Cryptosporidium and Water: a Public Health Handbook Cdc-Pdf
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Official Nh Dhhs Health Alert
THIS IS AN OFFICIAL NH DHHS HEALTH ALERT Distributed by the NH Health Alert Network [email protected] May 18, 2018, 1300 EDT (1:00 PM EDT) NH-HAN 20180518 Tickborne Diseases in New Hampshire Key Points and Recommendations: 1. Blacklegged ticks transmit at least five different infections in New Hampshire (NH): Lyme disease, Anaplasma, Babesia, Powassan virus, and Borrelia miyamotoi. 2. NH has one of the highest rates of Lyme disease in the nation, and 50-60% of blacklegged ticks sampled from across NH have been found to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. 3. NH has experienced a significant increase in human cases of anaplasmosis, with cases more than doubling from 2016 to 2017. The reason for the increase is unknown at this time. 4. The number of new cases of babesiosis also increased in 2017; because Babesia can be transmitted through blood transfusions in addition to tick bites, providers should ask patients with suspected babesiosis whether they have donated blood or received a blood transfusion. 5. Powassan is a newer tickborne disease which has been identified in three NH residents during past seasons in 2013, 2016 and 2017. While uncommon, Powassan can cause a debilitating neurological illness, so providers should maintain an index of suspicion for patients presenting with an unexplained meningoencephalitis. 6. Borrelia miyamotoi infection usually presents with a nonspecific febrile illness similar to other tickborne diseases like anaplasmosis, and has recently been identified in one NH resident. Tests for Lyme disease do not reliably detect Borrelia miyamotoi, so providers should consider specific testing for Borrelia miyamotoi (see Attachment 1) and other pathogens if testing for Lyme disease is negative but a tickborne disease is still suspected. -
Cryptosporidium and Water
Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook 1997 WG WCWorking Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Suggested Citation Cryptosporidium and Water: A Public Health Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia: Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis. CDCENTERS FOR DISEASEC CONTROL AND PREVENTION For additional copies of this handbook, write to: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Parasitic Diseases Mailstop F-22 4770 Buford Highway N.E. Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction 1- Coordination and Preparation 2- Epidemiologic Surveillance 3- Clinical Laboratory Testing 4- Evaluating Water Test Results Drinking Water Sources, Treatment, and Testing Environmental Sampling Methods Issuing and Rescinding a Boil Water Advisory 5- Outbreak Management Outbreak Assessment News Release Information Frequently Asked Questions Protocols for Special Audiences and Contingencies 6- Educational Information Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for Persons With HIV and AIDS Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide for the Public Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water Filters and Bottled Water 7- Recreational Water Appendix Selected Articles Key Words and Phrases Figures A-F Index Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis (WGWC) Daniel G. Colley and Dennis D. Juranek, Coordinators, WGWC Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD) National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Scott A. Damon, Publications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Margaret Hurd, Communications Coordinator, WGWC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mary E. Bartlett, DPD Editor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Leslie S. Parker, Visual Information Specialist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Task Forces and Other Contributors: The draft materials for this handbook were developed through the work of multiple task forces and individuals whose names appear at the beginning of each chapter/section. -
E. Coli (STEC) FACT SHEET
Escherichia coli O157:H7 & SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING E. coli (STEC) FACT SHEET Agent: Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 or other Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli E. coli serotypes producing Shiga toxins. All are • Positive Shiga toxin test (e.g., EIA) gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that produce Shiga toxin(s). Diagnostic Testing: A. Culture Brief Description: An infection of variable severity 1. Specimen: feces characterized by diarrhea (often bloody) and abdomi- 2. Outfit: Stool culture nal cramps. The illness may be complicated by 3. Lab Form: Form 3416 hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), in which red 4. Lab Test Performed: Bacterial blood cells are destroyed and the kidneys fail. This is isolation and identification. Tests for particularly a problem in children <5 years of age Shiga toxin I and II. PFGE. and the elderly. In the United States, hemolytic 5. Lab: Georgia Public Health Labora- uremic syndrome is the principal cause of acute tory (GPHL) in Decatur, Bacteriol- kidney failure in children, and most cases of ogy hemolytic uremic syndrome are caused by E. coli O157:H7 or another STEC. Another complication is B. Antigen Typing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). As- 1. Specimen: Pure culture ymptomatic infections may also occur. 