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Diversity and Evolution of Asterids

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Diversity and Evolution of Asterids Core Asterids • two well supported lineages of the ‘true’ or core Diversity and Evolution asterids • ‘lamiid’ or Asterid I group lamiids of Asterids • ‘campanulid’ or Asterid II group . gentians, milkweeds, and • appear to have the typical fused corolla derived independently and via two different floral potatoes . developmental pathways campanulids lamiid campanulid Core Asterids Early vs. Late Sympetaly euasterids II - campanulids euasterids I - lamiids • two well supported lineages of the ‘true’ or core asterids lamiids = NOT fused corolla tube • Asterids primitively NOT fused corolla at maturity campanulids • 2 separate origins of fused petals in “core” Asterids (plus several times in Ericales) Calendula, Asteraceae early also in Cornaceae of Anchusa, Boraginaceae late ”basal asterids” 1 Gentianales Gentianales • order within ‘lamiid’ or Asterid I group • 5 families and nearly 17,000 species dominated by Rubiaceae (coffee) and Apocynaceae (milkweed) lamiids • iridoids, opposite leaves, contorted corolla Rubiaceae Apocynaceae campanulids corolla aestivation *Gentianaceae - gentians *Gentianaceae - gentians Cosmopolitan family of 87 genera and nearly 1700 species. Herbs to small • opposite leaves • flowers right contorted trees (in the tropics) or mycotrophs. • glabrous - no hairs! Gentiana Symbolanthus Gentiana Voyria Gentianopsis Blackstonia Gentiana 2 *Gentianaceae - gentians *Gentianaceae - gentians CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) Gentiana is 5 merous, with plaits between each petal lobe • flowers 4 or 5 merous Gentiana • pistil superior of 2 carpels • parietal placentation; fruit capsular Gentiana andrewsii - Gentiana puberulenta - Bottle gentian Prairie gentian *Gentianaceae - gentians *Gentianaceae - gentians Gentianopsis is 4 merous, with fringed Gentianella is 4-5 merous, without petals fringe, and without plaits between petal lobes Gentianopsis crinita - fringed gentian Gentianopsis procera - fringed gentian Gentianella quinquefolia - stiff gentian 3 *Gentianaceae - gentians *Apocynaceae - milkweeds • woody gentians common in cloud forests of the Worldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera, Neotropics 4600 species. • hummingbird, bat, and bee pollinated radiations Symbolanthus Lisianthius Pachypodium Periploca *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds Worldwide family of trees, vines, herbs with opposite leaves - 415 genera, Milky latex commonly poisonous and 4600 species. source of medicinal drugs. Vinca minor - periwinkle Introduced ground cover, often spreading Asclepias & monarch cardiac glycosides Caralluma europea cactus mimic Asclepias syriaca Catharanthus roseus common milkweed Malagasy periwinkle Curare vine - South America 4 *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds Family is broadly defined and includes distinctive milkweeds of old family CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2 primitive Asclepiadaceae • flowers 5 merous • left contorted perianth • 2 separate carpels - follicles Periploca Transition to more elaborated ‘milkweed’ flowers Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading dogbane Vinca *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds ________ CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G 2 primitive CA (5) CO (5) A (5) G 2 derived • ‘pollen presentation’ - style plunger or bottle brush to expose pollen • stamens fuse to each other and to style region - (important! part of the suite of features in Asterid “heads” or pseudanthia) gynostegium • pollen forms pollinia • more seeds with tufts of hairs Asclepias - milkweed • 5 stamens begin to be connivent 5 *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds crest hood Note 2 free carpels slightly fused at top Corona for nectar reward Corona = hood + crest *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds Fusion of 5 stamens and top of gynoecium Gland is attached to 2 pollinia Corona = hood + crest Corona = hood + crest Gynostegium = A + G Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass 6 *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds Gland is attached to 2 pollinia Bee removing pollinia or inserting pollinia into stigmatic cleft Corona = hood + crest Gynoestegium = A + G Pollinia = pollen mass *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds “Las Vegas” strategy of pollination; but when occurs, all ∞ ovules are fertilized. Typically few follicles are produced per plant. Note seeds with coma attached for wind dispersal. Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum cannabinum Asclepias amplexicaulis - Clasping milkweed Spreading dogbane Hemp dogbane 7 *Apocynaceae - milkweeds *Apocynaceae - milkweeds Asclepias tuberosa - Butterfly weed Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum cannabinum Asclepias syriaca - Common Spreading dogbane Hemp dogbane milkweed Asclepias incarnata - Swamp milkweed *Rubiaceae - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee Cosmopolitan family, most diverse in tropics, of 550 genera and over Cosmopolitan family, most diverse in tropics, of 550 genera and over 10,000 species 10,000 species • trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs • opposite (whorled) leaves with inter-petiolar stipules • important drug family Psychotria nervosa Houstonia caerula- Cinchona - Galium (bedstraw) - azure bluets quinine are these stipules? 8 *Rubiaceae - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) • 4 merous in temperate regions, 5 merous in tropics - tendency to cluster (pseudanthia!) • only epigynous family in Gentianales • fruit usually a 2-seeded drupe Galium aparine - cleavers Galium - bedstraw Cleavers and bedstraws are numerous; separated Pentagonia Wisconsin by number of whorled leaves and fruit type Panama *Rubiaceae - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee Mitchella repens Partridge berry, twin-berry Note: paired flowers above Houstonia caerula- azure bluets with connate pistils; “twin” berry to right 9 *Rubiaceae - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee Cephalanthus occidentalis - buttonbush Only shrub in Wisconsin; note “heads” of tiny 4 merous flowers “pseudanthia” Isertia Coffea arabica - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee *Rubiaceae - coffee Psychotria nervosa Cephaelis tomentosa Psychotria nervosa Sally Kellerman hotlips Hot Lips Hoolihan • the giant genus Psychotria is paraphyletic and includes more specialized • the giant genus Psychotria is paraphyletic and includes more specialized genera (e.g., condensed, bracted inflorescences) “pseudanthia”! genera (e.g., condensed, bracted inflorescences) 10 *Rubiaceae - coffee Solanales Hydnophytum formicarum • order within ‘lamiids’ or Asterid l group (in greenhouse #4) • 5 families and nearly 5,000 species dominated by Solanaceae (nightshade) and Convolvulaceae (morning glory) lamiids • no iridoids, alternate leaves, plicate corolla, calyx persistent in fruit Solanaceae Convolvulaceae The genus Hydnophytum - ant plants and campanulids epiphtyes - along with the whole subtribe Hydnophytinae - are now shown to be derived out of the genus Psychotria! *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades Large cosmopolitan family of herbs, shrubs, or trees with nasty compounds. CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2) Important for source of foods (potato, tomato, pepper) and drugs. • 5- merous flowers • axile placentation • Alternate leaved • berry fruited • Cyme or dichasium inflorescence Capsicum - pepper Solanum carolinense - Solanum dulcamara Brugmansia Nicotiana - tobacco Horse nettle Bittersweet 11 *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2) CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2) • stamens often terminal pored for buzz • often calyx persistent in fruit pollination by bees (remember Ericaceae?) Solanum carolinense - Horse nettle Physalis alkekengi - Japanese lantern *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara - bitterweet Solanum carolinense - Horse nettle 12 *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades Physalis virginiana edible fruits include . Ground cherry Note: calyx surrounding berry Capsicum - pepper Solanum - tomato & eggplant *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades drug plants include . drug plants include . Nicotiana tabacum Atropa belladona Atropa belladona Brugmansia Datura stramonium 13 *Solanaceae - nightshades *Solanaceae - nightshades Datura stramonium Jimson-weed Introduced, Datura stramonium Introduced, Datura stramonium hallucinogenic roadside Jimson-weed hallucinogenic roadside Jimson-weed weed weed . also called . also called thorn-apple thorn-apple Wisconsin Medical Journal 2005 *Solanaceae - nightshades Introduced, Datura stramonium hallucinogenic roadside Jimson-weed weed . also called thorn-apple Wisconsin Medical Journal 2005 14.
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