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Hemlock Ecosystems in Research Station nited States Department of Proceedings: Symposium on P"Agriculture Sustainable Management of Forest Service Northeastern Hemlock Ecosystems in Research Station General Technical Eastern North America Report NE-267 June 22-24,1999 Durham, New Hampshire Cover Photos Connecticut River, Devil's Hopyard State Park, Connecticut. Photographed by Roger T. Zerillo, U.S. Forest Service. All articles were received on floppy disk and were edited for type and style; each author is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of contributors from outside the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. This publication/database reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides musi be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal, agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Published by: For additional copies: USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 4301 5 February 2000 Fax: (740)368-0152 - -- Visit our homepage at: http:llwww.fs.fed.us/ne Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America June 22-24,1999 Durham, New Hampshire Edited by: Katherine A. McManus Kathleen S. Shields Dennis R. Souto Acknowledgments We thank the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, and Northeastern Research Station, the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, and the Ruth E. Farrington Forestry Fund, University of New Hampshire, for generous contributions to symposium costs. We thank the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station for printing the symposium proceedings. We are also grateful for support from the Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service; New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands; the Society of American Foresters; and the University of New Hampshire Conference Office. Gratitude is also extended to Jim Fernald for opening his sawmill and woodlands to symposium participants. Symposium Steering Committee John Brissette Kathleen Shields USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Northeastern Research Station Durham, NH Hamden, CT Ken Desmarais Sarah Smith New Hampshire Div. of Forests and Lands Cooperative Extension Service Concord, NH University of New Hampshire Durham, NH Theodore Howard (Co-chairman) Department of Natural Resources Dennis Souto University of New Hampshire USDA Forest Service Durham, NH Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Durham, NH John Lanier New Hampshire Fish and Game Dept. Edwin Swift Concord. NH Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service William Leak Fredericton, New Brunswick USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Mariko Yamasaki Durham, NH USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Charles Moreno Durham, NH Consulting Forester Center Strafford, NH Paul Sendak (Co-chairman) USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station Durham, NH Preface Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is remarkable because of its extreme tolerance to shade and its long life. Much like the fable of the tortoise and the hare, hemlock can outwait, and outlive, its more aggressive competitors. Although its wood is unremarkable as lumber or fiber compared to other species with which it competes, hemlock has important ecosystem values worth protecting, such as wildlife benefits and aesthetics. Although timber management and cutting practices in eastern North America generally have not favored hemlock reproduction, hemlock has maintained itself on suitable sites. The single most serious concern for the future of eastern hemlock is hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an exotic insect that threatens to decimate eastern and Carolina hemlock over most of their natural range. Pollen records in lake sediments show that hemlock declined, possibly as a result of an insect pest, about 5,000 years ago, but recovered slowly over 1,000 years. The purpose of this symposium was to bring together researchers and managers to exchange information and foster discussion on managing the extensive ecosystems in which hemlock occurs in eastern North America. The five themes addressed at the symposium included hemlock silviculture, ecology, forest health, wildlife relationships, and marketing and utilization. Thirty-one papers and 20 posters were presented and a field trip demonstrated silviculture, ecology, and wildlife principles and marketing of hemlock wood products. Many of the presentations dealt in some way with hemlock woolly adelgid or probable effects on the ecosystem of large-scale hemlock mortality. The advances that have been made in understanding the biology of hemlock are rooted in the work of many individuals. Some met at this symposium to share that understanding. The message was not entirely optimistic, and it is hoped that more research will be stimulated as a result. The good news is that hemlock endured a similar decline once before and recovered. The bad news is that recovery took 1,000 years. We hope that the interaction between science and resource management will mitigate the potential effect of the hemlock woolly adelgid and maintain hemlock as a valuable component of the ecosystem. Contents Hemlock's Future in the Context of its History: An Ecological Perspective David R. Foster ............................................................................................................................................................................ I Composition, Structure, and Sustainability of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America William H. McWilliams and Thomas L Schmidt .................................................................................................................... 5 Silviculture and Stand Dynamics of Hemlock-dominated Stands in Southern New England: Some Lessons from Early Research Matthew J. Keky ........................................................................................................................................................................I I Natural Regeneration of Eastern Hemlock: A Review Daniel L Goerlich and Ralph D. Nyland ............................................................................................................................... 1 4 Eastern Hemlock Response to Even- and Uneven-Age Management in the Acadian Forest: Results from the Penobscot Experimental Forest Long-Term Silviculture Study John C. Brissette and Laura S. Kenefic ................................................................................................................................... 2 3 Growth Patterns of Tsuga canadensis in Managed Uneven-aged Northern Conifer Stands Laura 5. Kenefic and Robert S. Seymour .............................................................................................................................. 29 Downed Wood as Seedbed: Measurement and Management Guidelines Mark J. Ducey and Jeffrey H. Gove ....................................................................................................................................... 3 4 Growth and Stocking of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensiis) in New England Dale S. Solomon and William B. Leak ...................................................................................................................................4 3 Dynamics of Connecticut Hemlock Stands Jefrey S. Ward and David M. Smith ......................................................................................................................................5 0 Vegetation Composition and Structure in Two Hemlock Stands Threatened by the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid John J. Battles, Natalie Cleavitt, Timothy J. Fahey, and Richard A. Evans ............................................................................ 5 5 Predicting Long-Term Forest Development Following Hemlock Mortality Jennifer C. Jenkins, Charles D. Canham, and Paul K. Barten ...............................................................................................62 Overview of Hemlock Health Dennis R. Souto and Kathleen S. Shields ..............................................................................................................................76 The Summer Drought Related Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Decline in Eastern North America 5,700 to 5,100 Years Ago Jean Nicolas Haas and John H. McAndrews ........................................................................................................................8 1 Is Pseudoscymnus tsugae the Solution to the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Problem?: An Early Perspective Mark 5. McClure, Carole A. Sj. Cheah, and Timothy C. Tigner ..........................................................................................
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