2. Outfit: Culture referral 3. Laboratory Form 3410 Reservoir: Cattle and possibly deer. Humans may 4. Test performed: Flagella antigen also serve as a reservoir for person-to-person trans- typing mission. 5. Lab: GPHL in Decatur, Bacteriology Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated Case Classification: food (most often inadequately cooked ground beef) • Suspected: A case of postdiarrheal HUS or but also unpasteurized milk and fruit or vegetables TTP (see HUS case definition in the HUS contaminated with feces. -
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant in Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Nervous system or blood Added to water during sewage/ Acrylamide TT4 problems; increased risk of cancer wastewater treatment zero Eye, liver, kidney, or spleen Runoff from herbicide used on row Alachlor 0.002 problems; anemia; increased risk crops zero of cancer Erosion of natural deposits of certain 15 picocuries Alpha/photon minerals that are radioactive and per Liter Increased risk of cancer emitters may emit a form of radiation known zero (pCi/L) as alpha radiation Discharge from petroleum refineries; Increase in blood cholesterol; Antimony 0.006 fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; decrease in blood sugar 0.006 solder Skin damage or problems with Erosion of natural deposits; runoff Arsenic 0.010 circulatory systems, and may have from orchards; runoff from glass & 0 increased risk of getting cancer electronics production wastes Asbestos 7 million Increased risk of developing Decay of asbestos cement in water (fibers >10 fibers per Liter benign intestinal polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits 7 MFL micrometers) (MFL) Cardiovascular system or Runoff from herbicide used on row Atrazine 0.003 reproductive problems crops 0.003 Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge Barium 2 Increase in blood pressure from metal refineries; erosion 2 of natural deposits Anemia; decrease in blood Discharge from factories; leaching Benzene -
Acmasphere Issue 62
acma investigations Broadcasting investigations, October to December 2010 � This summary is of ACMA broadcasting investigations completed in the three months from 1 October to 31 December 2010. There is also, with the cooperation of Free TV Australia and Commercial Radio Australia (CRA), a three-month report of the number and substance of complaints made directly to the commercial broadcasters. The broadcasting Complaints about possible breaches Most investigation reports (with the complaints process of program standards (children’s exception of community non-breach Primary responsibility for the resolution television, Australian content, captioning investigation reports) are published of broadcasting code-related and disclosure), provisions of the BSA on the ACMA website at complaints rests with the licensees. and licence conditions may be made www.acma.gov.au (go to About The Broadcasting Services Act 1992 directly to the ACMA. Complainants ACMA: Publications & research > (the BSA) lays down a general procedure are not obliged to contact a licensee Publications > Broadcasting publications for complaints-handling whereby a first in these instances. > Broadcasting investigations reports). complainant is required to approach a licensee first, who in turn is obliged The ACMA may find that a licensee to respond. has breached a broadcasting code of practice or a licensee may admit However, if a complainant does not to a breach of a code. Breaches of receive a response within 60 days, the codes are not breaches of the or considers the response received BSA, although the ACMA may make to be inadequate, the matter may then compliance with a code a condition be referred to the ACMA for investigation. -
Control of Intestinal Protozoa in Dogs and Cats
Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 1 ESCCAP Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 3SZ, United Kingdom First Edition Published by ESCCAP in August 2011 Second Edition Published in February 2018 © ESCCAP 2018 All rights reserved This publication is made available subject to the condition that any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise is with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. This publication may only be distributed in the covers in which it is first published unless with the prior written permission of ESCCAP. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-907259-53-1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 1: CONSIDERATION OF PET HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS 5 2: LIFELONG CONTROL OF MAJOR INTESTINAL PROTOZOA 6 2.1 Giardia duodenalis 6 2.2 Feline Tritrichomonas foetus (syn. T. blagburni) 8 2.3 Cystoisospora (syn. Isospora) spp. 9 2.4 Cryptosporidium spp. 11 2.5 Toxoplasma gondii 12 2.6 Neospora caninum 14 2.7 Hammondia spp. 16 2.8 Sarcocystis spp. 17 3: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PARASITE TRANSMISSION 18 4: OWNER CONSIDERATIONS IN PREVENTING ZOONOTIC DISEASES 19 5: STAFF, PET OWNER AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION 19 APPENDIX 1 – BACKGROUND 20 APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY 21 FIGURES Figure 1: Toxoplasma gondii life cycle 12 Figure 2: Neospora caninum life cycle 14 TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of apicomplexan oocysts found in the faeces of dogs and cats 10 Control of Intestinal Protozoa 6 in Dogs and Cats ESCCAP Guideline 06 Second Edition – February 2018 3 INTRODUCTION A wide range of intestinal protozoa commonly infect dogs and cats throughout Europe; with a few exceptions there seem to be no limitations in geographical distribution. -
