Gfbat Bartier R8bf: Science & Management
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American-Australian Bicentennial Issue y * GfBat Bartier R8Bf: Science & Management Oceanus ISSN 0029-8182 The International Magazine of Marine Science and Policy Volume 29, Number 2, Summer 1986 Paul R. Ryan, Editor James H. W. Hain, Assistant Editor Eleanore D. Scavotto, Editorial Assistant Kristen Kaliski, Spring Intern I930 Editorial Advisory Board Henry Charnock, Professor of Physical Oceanography, University of Southampton, England Edward D. Goldberg, Professor of Chemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Gotthilf Hempel, Director of the Alfred Wegener Institute (or Polar Research, West Germany Charles D. Hollister, Dean of Graduate Studies, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution John Imbrie, Henry L. Doherty Professor of Oceanography, Brown University John A. Knauss, Provost (or Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island Arthur E. Maxwell, Director of the Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas Timothy R. Parsons, Professor, Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Canada Allan R. Robinson, Gordon McKay Professor of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Harvard University David A. Ross, Chairman, Department of Geology and Geophysics, and Sea Grant Coordinator, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use or the Oceanographic Institution Published by Woods Hole internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by Oceanus magazine to libraries and other Nichols, Chairman, Board oi Trustees Guy W. users registered with the Paul M. Fye, President of the Corporation Copyright Clearance Center James S. Coles, President of the Associates (CCC), provided that the base fee of $2.00 per copy of the article, plus .05 per page is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress John H. Steele, Director of the Institution Street, Salem, MA 01970. Special requests should be addressed to Oceanus The views expressed in Oceanus are those of the authors and do not magazine. necessarily reflect those of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. ISSN 0029-8182/83 $2.00 + .05 Editorial correspondence: Oceanus magazine, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543. Telephone (617) 548-1400, ext. 2386. Subscription correspondence, U.S. and Canada: All orders should be addressed to Oceanus Subscriber Service Center, P.O. Box 6419, Syracuse, N.Y. 13217. Individual subscription rate: $20 a year; I ibraries and institutions, $45. Current copy price, $5.00 — 25% discount on current copy orders for 5 or more; 40% discount to bookstores and newsstands. Please make checks payable to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Subscribers outside the U.S. and Canada, please write: Oceanus, Cambridge University Press, the Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Rd., Cambridge CB2 2RU, England. Individual subscription rate £19 a year; Libraries and Institutions, £35. Make checks payable to Cambridge University Press. When sending change of address, please include mailing label. Claims for missing numbers from the U.S. and Canada will be honored within 3 months of publication; overseas, 5 months. //America Salutes Australia's Bicentennial// 1788 1988 American-Australian Bicentennial Project In 1988, Australians will celebrate 200 years of European settlement. They have invited the United States to join in their year-long celebration as Australians did in the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976. For this purpose, the U.S. Department of State formally endorsed the creation of the American-Australian Bicen- tennial Foundation. Its task is to develop a series of commemorative projects worthy of America's close rela- tionship with Australia. This issue of Oceanus is one of the first of these projects. America's participation in Australia's Bicentennial de- pends on contributions from corporations doing business tax de- in Australia. Contributions to the Foundation are ductible: 1910 K Street, N.W., Suite 711, Washington, D.C. 20006. Tel. (202)467-6988. (SomGcemft 4 Introduction: The Great Barrier Reef: Science & Management by Barry O. Jones, Australian Minister of Science 7 The Evolution of the Great Barrier Reef by David Hopley, and Peter j. Davies 1 3 Managing the Great Barrier Reef by Graeme Kelleher 20 Reef Metabolism by David j. Barnes, Bruce E. Chalker, and Donald W. Kinsey 22 — Light and Corals by Bruce E. Chalker, Walter C. Dunlap, and Paul L. Jokiel 27 Distribution of Reef-Building Corals by ). E. N. Veron 28— Coral Reproduction, Dispersal, and Survival by Paul VV. Sammarco 31 — Coral Rings Give Clues to Past Climate by Peter Isdale 33 Soft Corals: Chemistry and Ecology by John C. Coll, and Paul VV. Sammarco 38 Sex on the Reef: Mass Spawning of Corals by Carden C. Wallace, Russell C. Babcock, Peter