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7.0 Arendt: the Social and Political A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 1 Beyond the Social and Political Statement I hereby declare that that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another university for the award of any other degree. Signature««««««««««««««««««« 2 Beyond the Social and Political UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BEYOND THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL: A SYNTHESIS OF THE POLITICAL THEORIES OF HANNAH ARENDT AND MICHEL FOUCAULT SUMMARY This thesis argues for a move beyond the division of contemporary western experiences into separate social and political spheres. This includes a comparative study of the theories of Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault alongside historical and contemporary examples in support of the relevance of their theories and that of this thesis. The synthesis between Arendt and Foucault made here corrects the respective weaknesses in each theory by using the strengths of the other. Furthermore, this synthesis informs a move beyond the social and political referred to above. The critique of sovereignty, the defence of plurality and the critique of instrumental reason are shown here as the most important parallels between the two thinkers and the central ways that people in contemporary western society are disempowered. This thesis argues for a reconsideration of these issues in order to redress this disempowerment. The thesis also looks at the major divergence between the two thinkers which is shown to rest on their respective treatment of the social and political. This argument rejects the Arendtian argument for the separation of the social and political to favour Foucauldian resistance located on and within the everyday experiences of western individuals. This VKRZQWREHSROLWLFDODFWLRQURRWHGLQWKHVRFLDODVSHFWVRILQGLYLGXDOV¶OLYHVDQGVWDQGVLQ opposition to the claims of Arendt regarding the social. However, this retains the political strengths of her vision. The synthesis of the strengths of both theorists alongside the ultimate rejection of the Arendtian separation of the social and political that this Foucauldian resistance exemplifies is concluded as constituting a move beyond the social and political to have more relevance, meaning and ultimate empowerment for individuals because it more accurately reflects the realities of their everyday lives. 3 Beyond the Social and Political Contents Statement 1 Summary 2 Contents 3 Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 9 &KDSWHU2QH7KH/RVVRI7KH&LW\&LWL]HQ$UHQGW·V&ULWLTXHRI Sovereignty 18 1.1: Introduction 18 1.11: Contemporary Forms of Fear: Insecurity, Anxiety, Uncertainty and Mistrust 21 1.2: Sovereignty as Leviathan 22 1.3: The Westphalian State 27 1.4: The (Non) Sovereign Individual 34 1.5: Conclusion 40 Chapter Two: The Rise of The ShePherd-)ORFN)RXFDXOW·V&ULWLTXHRI Sovereignty 43 2.1: Introduction 43 2.2: Sovereignty as Leviathan 43 2.3: The Inversion of Clausewitz and the Isolated Individual at War 51 2.4: Conclusion 59 &KDSWHU7KUHH$UHQGW·V'HIHQFHRI3OXUDOLW\ 62 3.1: Introduction 62 3.2: Equality and Distinction 63 3.3: The Elimination of Spontaneity 67 3.4: Action as Speech and Deeds and Action as Resistance 72 2WKHU¶DFWLRQV·1DWDOLW\ 76 3.6: Outside the Plural: Isolation, Loneliness and Solitude 78 3.61: Isolation 79 3.62: Loneliness and Solitude 81 3.7: Conclusion 83 4 Beyond the Social and Political Chapter Four: Difference, DisciPline, Domination: Foucault and the Pastoralisation of the Plural 85 4.1: Introduction 85 4.2: The Defence of Society: Permanent Purification and Techniques of Domination 86 ¶.QRZLQJ0DQ·)RXFDXOWDQG$VVXMHWLVVHPHQW 88 4.4: Divide and Rule: The Value of Distinction 95 4.5: Permanent Purification: The Defence of Plurality via Agonism and Action 97 4.51: Foucault, Action and Speech 100 4.6: The Coldest of all Cold Monsters: The Pastoralisation of the Plural and its Relevance to Today 104 4.7: Conclusion 112 ChaSWHU)LYH$UHQGW·V&ULWLTXHRI,QVWUXPHQWDO5DWLRQDOLW\ 114 5.1: Introduction 114 $UHQGW·V8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI0HDQV-Ends Rationality 115 $UHQGW·V&ULWLTXHRI9LROHQFH 120 5.4: Tyranny Without Tyrants: Arendt and Bureaucracy 127 5,5: Banality and Evil: Instrumental Rationality and The Loss of Judgement 132 5.6: Conclusion 135 &KDSWHU6L[)RXFDXOW·V&ULWLTXHRI,QVWUXPHQWDO5DWLRQDOLW\ 138 6.1: Introduction 138 6.2: The Critique of Instrumental Rationality as PrinciPle 139 6.3: Political Rationality, Power and the APPlication of Agonism 144 6.4: Sovereign Positivisms: The Critique of Instrumental Rationality as Form 148 6.5: Dazzling the King: Foucault and Bureaucracy 153 6.6: Instrumental Rationality in Modern Form: The Arendtian AsPect 156 6.7: Violence and the Importance of Thought 159 6.8: Conclusion 162 5 Beyond