A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water
A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water Prepared by Alisha Duggal, Shannon Frede, and Taylor Kasky, student attorneys in the Public Health Law Clinic at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law, under the supervision of Professors Kathleen Hoke and William Piermattei. Generous funding provided by the Partnership for Public Health Law, comprised of the American Public Health Association, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Association of County & City Health Officials, and the National Association of Local Boards of Health August 2015 THE PROBLEM: DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION Clean drinking water is essential to public health. Contaminated water is a grave health risk and, despite great progress over the past 40 years, continues to threaten U.S. communities’ health and quality of life. Our water resources still lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pollution from fracking, farm runoff, industrial discharges and neglected water infrastructure. In the U.S., treatment and distribution of safe drinking water has all but eliminated diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A that continue to plague many parts of the world. However, despite these successes, an estimated 19.5 million Americans fall ill each year from drinking water contaminated with parasites, bacteria or viruses. In recent years, 40 percent of the nation’s community water systems violated the Safe Drinking Water Act at least once.1 Those violations ranged from failing to maintain proper paperwork to allowing carcinogens into tap water. Approximately 23 million people received drinking water from municipal systems that violated at least one health-based standard.2 In some cases, these violations can cause sickness quickly; in others, pollutants such as inorganic toxins and heavy metals can accumulate in the body for years or decades before contributing to serious health problems. -
Cyclospora Cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: an Update
microorganisms Review Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update Sonia Almeria 1 , Hediye N. Cinar 1 and Jitender P. Dubey 2,* 1 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA 2 Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 4 September 2019 Abstract: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. -
Water Quality Monitoring
Intermediate Student Guide to Water Quality Monitoring Developed in cooperation with the Texas Stream Team. Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority flowing solutions Monitoring Manual Intermediate School Level Introduction to Student Field Guide The Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority and Texas Stream Team encourages ordinary folks to be curious about how clean the water is in their creeks, rivers, and ponds. The program teaches citizens how to spot problems in water quality. Before we get started, we should discuss the term “water quality”. When we observe a water body like a creek or river, we look at the condition of the water – does it appear clear? Does it have a smell? Is the water moving, or is it still? Answering these types of questions tell us about the quality of the water. Did you ever stop to think about water as being healthy or non-healthy? Sure you did! Just think about it…. You’ve likely seen nice clean streams or rivers…. These are examples of ‘good’ water quality. You may have also observed water that is not too appealing…or ‘poor’ water quality. When you make these simple observations, you are judging the health of the water. Ok, we’ve made it pretty clear -- when we are involved in water quality studies, we are determining the health of a body of water. This guide will assist you in learning how to identify if there are any problems in water quality. You will work with a nearby creek, river, or lake – your teacher will decide what your study area will be. You will learn how to conduct simple tests. -
Broadcast Centres List