L. Harrison, lames K. Oliver, and Bette L. Willis 41 — Coral Genetics: New Directions by James A. Stoddart 43 Historical Perspectives on Algae and Reefs: Have Reefs Been Misnamed? by Llewellya Hillis-Colinvaux 45 — Halimeda —The Sand-Producing Alga by Edward A. Drew 49 Reef Algae by Michael A. Borowitzka, and Anthony VV. D. Larkum 55 The Crown of Thorns Starfish by John Lucas 58 — The Significance of the Crown of Thorns Starfish by T. J. Done 60— Giant Clams by Christine Crawford, and Warwick Nash 63 —Giant Clams as Pollution Indicators by G. R. W. Denton, and L. Winsor 66 Photo Essay: Images From the Underwater Outback 68 The Nutritional Spectrum in Coral Reef Benthos —or Sponging Off One Another for Dinner by Clive R. Wilkinson 71 — Bioerosion of Coral Reefs by Pat Hutchings, and William E. Kiene 74 — Pollution on the Reef by Des Connell 76 Reef Fish: Large-Scale Distribution and Recruitment by David McB. Williams, Garry Russ, and Peter /. Doherty 81 — Reef Fisheries by Wendy Craik A/" Currents and Coral Reefs 83 . /> by Eric Wolanski, David L. B. lupp, and George L. Pickard 86—The Reef, Tides, and Flinders' Perspicacity by Lance Bode / ORMAN RF 90 Remote Sensing: What Can It Offer Coral Reef Studies? TORRES ^~3' by D. A. Kuchler STRAIT 94 Islands and Birds by Harold Heatwole, and Peter Saenger i ^ 98 — Sea Turtles by Colin J. Limpus 100 Dugongs and People by Brydget f . 7. Hudson 102 — "Dugong Is Number One Tucker" by Helene Marsh 105 — Human Exploitation of Shellfish by Carla P. Catterall 107 Risk Analysis: Cyclones, and Shipping Accidents by M. K. James, and K. P. Stark 109 Toxins and Beneficial Products from Reef Organisms by I. T. Baker, and /. A. Williamson 111 — Sea Snakes by Glen W. Burns 116 Research Stations on the Great Barrier Reef Lizard Island One Tree Island Orpheus Island Heron Island (pLT(Q){f[]0(g 118 Joseph T. Baker Early Man (3 a.m.) Book Reviews: Books Received 122 Cover: Red harlequin tusk fish found on the Great Barrier Reef. Photo courtesy of Ron and Valerie Taylor/Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA). Copyright® 1986 by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Oceanus (ISSN 0029-8182) is published in March, June, September, and December by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 93 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543. Second-class postage paid at Falmouth, Massachusetts; Windsor, Ontario; and additional mailing points. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Oceanus Subscriber Service Center, P.O. Box 6419, Syracuse, N.Y. 13217. Introduction: The Great Barrier Reef: by Barry O. Jones Australian Minister for Science /Although man has ventured to the moon and some 2,000 kilometers along the Australian to outer space, developing sophisticated Pacific coast, has been a focal point for satellite systems for communications and international interest and tourism, as well as for remote sensing along the way, his marine scientific and technological research. Its understanding and exploration of oceanic unique status has been formally recognized by space on Earth is relatively crude. The its inclusion on the World Heritage List. application of science and technology to land- Publication of this special issue of Oceanus based resources has resulted in highly recognizes this level of international interest innovative agricultural, manufacturing, and and of Australia's particular responsibility to mining industries, whereas little attention has preserve for posterity this complex ecological been given to the utilization of marine system with its wonderful diversity of species resources for aquaculture, mining, and and endless variety of color and form. entrepreneurial developments. The Australian Marine Science and These marine inadequacies are Technology Advisory Committee (AMSTAC) highlighted at a time when the focus of world advises me on priorities for marine research in trade and development shifts more and more general and has been instrumental in making to nations in the Pacific and Southeast Asia. me increasingly aware of the need for a greater Much of this area is tropical: many of the research investment in the Reef region. The shorelines of the numerous developing Marine Research Allocations Advisory countries are fringed by corals and/or Committee (MRAAC) administers the Marine mangroves, and the marine living resources Sciences and Technologies (MST) Grants appear barely able to support existing Scheme and, in the initial years of the Scheme, population demands. the greatest proportion of available funds has In this complex environment, Australia's been allocated to barrier reef research. increased commitment to marine scientific and Evidence of the wide distribution of research technological research during the last 10 years involvement on Great Barrier Reef topics can has produced results that are directly relevant be seen from the contents of