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Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD

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Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD December 2014 CONTENTS General toxicology 8 Metals 32 Management 17 Pesticides 35 Drugs 19 Chemical warfare 37 Chemical incidents & 27 Plants 38 pollution Chemicals 28 Animals 38 CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH Position paper update: Whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman WG, Höjer J, Benson BE, Hoppu K, Erdman A, Bedry R, Mégarbane B. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.989326: Context A position paper on the use of whole bowel irrigation (WBI) was first published in 1997 by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) and updated in 2004. The aims of this paper are to briefly summarize the content of the 2004 Position Paper and to present any new data and recommendations. Methods A systematic review of the literature from January 2003 to February 28, 2013 was conducted using multiple online databases for articles concerning WBI for gastrointestinal decontamination. An evidence table was created for applicable articles. The authors produced the initial draft that was reviewed by AACT and EAPCCT. Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units. The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England 2 Results The literature search produced 60 articles with the possibility of applicable human data. Based mainly on volunteer studies, WBI can be considered for potentially toxic ingestions of sustained-release or enteric-coated drugs particularly for those patients presenting later than 2 h after drug ingestion when activated charcoal is less effective. WBI can be considered for patients who have ingested substantial amounts of iron, lithium, or potassium as the morbidity is high and there is a lack of other potentially effective options for gastrointestinal decontamination. WBI can be considered for removal of ingested packets of illicit drugs in "body packers." However, controlled data documenting improvement in clinical outcome after WBI are lacking. WBI is contraindicated in patients with bowel obstruction, perforation, or ileus, and in patients with hemodynamic instability or compromised unprotected airways. WBI should be used cautiously in debilitated patients and in patients with medical conditions that might be further compromised by its use. The concurrent administration of activated charcoal and WBI might decrease the effectiveness of the charcoal. The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. Conclusion WBI can facilitate removal of select toxicants from the gastrointestinal tract in some patients, but there is no convincing evidence from clinical studies that it improves the outcome of poisoned patients. There is no new evidence that would require a major revision of the conclusions of the 2004 position statement. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.989326 Characteristics of analytically confirmed 3-MMC-related intoxications from the Swedish STRIDA project Bäckberg M, Lindeman E, Beck O, Helander A. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.981823: Background 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant structurally related to the new psychoactive substance (NPS) mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC). We describe a case series of analytically confirmed intoxications involving 3-MMC presented to emergency departments in Sweden and included in the STRIDA project. Study design Observational case series of consecutive patients with self-reported or suspected use of NPS presenting to hospitals in Sweden between August 2012 and March 2014. Methods NPS analysis was performed by a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS)/MS method that is updated with new substances as they appear. Data on clinical features were collected during Poisons Information Centre consultations and retrieved from medical records. Results 3-MMC was detected in 50 (6.4%) of the 786 cases included in the STRIDA project during the 20-month study period, with the peak occurring in August 2013. The age range of patients testing positive for 3-MMC was 17–49 years (median 24) and 76% of them were men. The 3-MMC concentration in serum ranged between 0.002 and 1.49 µg/mL (median, 0.091) and between 0.007 and 290 µg/mL (median, 3.05) in urine. Co-exposure to other NPS and/or traditional drugs was very common, and 3-MMC mono-intoxication was found in only 4 (8%) cases. The most frequent clinical features were tachycardia (48% of cases) and 3 agitation (42%). Other features included a reduced level of consciousness (32%), dilated pupils (24%), hallucinations (20%), diaphoresis (12%), seizures (8%), and hyperthermia (6%). Most patients (60%) needed hospital care for only 1 day but in 8% for 3 days or longer. Conclusion The majority of patients with analytically confirmed 3-MMC exposure had sympathomimetic features similar to those associated with mephedrone intoxication. However, the high incidence of co-exposure to other drugs makes the clinical interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, 3-MMC was associated with a high admittance rate to intensive care (30%), and detected in two cases with a fatal outcome, suggesting that 3-MMC is a harmful drug. