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Membrane Fouling and Visualisation Studies AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ASSESSING AND IMPLEMENTING ECOLOGICAL WATER REQUIREMENTS Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by W Malherbe, J Mulders, V Wepener, NJ Smit and F Retief Unit for Environmental Science and Management North-West University Potchefstroom WRC Report No. 2738/1/20 ISBN 978-0-6392-0133-7 April 2020 Obtainabe from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 GEZINA, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. © Water Research Commission ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RATIONALE South Africa has a rich history of research on Ecological Water Requirements (EWR), even before the development of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998, NWA) introduced concepts such as the Ecological Reserve. However, with the advent of the NWA there were numerous challenges in terms of the human resource capacity and training to implement these concepts effectively within Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). North-West University launched a Masters programme in EWR in 2016 to implement an Ecological Water Requirements curriculum (Wepener, 2016), which was the culmination of 20 years of EWR curriculum development. Even with this curriculum being available, there has been a lack of formal training and capacity building within the EWR field in recent times, with particular reference to socio-economic integration that often lacked in depth. As such, this project relates to that interface of providing postgraduate training in EWR while still trying to advance the science behind EWR. The implementation of EWR in IWRM has been lacking, largely due to the lack of capacity identified but also in some regards due to the lack of methods and research on how to integrate the EWR within existing water resource management strategies. Integration, in the context of this project, was defined as the technical integration of driver and responder data together with the stakeholder vision for a catchment using a holistic method. This method has the capability to include riverine, wetlands and groundwater information and to determine what the risks to achieving the catchment vision or endpoints are. Therefore, this project used a case study catchment to look at integration and implementation of EWR using a holistic methodology. Due to dynamic climatic changes, an environmental water requirement should be more flexible and adaptive in the future. All too often, the methodologies and management measures have been too rigid to be responsive to dynamic aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, an integrated approach based on the Relative Risk Model (RRM) proposed by O’Brien and Wepener (2012) and O’Brien et al. (2018) is potentially a way forward to improve EWRs for aquatic ecosystems in South Africa, both in the integration of socio-ecological endpoints and in improved implementation of EWRs. It must be noted, that it is proposed that this RRM be used as an integrated framework for riverine, wetland and groundwater ecosystems and not to replace existing methods for each aquatic ecosystem type. The existing methods to assess EWRs still provide valuable information that is needed in the RRM to define the relationships to the socio- iii ecological endpoints identified as important. The RRM method would be an inclusive and participatory method for the management of water resources in a specific catchment. The selected case study was the Mooi River in the Vaal River catchment, originating in the Gauteng and North West Provinces. This is a small but complex catchment with numerous activities resulting in an impact on the Mooi River. These activities include dense urban and rural developments, agriculture (mostly crop farming), and mining (mostly gold mining). Other impacts on the Mooi River include discharge of poorly treated wastewater while the three impoundments (Klerkskraal, Klipdrift, Boskop and Potchefstroom Dam) also affect the Mooi River. This project dealt with the following problem statements as a baseline: a) human resource capacity in EWR is limited in South Africa; b) general water-related expertise in South Africa, especially within certain government departments, is declining; c) little fundamental research on EWRs in South Africa has been done, especially related to integrated technical approaches; and d) water governance issues surrounding EWR implementation and integration are often experienced. The following rationale and problem statements were used to set the four main aims for the project: AIM 1: Ecological Water Requirement training and skills development To strengthen research and training in Environmental Water Requirements (EWRs) utilising the Masters Programme in Environmental Management with specialisation in EWRs at the North-West University. AIM 2: Technical integration Advance the technical integration of EWRs using science-based methodologies. The focus here is the integration of the various existing methods into a framework that will potentially allow better EWR implementation. AIM 3: Mooi River case study To demonstrate the implementation and the integration of EWRs by means of a case study. For this purpose, the Mooi River within the Vaal River Catchment was selected as the case study catchment. AIM 4: Water related skills development Develop and strengthen water related skills within students participating in the Masters in Environmental Management with specialisation in Ecological Water Requirements. iv METHODOLOGY The methodologies for the three main research outcomes based on the aims previously highlighted are briefly explained below. The focus was on the EWR training and development, the technical integration and the use of the Mooi River case study as illustration of the methodology. Ecological Water Requirement training and skills development (Aim 1 and 4) The training and skills development of the students were facilitated through the Masters in Environmental Management with specialisation in Ecological Water Requirements at North- West University. The students registered for three modules: • Management of Ecological Drivers in Aquatic Ecosystems • Management of Ecological Response in Aquatic Ecosystems • Research module in EWR (any topic in EWR applicable to Mooi River or more general). This Masters utilises various experts and professionals from the EWR and water resources sectors in South Africa. The duration of the course is two years with the ultimate goal to equip the students with the necessary skills to function efficiently and professionally in the water resources management sector in South Africa. Technical integration (Aim 2) The review of existing methodologies used in EWR and EWR integration in South Africa highlighted the different methods that are available for the different components. However, the holistic, regional-scale, probabilistic assessment method within the Relative Risk Model (RRM) approach (O’Brien and Wepener, 2012; O’Brien et al., 2018) was considered to be a promising method to assess a complex socio-ecological system. The method uses a regional- scale ecological risk assessment framework that is able to deal with multiple stressors to social and ecological endpoints and still be able to address ecosystem dynamism (O’Brien et al., 2018). Bayesian belief networks are incorporated into the RRM to address uncertainty explicitly. The RRM methodology that was applied in the Mooi River case study consisted of 10 steps: Step 1: Vision exercise Step 2: Mapping and data analyses Step 3: Risk region selection Step 4: Conceptual model Step 5: Ranking scheme Step 6: Calculate risks v Step 7: Uncertainty evaluation Step 8: Hypotheses establishment Step 9: Test hypotheses Step 10: Communicate outcomes Mooi River Case Study (Aim 3) The catchment that was used for the case study is the Mooi River catchment in the Vaal River. The headwaters of the Wonderfonteinspruit tributary originates in Krugersdorp, while the mainstem Mooi River originates north of Potchefstroom in the Boons region. The other significant tributary is the Loopspruit that originates to the east of Fochville. It is a complex catchment which is highly utilised with numerous anthropogenic impacts. These impacts include mining, agriculture, rural and urban developments and discharges of poorly treated wastewater. A thorough review of the available ecological and socio-economic conditions within the catchment was conducted. The review is compiled through the gathering of published and grey literature on the catchment for the different individual student projects. The socio- and resource economics studies were conducted using a desktop level socio-economic classification and valuation for the Mooi River sub-catchment. The Prime Africa® Ecosystem Services Capital (Eco-CAPes) was utilised as a standard for classification. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results from each aim as identified previously are presented in the following sections. Ecological Water Requirement training and skills development (Aim 1 and 4) Two of the main aims of this research project were to build capacity in EWR within the water resources management sector in South Africa. This was achieved through the Masters in Environmental Management in EWR at North-West University. Thus far, 19 students have received training through their participation in this research project
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