Broadcast Centres List Metropolita Stations/Regulatory 7 BCM Nine (NPC) Ten Network ABC 7HD & SD/ 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Melbourne 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / 9Life Adelaide Ten (10) 7HD & SD/ 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Perth 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / 9Life Brisbane FREE TV CAD 7HD & SD/ 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Adelaide 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / Darwin 10 Peach 7 / 7mate HD/ 7two / 7Flix Sydney 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / 9Life Melbourne 7 / 7mate HD/ 7two / 7Flix Brisbane 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / 9Life Perth 10 Bold SBS National 7 / 7mate HD/ 7two / 7Flix Gold Coast 9HD & SD/ 9Go! / 9Gem / 9Life Sydney SBS HD/ SBS 7 / 7mate HD/ 7two / 7Flix Sunshine Coast GTV Nine Melbourne 10 Shake Viceland 7 / 7mate HD/ 7two / 7Flix Maroochydore NWS Nine Adelaide SBS Food Network 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Townsville NTD 8 Darwin National Indigenous TV (NITV) 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Cairns QTQ Nine Brisbane WORLD MOVIES 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Mackay STW Nine Perth 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Rockhampton TCN Nine Sydney 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Toowoomba 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Townsville 7 / 7mate / 7two / 7Flix Wide Bay Regional Stations Imparaja TV Prime 7 SCA TV Broadcast in HD WIN TV 7 / 7TWO / 7mate / 9 / 9Go! / 9Gem 7TWO Regional (REG QLD via BCM) TEN Digital Mildura Griffith / Loxton / Mt.Gambier (SA / VIC) NBN TV 7mate HD Regional (REG QLD via BCM) SC10 / 11 / One Regional: Ten West Central Coast AMB (Nth NSW) Central/Mt Isa/ Alice Springs WDT - WA regional VIC Coffs Harbour AMC (5th NSW) Darwin Nine/Gem/Go! WIN Ballarat GEM HD Northern NSW Gold Coast AMD (VIC) GTS-4 -
The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan Parasites' Secrets And
Review The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan Parasites’ Secrets and Paving the Way towards Vaccine Development Alena Pance The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; [email protected] Abstract: Protozoan infections are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and some of the most important neglected diseases in the world. Despite relentless efforts devoted to vaccine and drug development, adequate tools to treat and prevent most of these diseases are still lacking. One of the greatest hurdles is the lack of understanding of host–parasite interactions. This gap in our knowledge comes from the fact that these parasites have complex life cycles, during which they infect a variety of specific cell types that are difficult to access or model in vitro. Even in those cases when host cells are readily available, these are generally terminally differentiated and difficult or impossible to manipulate genetically, which prevents assessing the role of human factors in these diseases. The advent of stem cell technology has opened exciting new possibilities to advance our knowledge in this field. The capacity to culture Embryonic Stem Cells, derive Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from people and the development of protocols for differentiation into an ever-increasing variety of cell types and organoids, together with advances in genome editing, represent a huge resource to finally crack the mysteries protozoan parasites hold and unveil novel targets for prevention and treatment. Keywords: protozoan parasites; stem cells; induced pluripotent stem cells; organoids; vaccines; treatments Citation: Pance, A. The Stem Cell Revolution Revealing Protozoan 1. Introduction Parasites’ Secrets and Paving the Way towards Vaccine Development. -
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 1000 INTRODUCTION 1010 INTRODUCTION 1010 A. Scope and Application of Methods The procedures described in these standards are intended for the examination of waters of a wide range of quality, including water suitable for domestic or industrial supplies, surface water, ground water, cooling or circulating water, boiler water, boiler feed water, treated and untreated municipal or industrial wastewater, and saline water. The unity of the fields of water supply, receiving water quality, and wastewater treatment and disposal is recognized by presenting methods of analysis for each constituent in a single section for all types of waters. An effort has been made to present methods that apply generally. Where alternative methods are necessary for samples of different composition, the basis for selecting the most appropriate method is presented as clearly as possible. However, samples with extreme concentrations or otherwise unusual compositions or characteristics may present difficulties that preclude the direct use of these methods. Hence, some modification of a procedure may be necessary in specific instances. Whenever a procedure is modified, the analyst should state plainly the nature of modification in the report of results. Certain procedures are intended for use with sludges and sediments. Here again, the effort has been to present methods of the widest possible application, but when chemical sludges or slurries or other samples of highly unusual composition are encountered, the methods of this manual may require modification or may be inappropriate. Most of the methods included here have been endorsed by regulatory agencies. Procedural modification without formal approval may be unacceptable to a regulatory body.