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.981823 Understanding the availability, prevalence of use, desired effects, acute toxicity and dependence potential of the novel opioid MT-45 Siddiqi S, Verney CH, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.983239: Introduction 1-Cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (MT-45) is a novel psychoactive substance available over the Internet. MT-45 is an opioid-like compound. This study provides an overview of availability, use and desired and unwanted effects of MT-45 through triangulation of available data sources. Methods Searches of the published scientific literature and 'grey' information sources, using the keywords 'MT 45', 'MT-45' and '1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine' were undertaken in June 2014 to identify information on the availability, prevalence of use and desired/unwanted effects of MT-45. In addition an Internet snapshot survey in English was undertaken in May 2014 to determine the availability and cost of MT-45. Results In June 2014 we were unable to identify any studies reporting the prevalence of use of MT- 45. The Internet snapshot study identified 17 Internet sites selling MT-45. Information on price was available from 9 sites, with the mean price of MT-45 decreased with increasing purchase amounts from US$57.60 ± 19.37 per gram for a 1-g purchase to US$3.36 ± 1.83 per gram for a 1-kg purchase. We identified one published scientific paper reporting on the acute harms in nine cases of analytically confirmed MT-45 toxicity, one US government report relating to two MT-45-related deaths and 20 user reports on Internet discussion forums relating to the use of MT-45. All these suggest that the desired and unwanted effects of MT-45 are similar to those seen with other opioids, and that the opioid-like unwanted effects may be reversed with the opioid antagonist naloxone. There were user reports of MT-45 being used in heroin withdrawal and of 'withdrawal symptoms' after use, suggesting that long-term use may be associated with dependency as seen with other opioids. Conclusions Combining published scientific literature and 'grey' information sources, we have demonstrated that MT-45 has opioid-like desired and unwanted effects. Whilst the information is limited at the moment, it has the potential to have similar dependence liability to other opioids. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.983239 4 The pharmacotherapy for pit viper envenoming in the United States: a brief retrospective on roots, recurrence, and risk Weinstein SA. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.983240: Introduction The report by Bush and colleagues ("Comparison of F(ab')2 versus Fab antivenom (AV) for pit viper envenomation: A prospective, blinded, multicentre, randomized clinical trial") in this issue of Clinical Toxicology presents the results of a controlled Phase-3 study comparing the therapeutic efficiency of two Fab AVs, equine-derived F(ab')2 and ovine-derived Fab (Fig. 1), for treating pit viper (crotaline) envenomation. The study was conducted at 18 clinical sites and included envenoming attributed to at least 12 identified crotaline species with the majority (102) of bites ascribed non-specifically as "rattlesnake" or "unidentified" bites. Most of the 114 patients ultimately included in the three study groups (F(ab')2/F(ab')2, F(ab')2 /placebo, and Fab/Fab) exhibited characteristics reasonably representative of commonly encountered envenomed patients in the US, for example, predominantly white males with a median age between 32.9 and 45.6 years. Children aged less than 10 years, and mostly in the F(ab')2 /F(ab')2 group, were also included. The study by Bush et al. (2014) provides encouraging support for the clinical efficiency of F(ab')2 AV against North American pit viper venoms, as their study reports a notably lower percentage of patients who experienced late coagulopathy when respectively comparing the F(ab')2 /placebo (5.3%) and F(ab')2 /F(ab')2 (10.3%) groups with the Fab/Fab (29.7%) group. Also, although the overall adverse event incidence was similar in the F(ab')2 /F(ab')2 and Fab/Fab groups, adverse events associated with coagulopathy or hemorrhage (e.g., petechiae and gingival bleeding) were reported in 8.1 – 9.3% of those in the F(ab')2 /placebo and F(ab')2 /F(ab')2 groups in comparison to 24.4% in the Fab/Fab group.
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