;. MEHWIAN i ea The Final Word Jenny Marie Johnson

Libraries are an environment full on its publication of ClIide to U.S. Map of materials and procedures which Resollrces in 1986 by forming the "meet standards." Standards have Cartographic Statistics Task Force. two purposes. to assure quality and This group created a suggested to ease barriers created by differ· statistics keeping form. which has ences. From the paper that maps are appeared in base line and Docllmel/ts D... t... nn be shu~d printed on, through the accuracy of to tIJe People. to assist map libraries in worldwide without the data depiction, to the materials used tracking their growth and also to need for fluency in to preserve maps. everything aspires improve the quality of statistics dOlen. of \imgu ...ges to equal or exceed established reported on surveys such as that for benuse of rules governing fields, criteria. Some. but not all, of these the Guide or the survey distributed by subfields. and punctua standards have been established by Charles Seavey early in 1992. tion. members of the library profession. MAGERT has tackled standards on Others have been handed down by another front. Carlogrnpllic Citatio1lS: international or federal agencies. A Style Guide was designed to work Libraries revolve around sets of hand~in·hand with standard gujdes standards entitled MARC and to citation styles such as TIle Chicago MCRl. Written by libraries for Mn1lllal of Style and The MLA Hrmd~ libraries. they are the structure book for Writt!rS of Research Papers. through which metadata about Charles Seavey (1992) used the holdings and contents is constructed. statistics found in GlIide to U.S. Map Data can be shared worldwide Restmrces, second edition. to generate without the need for fluency in ranldngs of Association of Research dozens of languages because of rules Libraries (ARL) map collections. governing fields. subfields. and Using standard performance mea punctuation. The new Map Calaloging sures and statistical techniques. he MQlwn/ from the Library of Congress showed that map collections do not will assist catalogers in interpreting receive support in a proportion both the accepted set of standards equitable with the support for the rest and how the standards have been of the library. Seavey intends to applied by the creator of a large continue this work by distributing proportion of catalog base data. annual surveys to ARL map collec ...a standard format for Map library organizations are tions and then compiling the results ntaloging digital creating standards, too. In 1987 the as ARL does not collect information spatially referenced d... t... Special Libraries Association Geogra· on cartographic formats. By collecting must be developed. phy and Map Division published its concrete statistics. creating ways to ''Standard for University Map cite cartographic resources similar to Collections" after seven years of the citations for books. and providing committee work. This set of stan examples of quantifiable need. map dards provides definitions with collections will become stronger commentary and a bibliography but. participants in a library world full of unfortunately. does not provide books. specifics such as number of square There is other work needing to be feet required for patron use or done. As pointed out in "The Map appropriate percentage to determine Cilta/oging Mal/lInl: Autobiography or when drawer space is overly full. Leadership Manual" a standard The American Library format for cataloging digital spatially Association's Map and Geography referenced data must be developed. Round Table (MAGERT) followed up Map collections are either receiving

""" MEIUI>IAN 7 55 this kind of material as depository defined and solutions to problems are items or are purchasing digital found. information; just as with any other library item, these materials must LITERATURE CITED appear in the library catalog. Because of current and probable future Special Libraries Association. Geogra involvement in GIS, librarians should phy and Map Division. 1987. also consider working with genera Standards for University Map tors of data to provide accurate and Collections. Bulletin 148: 2-12. meaningful metadata describing data sets, their collection parameters, and Seavey, Charles A. 1992. Ranking and techniques used for data manipula Evaluating the ARL Library Map tion. Looking toward tomorrow or Collections. College & Research the next century, standards will Libraries 50(no. 1):31-43. continue to evolve as needs are

YElLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

Y.V.1:tAYDBN

FORTHCOMING 1993

ThE MAP AND GEOGRAPHY ROUNDTABLE OCCASIONAL PAPER No.4

THE MAPPING OF THE ------~ NATIONAL PARKS From Hayden·s Preliminary Report (1872). Courtesy Tufts University A volume devoted to the history of the mapping of eight ofAmerica's great national parks.

56 MERIDIAN 7 ~

Table of Contents