the Social and Political Chapter Seven: Arendt: The Social and Political 165 7.1; Introduction 165 7.2: Misery and Want: The Curse of Poverty 166 7.3: Marx and the Socialization of Poverty 173 7.31: The Public/Private Distinction 174 7.4: The Arendtian Political 182 7.41: Promises and Forgiveness 186 7.5: Conclusion 190 Chapter Eight: Beyond the Social and Political: Political Agents in The Social Realm 194 8.1: Introduction 194 8.2: The Foucauldian Importance of Economy 194 8.3: Bio-Politics: Political Domination Throughout Society 197 8.4: The Paradox of Neo-Liberalism 202 8.5: The Problem with Politics Today 205 8.6: Foucault and Ethics 207 8.61: EPimeleia Heautou: The Inversion of Power via Care of the Self 209 8.7: Politics as an Ethics 213 &RQFOXVLRQ¶7KH3ROLWLFDO·2YHU¶7KH6RFLDO· 219 Conclusion: Empowering Everyday Lives 221 Bibliography 237 6 Beyond the Social and Political Acknowledgements The first thanks I give are to my supervisor, Dr. Darrow Schecter, not only for his support in the usual sense of a doctoral supervisor, but also for his understanding regarding my situation, the interruptions that it caused and the impacts of this on the time it took me to complete. I would also like to thank Prof. William Outhwaite for his feedback on my early outline and all of the staff at Sussex University library, UWE library, University of Reading Library, Oxford Brookes library and Swindon libraries. My colleagues at the Open University who must be thanked include the late Dr. Peter De Vries, Dr. Sandra Buckland, Dr. Claire Smetherham, Dr. Hazel Roberts, Mark Gillard for the Hardt article, Mark Kirby for the online debate that forced me to think even more clearly about Foucault and Dr. Teresa Willis for the book about the doctoral viva process. I also thank my contemporary doctoral hopefuls Dr. Emma Scott and Dr. Thanos Kastritis for their words of wisdom and support which have always been gratefully received. When both sanity and patience wDVQHDUO\ORVWWRPHIRUHYHUWKH5¶JDQJ·ZDVWKHUHIRUPHZLWK the same mirth as there ever was, proving that you can again have friends like the ones you had when you were twelve. I also thank Dee Harrad and Kirstie Jackman for the practical support of the gift of time when I needed to study. I will never forget. The value of some friendships simply cannot be captured in words. These are the people in whose FRPSDQ\\RXIXOO\XQGHUVWDQG$UHQGW·VHPSKDVLVRQWKHSOXUDODQG)RXFDXOW·VREVHUYDWLRQWKDW goRGIULHQGVKLSGRHVQ·WDOZD\VQHHGZRUGV7KHVHSHRSOHZKR,ZLOOQHYHUUHDOO\EHDEOHWRWKDQN HQRXJK EXWWKDQNKHUHDQ\ZD\ IRUWKHLUSDWLHQFHZLWKP\LQILQLWHTXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJ¶KRZLWDOO ZRUNV·QRWWRPHQWLRQWKHLULQKHUHQWNLQGQHVVVXSSRUWDQGKospitality, are Dr. Steve Brown and Dr. Catherine Hollis. Steve and Pete Sherman-2·1HLOODUHVLPSO\WZRRIWKHEHVWIULHQGVDSHUVRQ can have and I have always been grateful for their support, not least when I frequently needed good company to take my mind off of it all. Vital support came from the home-in-the-world of other very longstanding friendship, for giving me this sanctuary I thank Sarah Roberts and Donna Porter. The best and most important thanks have been saved for last. I thank Mum and Dad, Danny, Ted and my grand parents for their support and understanding in everything that I have done. I love them all very much. Many lifetimes would not be enough to express to Gary and Dylan how grateful I am for the support that they have shown for my PhD ambition over what has seemed the longest time. That they lived with less familiarity of exactly what it all meant, and yet showed understanding and patience to an extent that frequently outstripped mine just goes to show that brilliance comes in a multitude of forms and belongs to no specific years of age. It is no overstatement to claim that without their support this thesis would not exist, that it does is testament to the laughter we share and the support that they give. My heartfelt gratitude and unending love go to them both. 7 Beyond the Social and Political The Unknown Citizen. (To JS/07/M378 This Marble Monument is Erected by the State) He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be One against whom there was no official complaint. And all the reports on his conduct agree That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint «([FHSWIRUWKH:DUWLOOWKHGD\KHUHWLUHG He worked in a factory and never got fired, «<HWKHZDVQ·WDVFDERURGGLQKLVYLHZV For his Union reported that he paid his dues, (Our report on his Union shows it was sound) And our Social Psychology workers found That he was popular with his mates and liked a drink. «3ROLFLHVWDNHQRXWLQKLVQDPHSURYHWKDWKHZDVIXOO\LQVXUHG And his health card shows he was once in hospital but left it cured «he had everything necessary to the Modern Man, A phonograph, a radio, a car and a Frigidaire.
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